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Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 7.16:
Implications of Padilla v. Kentucky for California Defense Counsel
By Norton Tooby "[A]ccurate legal advice for noncitizens accused of crimes has never been more important." Padilla v. Kentucky (USSC March 31, 2010). Introduction On March 31, 2010, the United States Supreme Court held, 7-2, that because deportation is an integral part of the penalty that may be imposed on defendants who plead guilty to specified crimes, defense counsel must accurately inform a defendant of any risk of deportation created by the plea. Justice Stevens, writing for the five-member majority, held that defense counsel's failure to do so constitutes constitutionally deficient performance in violation of the right to effective assistance of counsel protected by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The question whether Padilla was entitled to reversal of the conviction depended on whether he has been prejudiced, i.e., whether a decision to reject the plea bargain would have been rational under the circumstances, a matter remanded for decision by the Kentucky courts in the first instance. Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S.Ct. 1473 (U.S.C. March 31, 2010). This article will discuss the implications of this decision for California criminal defense counsel. There is one important issue the Supreme Court did not discuss: the fact that immigration consequences can derail the most carefully constructed purely criminal disposition. The defendant may be eligible for, and benefit from, any number of rehabilitative programs, such as alcohol or drug rehabilitation programs, anger management classes, probation or parole supervision, job training programs, boot camp, hospital treatment programs, out-patient programs, English as a Second Language courses, school of various kinds, work and school furlough, half-way houses, community correctional centers, other forms of minimal supervision custody arrangements, home detention or electronic monitoring programs, and the like. An immigration hold, however, can derail them because the defendant cannot get out of custody to participate in them. Criminal counsel must anticipate this problem and try to solve it in advance by obtaining a disposition that does not trigger deportation. We therefore need to research the immigration consequences of a disposition, not only to protect the clients immigration status, but also in order to do our core job of minimizing the crime, and minimizing the time. Impact on Existing California Law Padilla did not work much change on the California law on this subject, because in California, since 1987, the First District Court of Appeals has held it is ineffective assistance of counsel to fail to investigate the federal immigration consequences of a disposition and to fail to advise a foreign national defendant of them before plea. People v. Soriano, 194 Cal.App.3d 1470 (1987)(ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to investigate the immigration consequences and advise a noncitizen of them prior to plea). The Fifth District Court of Appeal held it to be ineffective assistance to fail to request a non-deportable sentence. People v. Barocio, 216 Cal.App.3d 99 (1989). The California Supreme Court has previously held it to be ineffective assistance of counsel to give affirmative misadvice to a noncitizen concerning the immigration consequences of a plea. In re Resendiz, 25 Cal.4th 230, 105 Cal.Rptr. 2d 431 (2001). The Sixth District Court of Appeals held it to be ineffective assistance of counsel to fail to seek a non-deportable plea to a greater offense. People v. Bautista, 115 Cal.App.4th 229 (2004). The holding of Padilla, therefore, does not significantly change California law concerning effective assistance to noncitizen defendants in advising them of (helping them avoid) disastrous immigration consequences of criminal convictions. Padillas major effect on California law is that the California Supreme Court must now recognize that a failure to advise a defendant can constitute ineffective assistance of counsel, an issue on which it was as yet unpersuaded in 2001 when it decided Resendiz. The United States Supreme Court's decision in Padilla underscores our responsibility to try to protect our noncitizen clients in these ways, and will hopefully increase the attention paid to existing California law on the subject and the resources devoted to helping defendants avoid immigration damage. In addition, it also emphasizes that a number of easy answers do not discharge counsel's obligation: Counsel must actually investigate these important issues, learn the client's nationality and immigration status, and attempt to defend him or her against immigration disaster, and criminal disaster, by finding and pursuing an immigration-safe disposition. (1) It is not good enough just to say deportation "might" happen, and refer the client to an immigration lawyer. The United States Supreme Court held that when the deportation consequences are clear, defense counsel must themselves give the specific advice directly to the client. The example of when these consequences are clear was a controlled substances conviction. The Supreme Court held that defense counsel must advise the defendant of the removal consequences of any conviction relating to a controlled substance, because "the terms of the relevant immigration statute are succinct, clear, and explicit in defining the removal consequence for Padilla's conviction." (Id. at ___.) The court continued: "Padilla's counsel could have easily determined that his plea would make him eligible for deportation simply from reading the text of the statute, which addresses not some broad classification of crimes but specifically commands removal for all controlled substances convictions except for the most trivial of marijuana possession offenses." (Ibid.) The controlled substance ground of deportation is similar in structure and ease of interpretation to most conviction-based grounds of deportation. Of the 52 different conviction-based grounds of deportation, most are no more complex or difficult to decipher. See N. TOOBY & J. ROLLIN, CRIMINAL DEFENSE OF IMMIGRANTS, APPENDIX A, GROUNDS OF DEPORTATION (2007). There are several which are arguably more difficult to interpret, such as the crime of moral turpitude ground, INA 237(a)(2)(A) (i)(I), 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(2)(A)(i)(I), the aggravated felony miscellaneous firearms conviction ground, INA 101(a)(43)(E), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(43)(E), and the aggravated felony crime of violence ground. INA 101(a)(43)(F), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(43)(F). Even those grounds, however, have been elaborated by practice aids that make it relatively easy to tell when a conviction falls within the ground of removal. Once defense counsel has assumed the obligation to research the actual immigration effects of a conviction, it is an easy matter to inform the defendant. If the answer is clear, so is the advice. If the answer is obscure, the attorney merely needs to communicate that to the client as well. If the client wants more information, it is easily available from more research or expert consultation by telephone or in person. The Supreme Court also recognized that it may sometimes be difficult to determine the immigration consequences of a conviction: Immigration law can be complex, and it is a legal specialty of its own. Some members of the bar who represent clients facing criminal charges, in either state or federal court or both, may not be well versed in it. There will, therefore, undoubtedly be numerous situations in which the deportation consequences of a particular plea are unclear or uncertain. The duty of the private practitioner in such cases is more limited. When the law is not succinct and straightforward (as it is in many of the scenarios posited by JUSTICE ALITO), a criminal defense attorney need do no more than advise a noncitizen client that pending criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration consequences. FN10 But when the deportation consequence is truly clear, as it was in this case, the duty to give correct advice is equally clear. (Id. at ___.) In a footnote, the court commented: "Lack of clarity in the law, however, does not obviate the need for counsel to say something about the possibility of deportation, even though it will affect the scope and nature of counsel's advice." (Id. at ___, n.10.) (2) In addition, the Supreme Court suggests that even correct advice is not necessarily enough. Counsel should attempt to avoid the adverse consequences: Moreover, the court wrote with approval of including the avoidance of immigration consequences in the plea bargaining process: Finally, informed consideration of possible deportation can only benefit both the State and noncitizen defendants during the plea-bargaining process. By bringing deportation consequences into this process, the defense and prosecution may well be able to reach agreements that better satisfy the interests of both parties. As in this case, a criminal episode may provide the basis for multiple charges, of which only a subset mandate deportation following conviction. Counsel who possess the most rudimentary understanding of the deportation consequences of a particular criminal offense may be able to plea bargain creatively with the prosecutor in order to craft a conviction and sentence that reduce the likelihood of deportation, as by avoiding a conviction for an offense that automatically triggers the removal consequence. At the same time, the threat of deportation may provide the defendant with a powerful incentive to plead guilty to an offense that does not mandate that penalty in exchange for a dismissal of a charge that does. (Id. at ___.) This strongly implies that defense counsel would not stop at merely giving advice concerning the adverse immigration consequences of a plea: counsel must go further, and try to avoid those consequences, "as by avoiding a conviction for an offense that automatically triggers the removal consequence." (Ibid.) A failure to do this may thus constitute a "failure to defend" variation of immigration-related ineffective assistance of counsel. See, e.g., People v. Bautista, 115 Cal.App.4th 229, 8 Cal.Rptr.3d 862 (2004). In addition, this language should be useful in countering the bogus argument offered by prosecutors in opposition to negotiating an immigration-harmless disposition: that it is somehow an equal protection violation of the rights of U.S. citizen defendants to do so. Required Advice In summary, the Supreme Court held that defense counsel must advise their clients on a number of important immigration consequences of a conviction: whether the conviction makes the client eligible for deportation, removal, inadmissibility, exclusion, or relief from removal. In addition, defense counsel must describe the degree of risk: whether removal is automatic, virtually inevitable, or merely possible. The concurring opinion's suggestion that all counsel need do is inform the defendant there is some risk of removal or other, and suggest that the client call an immigration lawyer, was rejected by the majority opinion. Defense counsel must learn of the nature and degree of these risks, and inform the client prior to plea, to render effective assistance of counsel. Defense counsel must attempt to protect the client against these risks, by avoiding if possible a conviction that subjects the client to possible removal, or disqualifies the client from eligibility for relief from removal. The attorney can try to protect the client against these risks by engaging in plea bargaining with these goals in view, or by taking a case to trial in an effort to avoid immigration consequences when they are sufficiently great to justify the risk " in the client's eyes " of penal consequences. (1) Risk of Deportation. The Supreme Court concluded: "The weight of prevailing professional norms supports the view that counsel must advise her client regarding the risk of deportation." (Id. at ___.) The "risk of deportation" means not only that counsel must inform the client that there exists some risk or other of deportation, but must inform the client of the degree of the risk of deportation. The Supreme Court repeatedly referred to different levels of risk. Sometimes, it referred to situations in which deportation is "virtually invitable." Other times, it referred to "automatic deportation." (Id. at ___.) (2) Automatic Deportation. The Court held that "constitutionally competent counsel would have advised him that his conviction for drug distribution made him subject to automatic deportation." (Id. at ___.) (3) Removal. The Court repeatedly referred both to deportation and removal. (E.g., id. at ___ ["In its view, neither counsel's failure to advise petitioner about the possibility of removal, nor counsel's incorrect advice, could provide a basis for relief."]; ___ ["Under contemporary law, if a noncitizen has committed a removable offense after the 1996 effective date of these amendments, his removal is practically inevitable but for the possible exercise of limited remnants of equitable discretion vested in the Attorney General to cancel removal for noncitizens convicted of particular classes of offenses."].) The Court specifically referred to the change in the name of deportation proceedings from "deportation" to "removal," in which removal proceedings now include both the former deportation proceedings, and former inadmissibility or exclusion proceedings. Inadmissibility also results in "removal," so counsel must therefore inform the client of the level of risk of inadmissibility or exclusion, as well as deportation. (4) Eligibility for and Bars to Relief. The Court has previously recognized, and repeated in Padilla, its view of the importance of reaching a disposition in a criminal case that allowed the noncitizen to remain eligible to apply in immigration court for a waiver of deportation or other relief from removal: Likewise, we have recognized that preserving the possibility of discretionary relief from deportation under 212(c) of the 1952 INA, 66 Stat. 187, repealed by Congress in 1996, would have been one of the principal benefits sought by defendants deciding whether to accept a plea offer or instead to proceed to trial. St. Cyr, 533 U.S., at 323. We expected that counsel who were unaware of the discretionary relief measures would follo[w] the advice of numerous practice guides to advise themselves of the importance of this particular form of discretionary relief. Ibid., n. 50. (Id. at ___.) Defense counsel must advise the client of the risk that the disposition of the criminal case will disqualify the client from eligibility to apply for relief from removal. (5) Deportability. Even if the plea does not make deportation "virtually invitable," the fact that the client is subject to deportation is a drastic immigration consequences of which counsel must make the client aware. This is made clear by the Court's reference to the ground of deportability based upon a controlled substances conviction. The Supreme Court held that defense counsel must advise the defendant of the removal consequences of any conviction relating to a controlled substance, because "the terms of the relevant immigration statute are succinct, clear, and explicit in defining the removal consequence for Padilla's conviction." (Id. at ___.) The court continued: "Padilla's counsel could have easily determined that his plea would make him eligible for deportation simply from reading the text of the statute, which addresses not some broad classification of crimes but specifically commands removal for all controlled substances convictions except for the most trivial of marijuana possession offenses." (Ibid.) This ground of deportation, like all conviction-based grounds of deportation except aggravated felonies, makes the client "eligible for deportation" but does not disqualify him or her from eligibility for discretionary cancellation of removal. INA 240A(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1229b(a)(3). The Supreme Court, in essence, held that defense counsel must inform the client when a plea will make him or her deportable, even if it does not disqualify the client from eligibility for discretionary relief from removal, as in the case of a simple controlled substances conviction, even if it is not a drug-trafficking conviction. Padilla himself was convicted of possession of marijuana, which made him eligible for removal on the basis of a controlled substances conviction, but did not disqualify him from eligibility for discretionary relief from removal. Counsel for years have been expected to do this under existing standards of practice. (Id. at ___.) All it takes is a phone call to an immigration lawyer experienced in criminal issues, and to read the text of the statute. Advice " Any Advice " Is Not Enough Advice, even accurate advice, is not enough to discharge defense counsel's obligation in this area any more than it is in the purely criminal task of negotiating a plea. Is advice, even accurate advice, sufficient as to the direct penal consequences of a plea? No. We owe our clients the ethical obligation of vigorous representation. It is not enough merely to tell them the criminal axe is coming down on their necks. We must try to prevent the axe from decapitating them. In the criminal context, we obviously need to gather the client's equities, investigate and assemble exculpatory and mitigating evidence, and use it to try to negotiate a favorable result to minimize the crime and minimize the crime. In doing our normal job, we need to investigate the immigration facts of the case, assemble exculpatory and mitigating evidence of the immigration situation, and use it to try to negotiate a favorable result to minimize the crime and minimize the crime. We have not even got to Padilla yet, but already it is obvious we need to investigate and research the immigration situation in order to do our regular job. In addition, the California cases mentioned above, as well as Padilla, all require " explicitly or implicitly " that we move beyond mere advice, however accurate, and swing into action. In Soriano, supra, the client faced the common situation in which a sentence of 365 days or more triggered deportation, but a sentence of 364 days or less did not. It is implicit in Soriano that defense counsel needed to do more than just give accurate advice; she needed to try to obtain a non-deportable sentence of 364 days or less. In Barocio, supra, the holding was explicit: defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to make a motion for a Judicial Recommendation Against Deportation, i.e, a motion for a non-deportable sentence. In the same context, in which a 365-day sentence triggers deportation, defense counsel needed to try to persuade the prosecution and court to impose a non-deportable sentence of 364 days or less. In Resendiz, supra, the Supreme Court was less explicit, but nonetheless made it clear that reversal would be required if the plea would not have been entered but for the affirmative misadvice. In Bautista, supra, the Sixth District was clear on what action was required: defense counsel must recognize that a plea to a more serious count was immigration-safe, and push for that disposition. Bautista is not at all about advice. It is exclusively about action: the need to identify and pursue an immigration-safe disposition. Padilla, itself, makes this clear. The Supreme Court strongly suggested that once counsel has ascertained the adverse immigration consequences, counsel must attempt to avoid them. It cited with approval a Second Circuit rule holding ineffective assistance occurred when defense counsel failed to request a Judicial Recommendation Against Deportation. In light of both the steady expansion of deportable offenses and the significant ameliorative effect of a JRAD, it is unsurprising that, in the wake of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), the Second Circuit held that the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel applies to a JRAD request or lack thereof, see Janvier, 793 F.2d 449. See also United States v. Castro, 26 F.3d 557 (C.A.5 1994). In its view, seeking a JRAD was part of the sentencing process, Janvier, 793 F.2d, at 452, even if deportation itself is a civil action. Under the Second Circuit's reasoning, the impact of a conviction on a noncitizen's ability to remain in the country was a central issue to be resolved during the sentencing process-not merely a collateral matter outside the scope of counsel's duty to provide effective representation. (Id. at ___.) Moreover, the Supreme Court wrote with approval of including the avoidance of immigration consequences in the plea bargaining process: Finally, informed consideration of possible deportation can only benefit both the State and noncitizen defendants during the plea-bargaining process. By bringing deportation consequences into this process, the defense and prosecution may well be able to reach agreements that better satisfy the interests of both parties. As in this case, a criminal episode may provide the basis for multiple charges, of which only a subset mandate deportation following conviction. Counsel who possess the most rudimentary understanding of the deportation consequences of a particular criminal offense may be able to plea bargain creatively with the prosecutor in order to craft a conviction and sentence that reduce the likelihood of deportation, as by avoiding a conviction for an offense that automatically triggers the removal consequence. At the same time, the threat of deportation may provide the defendant with a powerful incentive to plead guilty to an offense that does not mandate that penalty in exchange for a dismissal of a charge that does. (Id. at ___.) The Court implied that defense counsel could not stop at merely giving advice " even accurate advice -- concerning the adverse immigration consequences of a plea: counsel must go further, and try to avoid those consequences, "as by avoiding a conviction for an offense that automatically triggers the removal consequence." (Ibid.) A failure to do this may thus constitute a "failure to defend" variation of immigration-related ineffective assistance of counsel. See, e.g., Bautista, supra; (ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to propose an alternative plea to a greater charged offense that would not trigger deportation); Barocio, supra (ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to request a non-deportable sentence); Soriano (ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to request a non-deportable sentence of 364 days in lieu of a deportable sentence of 365 days). These favorable California decisions represent logical implications of the basic principles laid down in Padilla, and now apply, not only in California, but in every jurisdiction in the United States. Basic Procedure The basic approach to protecting clients' immigration status is quite simple: A. Investigate. Obtain exact information on the clients immigration situation. Use a form like the Intake Form, attached. Get the client's complete criminal history, including elements of each offense of conviction and details of each sentence imposed. Once the information is obtained, counsel can develop a defense strategy by creating a "chronology" of the critical immigration and criminal history dates on which important events occurred. It can be kept up to date with each change in the law, and will provide an important tool for the ongoing development of the strategy. B. Consult an immigration expert to determine realistic criminal goals that can minimize immigration consequences. This expert can be: 1. An in-house immigration expert. 2. A consultation service such as that provided by the Immigrant Legal Resource Center. See IV, Resources, below. 3. A specific immigration lawyer experienced in criminal immigration issues. Continue to consult with immigration counsel since additional immigration questions frequently arise during the course of the case. C. Balance Immigration and Criminal Goals. Determine with the client how important the immigration goals are, as opposed to traditional criminal defense goals, if they conflict. D. Formulate a strategy that balances the adverse immigration consequences with the direct penal consequences of the criminal case, in light of the desires of the client. Working together, defense counsel and the immigration expert can go over the chronology, analyze the clients immigration situation at each point in time, discover the immigration damage caused by each significant criminal event, discover a solution to each problem, and evaluate the chances of success in obtaining each solution. For a quick checklist of immigration consequences of specific offenses, go to www.ilrc.org, choose "Info on Immigration Law," choose Criminal and Immigration Law, and download the California Quick Reference Guide to California Convictions, organized by Penal Code section. For more in-depth information, see K. Brady, DEFENDING IMMIGRANTS IN THE NINTH CIRCUIT: IMPACT OF CRIMES UNDER CALIFORNIA AND OTHER STATE LAWS (2009), or N. Tooby & J. Rollin, SAFE HAVENS: HOW TO IDENTIFY AND CONSTRUCT NON-DEPORTABLE CONVICTIONS (2005). E. Try to Obtain An Immigration-Safe Disposition. Use standard criminal defense techniques to try to achieve the client's goals. F. Final Advice to Client. At the conclusion of the case, we should inform the client of the immigration consequences of the final disposition and arm him or her with information on how to confront immigration authorities. This same approach is applicable no matter what procedural stage the criminal case has reached: the beginning of the case, during plea bargaining, during litigation, during sentencing, during probation violation proceedings, during juvenile proceedings, as well as during appeal and other post-conviction proceedings. Relationship of State Criminal Law to Federal Immigration Law Immigration laws governing the deportation process are federal in nature, passed by Congress. Most aspects of immigration law are uniform national federal rules. See N. Tooby & J. Rollin, CRIMINAL DEFENSE OF IMMIGRANTS 16.35 (2007). The immigration authorities are in general not governed by the idiosyncracies of the laws of the 50 states. The fact that the federal immigration authorities do not go by California state law can lead to serious problems. For example, if a state court withholds a judgment of conviction, so that no conviction exists under state law, defense counsel may assure a noncitizen defendant that no conviction exists. This may be true under state law, but it is false under federal immigration law. Federal law may also clash with state law concerning the circumstances in which a conviction is later erased. Many states have state rehabilitative statutes that allow a defendant to withdraw a plea and have the charge dismissed as a reward for successful completion of probation. Under state law, the defendant no longer has a conviction. Under federal immigration law, however, the conviction still exists, and may trigger deportation. Defense counsel must become aware of the federal immigration law on these subjects, and not mislead the client by advice concerning inapplicable state laws. See generally N. TOOBY, TOOBY'S GUIDE TO CRIMINAL IMMIGRATION LAW: HOW CRIMINAL AND IMMIGRATION COUNSEL CAN WORK TOGETHER (2008) (free copy available as PDF download on www.NortonTooby.com). State law becomes important, however, when analyzing whether a state conviction triggers a ground of removal. The law of the state in which the conviction was prosecuted must be considered in determining (A) the elements of the offense, (B) whether the offense is considered a felony or a misdemeanor, (C) the sentence imposed, and (D) the maximum sentence. See CRIMINAL DEFENSE OF IMMIGRANTS 16.35.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.16:
POST CON RELIEF - GROUNDS - INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL - AFFIRMATIVE MISADVICE - FAILURE TO ADVISE -- PADILLA - RETROACTIVITY
There is an argument under Williams v. Taylor, 529 US 362, 391 (2000) that Padilla is retroactive for federal habeas challenges to state convictions because it is not a new rule but merely an application of the pre-existing Strickland rule. "The threshold question under AEDPA is whether Williams seeks to apply a rule of law that was clearly established at the time his state-court conviction became final. That question is easily answered because the merits of his claim are squarely governed by our holding in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1964)." "This Court's precedent "dictated" that the Virginia Supreme Court apply the Strickland test at the time that court entertained Williams' ineffective-assistance claim. Teague, 489 U.S., at 301, 109 S.Ct. 1060. And it can hardly be said that recognizing the right to effective counsel "breaks new ground or imposes a new obligation on the States," ibid. Williams is therefore entitled to relief if the Virginia Supreme Court's decision rejecting his ineffective-assistance claim was either "contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of," that established law. It was both." The Court in Padilla said: Likewise, although we must be especially careful about recognizing new grounds for attacking the validity of guilty pleas, in the 25 years since we first applied Strickland to claims of ineffective assistance at the plea stage, practice has shown that pleas are less frequently the subject of collateral challenges than convictions obtained after a trial. Pleas account for nearly 95% of all criminal convictions. However, new constitutional rules are prospective for purposes of federal collateral review unless they are either substantive (limit the scope of what can be prosecuted, e.g., a statute that violates commerce clause) or announce a watershed rule. Teague v. Lane. Unfortunately, Gideon v. Wainwright is the only case the Supreme Court treats as watershed for purposes of the Teague test. In the following cases, the Supreme Court decided not to apply a new constitutional rule retroactively: Whorton v. Bockting, 127 S. Ct. 1173 (2007) (rejecting retroactivity for Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 35 (2004), which expanded right to witness confrontation under 6th Amendment); Schiro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348 (2004) (rejecting retroactivity for Ring v. Arizona, 546 U.S. 584 (2002)); Beard v. Banks, 542 U.S. 406 (2004) (rejecting retroactivity for Mills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367 (1988)); O'Dell v. Netherland, 521 U.S. 151 (1997) (rejecting retroactivity for Simmons v. South Carolina, 512 U.S. 154 (1994)); Gilmore v. Taylor, 508 U.S. 333 (1993) (rejecting retroactivity for a new rule relating to jury instructions on homicide); Sawyer v. Smith, 497 U.S. 227 (1990) (rejecting retroactivity for Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320 (1985)). On the other hand, states can determine for themselves whether to apply a Supreme Court decision retroactively. Danforth v. Minnesota, 552 U.S. 264 (2008). Thanks to Dan Kesselbrenner.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF - GROUNDS - INEFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL - AFFIRMATIVE MISADVICE OF IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES - SUPREME COURT GRANTS CERTIORARI
Padilla v. Kentucky, __ S.Ct. __, 2009 WL 425077 (Feb. 23, 2009) (mem) (United States Supreme Court granted cert in Padilla v. Kentucky, in which the Kentucky Supreme Court affirmed the denial of post-conviction relief on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for affirmatively misadvising the defendant concerning the immigration consequences of his conviction during plea bargaining). Oral argument will be heard in the fall.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 5.35:
POST CON RELIEF - HABEAS - FEDERAL - PROPER CUSTODIAN
In Rumsfeld v. Padilla, __ U.S. __, 2004 WL 1432135 (June 6, 2004) (habeas is limited to the "immediate custodian"; proper respondent to habeas is "the person" with ability to produce prisioners body before court, i.e. the warden of facility where prisoner is being held, not Attorney General or other remote supervisory official).
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.16:
POST CON RELIEF - GROUNDS - INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL -- RETROACTIVITY OF PADILLA V. KENTUCKY
Tyler v. Cain, 533 U.S. 656 (2001) (a petitioner cannot take advantage of the successive habeas petition rule, 28 U.S.C. 2244(b)(2), unless the Supreme Court has expressly held in a collateral review case that the earlier decision is retroactive).
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " PADILLA " RETROACTIVITY
Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 321 (1987) ("failure to apply a newly declared constitutional rule to criminal cases pending on direct review violates basic norms of constitutional adjudication . . . [so] a new rule for the conduct of criminal prosecutions is to be applied retroactively to all cases, state or federal, pending on direct review or not yet final," even where "the new rule constitutes a 'clear break' with the past.".)
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.29:
VEHICLES " FEDERAL HABEAS CORPUS -- STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS "NEW RIGHT RECOGNIZED BY SUPREME COURT AS RETROACTIVE STARTS NEW ONE-YEAR STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
But see Tyler v. Cain, 533 U.S. 656 (2001)(a petitioner cannot take advantage of an exception to the successive habeas petition rule, 28 U.S.C. 2244(b)(2), unless the Supreme Court has expressly held in a collateral review case that the earlier decision is retroactive). In Tyler, the Supreme Court said: The Supreme Court does not 'ma[k]e' a rule retroactive when it merely establishes principles of retroactivity and leaves the application of those principles to lower courts. In such an event, any legal conclusion that is derived from the principles is developed by the lower court (or perhaps by a combination of courts), not by the Supreme Court. We thus conclude that a new rule is not 'made retroactive to cases on collateral review' unless the Supreme Court holds it to be retroactive. 28 U.S.C. 2244(d)(1)(C) provides for a similar exception to the one-year AEDPA statute of limitations for federal habeas corpus. This statute has slightly different language than 2244(b)(2), the statute at issue in Tyler, but the Tyler reasoning would effectively preclude beginning a new one-year statute of limitations period under 2244(d)(1)(C) for late petitioners raising claims under Padilla v. Kentucky.
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 11.6:
ARTICLE PROSECUTORIAL DUTY TO NEGOTIATE IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES
By Norton Tooby In Padilla v. Kentucky, the Supreme Court held that it is frequently in the interests of both prosecution and defense to include immigration consequences of a plea in the plea bargaining process, implying that there is nothing wrong with this, and much to be gained from it. The Court stated: Finally, informed consideration of possible deportation can only benefit both the State and noncitizen defendants during the plea-bargaining process. By bringing deportation consequences into this process, the defense and prosecution may well be able to reach agreements that better satisfy the interests of both parties. As in this case, a criminal episode may provide the basis for multiple charges, of which only a subset mandate deportation following conviction. Counsel who possess the most rudimentary understanding of the deportation consequences of a particular criminal offense may be able to plea bargain creatively with the prosecutor in order to craft a conviction and sentence that reduce the likelihood of deportation, as by avoiding a conviction for an offense that automatically triggers the removal consequence. At the same time, the threat of deportation may provide the defendant with a powerful incentive to plead guilty to an offense that does not mandate that penalty in exchange for a dismissal of a charge that does. Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. at 1486. The Court convincingly rejected the notion that it is somehow improper to reach a disposition that consciously averts an immigration disaster for the defendant. Prosecutors sometimes argue that it would violate Equal Protection to give a more favorable disposition to an immigrant defendant than to a U.S. citizen. This argument cannot stand in the face of the Supreme Court's analysis. Many prosecutors agree that it is appropriate to bargain for an immigration-harmless disposition in appropriate cases. For example, the Los Angeles District Attorneys Office, one of the largest in the country, has published a Plea Bargaining Policy that includes authority to plea bargain for an immigration harmless result where the immigration consequences outweigh the criminal consequences in light of the seriousness of the case. http://da.co.la.ca.us/sd03-04.htm. A number of publications recognize the prosecutors duty to consider immigration consequences when raised by a defendant in the context of plea negotiations. E.g., Robert M.A. Johnson, Collateral Consequences, Message from the President of the National District Attorneys Association, May-June 2001 (Our job, our duty, is to seek justice. . . . [W]e must consider them [collateral consequences] if we are to see that justice is done. . . . . At times, the collateral consequences of a conviction are so severe that we are unable to deliver a proportionate penalty in the criminal justice system without disproportionate collateral consequences. . . . As a prosecutor, you must comprehend this full range of consequences that flow from a crucial conviction.); National District Attorneys Association (NDAA Standards) , National Prosecution Standards, Std 1-1.1, Prosecutors Primary Responsibility (3rd ed. 2009) (The primary responsibility of a prosecutor is to seek justice.); NDAA Standards, Std. 2-8.3 (The prosecutor should cooperate with defense counsel at all stages of the criminal process to ensure the attainment of justice and the most appropriate disposition of each case.); NDAA Standards, Std. 4-1.3 (Prosecutors should screen potential charges to eliminate from the criminal justice system those cases where prosecution is not justified or not in the public interest. Factors that may be considered in this decision include: . . . k. Undue hardship that would be caused to the accused by the prosecution; . . . p. Whether the accused has already suffered substantial loss in connection with the alleged crime); NDAA Standards, Std. 5-3.1, Propriety of Plea Negotiation and Plea Agreements (Factors to Consider. Prior to negotiating a plea agreement, the prosecution should consider the following factors: . . . g. Undue hardship caused to the defendant; . . . . l. The probable sentence if the defendant is convicted); ABA Standards of Criminal Justice, Prosecution Function, Standard 3-1.2, The Function of a Prosecutor (3d. ed. 1999) ((b) The prosecutor is an administrator of justice, an advocate, and an officer of the court; the prosecutor must exercise sound discretion in the performance of his or her functions. (c) The duty of the prosecutor is to seek justice, not merely to convict.); ABA Standard 3-1.2, Commentary, p. 5 ( Since the prosecutor bears a large share of the responsibility for determining which cases are taken into the courts, the character, quality, and efficiency of the whole system is shaped in great measure by the manner in which the prosecutor exercises his or her broad discretionary powers.); ABA Standards of Criminal Justice, Prosecution Function Standard 3-3.9 Discretion in the Charging Decision, Commentary, p. 74, (3d. ed. 1999) (Differences in the circumstances under which a crime took place, the motives behind or pressures upon the defendant, mitigating factors in the situation, the defendant's age, prior record, general background, and role in the offense, and a host of other particular factors require that the prosecutor view the whole range of possible charges as a set of tools from which to carefully select the proper instrument to bring the charges.). See generally http://www.ethicsforprosecutors.com/quotes.html. This site was established by a prosecutor's organization. As the Supreme Court stated long ago, as the Constitution has been construed in our cases, it is not forbidden to extend a proper degree of leniency in return for guilty pleas. Corbitt v. New Jersey, 439 U.S. 212, 223, 99 S.Ct. 492, 58 L.Ed.2d 466 (1978).
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 7.16:
Implications of Padilla v. Kentucky for California Defense Counsel
Implications of Padilla v. Kentucky for California Defense Counsel By Norton Tooby "[A]ccurate legal advice for noncitizens accused of crimes has never been more important." Padilla v. Kentucky (USSC March 31, 2010). Introduction On March 31, 2010, the United States Supreme Court held, 7-2, that because deportation is an integral part of the penalty that may be imposed on defendants who plead guilty to specified crimes, defense counsel must accurately inform a defendant of any risk of deportation created by the plea. Justice Stevens, writing for the five-member majority, held that defense counsel's failure to do so constitutes constitutionally deficient performance in violation of the right to effective assistance of counsel protected by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The question whether Padilla was entitled to reversal of the conviction depended on whether he has been prejudiced, i.e., whether a decision to reject the plea bargain would have been rational under the circumstances, a matter remanded for decision by the Kentucky courts in the first instance. Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S.Ct. 1473 (U.S.C. March 31, 2010). This article will discuss the implications of this decision for California criminal defense counsel. There is one important issue the Supreme Court did not discuss: the fact that immigration consequences can derail the most carefully constructed purely criminal disposition. The defendant may be eligible for, and benefit from, any number of rehabilitative programs, such as alcohol or drug rehabilitation programs, anger management classes, probation or parole supervision, job training programs, boot camp, hospital treatment programs, out-patient programs, English as a Second Language courses, school of various kinds, work and school furlough, half-way houses, community correctional centers, other forms of minimal supervision custody arrangements, home detention or electronic monitoring programs, and the like. An immigration hold, however, can derail them because the defendant cannot get out of custody to participate in them. Criminal counsel must anticipate this problem and try to solve it in advance by obtaining a disposition that does not trigger deportation. We therefore need to research the immigration consequences of a disposition, not only to protect the clients immigration status, but also in order to do our core job of minimizing the crime, and minimizing the time. Impact on Existing California Law Padilla did not work much change on the California law on this subject, because in California, since 1987, the First District Court of Appeals has held it is ineffective assistance of counsel to fail to investigate the federal immigration consequences of a disposition and to fail to advise a foreign national defendant of them before plea. People v. Soriano, 194 Cal.App.3d 1470 (1987)(ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to investigate the immigration consequences and advise a noncitizen of them prior to plea). The Fifth District Court of Appeal held it to be ineffective assistance to fail to request a non-deportable sentence. People v. Barocio, 216 Cal.App.3d 99 (1989). The California Supreme Court has previously held it to be ineffective assistance of counsel to give affirmative misadvice to a noncitizen concerning the immigration consequences of a plea. In re Resendiz, 25 Cal.4th 230, 105 Cal.Rptr. 2d 431 (2001). The Sixth District Court of Appeals held it to be ineffective assistance of counsel to fail to seek a non-deportable plea to a greater offense. People v. Bautista, 115 Cal.App.4th 229 (2004). The holding of Padilla, therefore, does not significantly change California law concerning effective assistance to noncitizen defendants in advising them of (helping them avoid) disastrous immigration consequences of criminal convictions. Padillas major effect on California law is that the California Supreme Court must now recognize that a failure to advise a defendant can constitute ineffective assistance of counsel, an issue on which it was as yet unpersuaded in 2001 when it decided Resendiz. The United States Supreme Court's decision in Padilla underscores our responsibility to try to protect our noncitizen clients in these ways, and will hopefully increase the attention paid to existing California law on the subject and the resources devoted to helping defendants avoid immigration damage. In addition, it also emphasizes that a number of easy answers do not discharge counsel's obligation: Counsel must actually investigate these important issues, learn the client's nationality and immigration status, and attempt to defend him or her against immigration disaster, and criminal disaster, by finding and pursuing an immigration-safe disposition. (1) It is not good enough just to say deportation "might" happen, and refer the client to an immigration lawyer. The United States Supreme Court held that when the deportation consequences are clear, defense counsel must themselves give the specific advice directly to the client. The example of when these consequences are clear was a controlled substances conviction. The Supreme Court held that defense counsel must advise the defendant of the removal consequences of any conviction relating to a controlled substance, because "the terms of the relevant immigration statute are succinct, clear, and explicit in defining the removal consequence for Padilla's conviction." (Id. at ___.) The court continued: "Padilla's counsel could have easily determined that his plea would make him eligible for deportation simply from reading the text of the statute, which addresses not some broad classification of crimes but specifically commands removal for all controlled substances convictions except for the most trivial of marijuana possession offenses." (Ibid.) The controlled substance ground of deportation is similar in structure and ease of interpretation to most conviction-based grounds of deportation. Of the 52 different conviction-based grounds of deportation, most are no more complex or difficult to decipher. See N. TOOBY & J. ROLLIN, CRIMINAL DEFENSE OF IMMIGRANTS, APPENDIX A, GROUNDS OF DEPORTATION (2007). There are several which are arguably more difficult to interpret, such as the crime of moral turpitude ground, INA 237(a)(2)(A) (i)(I), 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(2)(A)(i)(I), the aggravated felony miscellaneous firearms conviction ground, INA 101(a)(43)(E), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(43)(E), and the aggravated felony crime of violence ground. INA 101(a)(43)(F), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(43)(F). Even those grounds, however, have been elaborated by practice aids that make it relatively easy to tell when a conviction falls within the ground of removal. Once defense counsel has assumed the obligation to research the actual immigration effects of a conviction, it is an easy matter to inform the defendant. If the answer is clear, so is the advice. If the answer is obscure, the attorney merely needs to communicate that to the client as well. If the client wants more information, it is easily available from more research or expert consultation by telephone or in person. The Supreme Court also recognized that it may sometimes be difficult to determine the immigration consequences of a conviction: Immigration law can be complex, and it is a legal specialty of its own. Some members of the bar who represent clients facing criminal charges, in either state or federal court or both, may not be well versed in it. There will, therefore, undoubtedly be numerous situations in which the deportation consequences of a particular plea are unclear or uncertain. The duty of the private practitioner in such cases is more limited. When the law is not succinct and straightforward (as it is in many of the scenarios posited by JUSTICE ALITO), a criminal defense attorney need do no more than advise a noncitizen client that pending criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration consequences. FN10 But when the deportation consequence is truly clear, as it was in this case, the duty to give correct advice is equally clear. (Id. at ___.) In a footnote, the court commented: "Lack of clarity in the law, however, does not obviate the need for counsel to say something about the possibility of deportation, even though it will affect the scope and nature of counsel's advice." (Id. at ___, n.10.) (2) In addition, the Supreme Court suggests that even correct advice is not necessarily enough. Counsel should attempt to avoid the adverse consequences: Moreover, the court wrote with approval of including the avoidance of immigration consequences in the plea bargaining process: Finally, informed consideration of possible deportation can only benefit both the State and noncitizen defendants during the plea-bargaining process. By bringing deportation consequences into this process, the defense and prosecution may well be able to reach agreements that better satisfy the interests of both parties. As in this case, a criminal episode may provide the basis for multiple charges, of which only a subset mandate deportation following conviction. Counsel who possess the most rudimentary understanding of the deportation consequences of a particular criminal offense may be able to plea bargain creatively with the prosecutor in order to craft a conviction and sentence that reduce the likelihood of deportation, as by avoiding a conviction for an offense that automatically triggers the removal consequence. At the same time, the threat of deportation may provide the defendant with a powerful incentive to plead guilty to an offense that does not mandate that penalty in exchange for a dismissal of a charge that does. (Id. at ___.) This strongly implies that defense counsel would not stop at merely giving advice concerning the adverse immigration consequences of a plea: counsel must go further, and try to avoid those consequences, "as by avoiding a conviction for an offense that automatically triggers the removal consequence." (Ibid.) A failure to do this may thus constitute a "failure to defend" variation of immigration-related ineffective assistance of counsel. See, e.g., People v. Bautista, 115 Cal.App.4th 229, 8 Cal.Rptr.3d 862 (2004). In addition, this language should be useful in countering the bogus argument offered by prosecutors in opposition to negotiating an immigration-harmless disposition: that it is somehow an equal protection violation of the rights of U.S. citizen defendants to do so. Required Advice In summary, the Supreme Court held that defense counsel must advise their clients on a number of important immigration consequences of a conviction: whether the conviction makes the client eligible for deportation, removal, inadmissibility, exclusion, or relief from removal. In addition, defense counsel must describe the degree of risk: whether removal is automatic, virtually inevitable, or merely possible. The concurring opinion's suggestion that all counsel need do is inform the defendant there is some risk of removal or other, and suggest that the client call an immigration lawyer, was rejected by the majority opinion. Defense counsel must learn of the nature and degree of these risks, and inform the client prior to plea, to render effective assistance of counsel. Defense counsel must attempt to protect the client against these risks, by avoiding if possible a conviction that subjects the client to possible removal, or disqualifies the client from eligibility for relief from removal. The attorney can try to protect the client against these risks by engaging in plea bargaining with these goals in view, or by taking a case to trial in an effort to avoid immigration consequences when they are sufficiently great to justify the risk " in the client's eyes " of penal consequences. (1) Risk of Deportation. The Supreme Court concluded: "The weight of prevailing professional norms supports the view that counsel must advise her client regarding the risk of deportation." (Id. at ___.) The "risk of deportation" means not only that counsel must inform the client that there exists some risk or other of deportation, but must inform the client of the degree of the risk of deportation. The Supreme Court repeatedly referred to different levels of risk. Sometimes, it referred to situations in which deportation is "virtually invitable." Other times, it referred to "automatic deportation." (Id. at ___.) (2) Automatic Deportation. The Court held that "constitutionally competent counsel would have advised him that his conviction for drug distribution made him subject to automatic deportation." (Id. at ___.) (3) Removal. The Court repeatedly referred both to deportation and removal. (E.g., id. at ___ ["In its view, neither counsel's failure to advise petitioner about the possibility of removal, nor counsel's incorrect advice, could provide a basis for relief."]; ___ ["Under contemporary law, if a noncitizen has committed a removable offense after the 1996 effective date of these amendments, his removal is practically inevitable but for the possible exercise of limited remnants of equitable discretion vested in the Attorney General to cancel removal for noncitizens convicted of particular classes of offenses."].) The Court specifically referred to the change in the name of deportation proceedings from "deportation" to "removal," in which removal proceedings now include both the former deportation proceedings, and former inadmissibility or exclusion proceedings. Inadmissibility also results in "removal," so counsel must therefore inform the client of the level of risk of inadmissibility or exclusion, as well as deportation. (4) Eligibility for and Bars to Relief. The Court has previously recognized, and repeated in Padilla, its view of the importance of reaching a disposition in a criminal case that allowed the noncitizen to remain eligible to apply in immigration court for a waiver of deportation or other relief from removal: Likewise, we have recognized that preserving the possibility of discretionary relief from deportation under 212(c) of the 1952 INA, 66 Stat. 187, repealed by Congress in 1996, would have been one of the principal benefits sought by defendants deciding whether to accept a plea offer or instead to proceed to trial. St. Cyr, 533 U.S., at 323. We expected that counsel who were unaware of the discretionary relief measures would follo[w] the advice of numerous practice guides to advise themselves of the importance of this particular form of discretionary relief. Ibid., n. 50. (Id. at ___.) Defense counsel must advise the client of the risk that the disposition of the criminal case will disqualify the client from eligibility to apply for relief from removal. (5) Deportability. Even if the plea does not make deportation "virtually invitable," the fact that the client is subject to deportation is a drastic immigration consequences of which counsel must make the client aware. This is made clear by the Court's reference to the ground of deportability based upon a controlled substances conviction. The Supreme Court held that defense counsel must advise the defendant of the removal consequences of any conviction relating to a controlled substance, because "the terms of the relevant immigration statute are succinct, clear, and explicit in defining the removal consequence for Padilla's conviction." (Id. at ___.) The court continued: "Padilla's counsel could have easily determined that his plea would make him eligible for deportation simply from reading the text of the statute, which addresses not some broad classification of crimes but specifically commands removal for all controlled substances convictions except for the most trivial of marijuana possession offenses." (Ibid.) This ground of deportation, like all conviction-based grounds of deportation except aggravated felonies, makes the client "eligible for deportation" but does not disqualify him or her from eligibility for discretionary cancellation of removal. INA 240A(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1229b(a)(3). The Supreme Court, in essence, held that defense counsel must inform the client when a plea will make him or her deportable, even if it does not disqualify the client from eligibility for discretionary relief from removal, as in the case of a simple controlled substances conviction, even if it is not a drug-trafficking conviction. Padilla himself was convicted of possession of marijuana, which made him eligible for removal on the basis of a controlled substances conviction, but did not disqualify him from eligibility for discretionary relief from removal. Counsel for years have been expected to do this under existing standards of practice. (Id. at ___.) All it takes is a phone call to an immigration lawyer experienced in criminal issues, and to read the text of the statute. Advice " Any Advice " Is Not Enough Advice, even accurate advice, is not enough to discharge defense counsel's obligation in this area any more than it is in the purely criminal task of negotiating a plea. Is advice, even accurate advice, sufficient as to the direct penal consequences of a plea? No. We owe our clients the ethical obligation of vigorous representation. It is not enough merely to tell them the criminal axe is coming down on their necks. We must try to prevent the axe from decapitating them. In the criminal context, we obviously need to gather the client's equities, investigate and assemble exculpatory and mitigating evidence, and use it to try to negotiate a favorable result to minimize the crime and minimize the crime. In doing our normal job, we need to investigate the immigration facts of the case, assemble exculpatory and mitigating evidence of the immigration situation, and use it to try to negotiate a favorable result to minimize the crime and minimize the crime. We have not even got to Padilla yet, but already it is obvious we need to investigate and research the immigration situation in order to do our regular job. In addition, the California cases mentioned above, as well as Padilla, all require " explicitly or implicitly " that we move beyond mere advice, however accurate, and swing into action. In Soriano, supra, the client faced the common situation in which a sentence of 365 days or more triggered deportation, but a sentence of 364 days or less did not. It is implicit in Soriano that defense counsel needed to do more than just give accurate advice; she needed to try to obtain a non-deportable sentence of 364 days or less. In Barocio, supra, the holding was explicit: defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to make a motion for a Judicial Recommendation Against Deportation, i.e, a motion for a non-deportable sentence. In the same context, in which a 365-day sentence triggers deportation, defense counsel needed to try to persuade the prosecution and court to impose a non-deportable sentence of 364 days or less. In Resendiz, supra, the Supreme Court was less explicit, but nonetheless made it clear that reversal would be required if the plea would not have been entered but for the affirmative misadvice. In Bautista, supra, the Sixth District was clear on what action was required: defense counsel must recognize that a plea to a more serious count was immigration-safe, and push for that disposition. Bautista is not at all about advice. It is exclusively about action: the need to identify and pursue an immigration-safe disposition. Padilla, itself, makes this clear. The Supreme Court strongly suggested that once counsel has ascertained the adverse immigration consequences, counsel must attempt to avoid them. It cited with approval a Second Circuit rule holding ineffective assistance occurred when defense counsel failed to request a Judicial Recommendation Against Deportation. In light of both the steady expansion of deportable offenses and the significant ameliorative effect of a JRAD, it is unsurprising that, in the wake of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), the Second Circuit held that the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel applies to a JRAD request or lack thereof, see Janvier, 793 F.2d 449. See also United States v. Castro, 26 F.3d 557 (C.A.5 1994). In its view, seeking a JRAD was part of the sentencing process, Janvier, 793 F.2d, at 452, even if deportation itself is a civil action. Under the Second Circuit's reasoning, the impact of a conviction on a noncitizen's ability to remain in the country was a central issue to be resolved during the sentencing process-not merely a collateral matter outside the scope of counsel's duty to provide effective representation. (Id. at ___.) Moreover, the Supreme Court wrote with approval of including the avoidance of immigration consequences in the plea bargaining process: Finally, informed consideration of possible deportation can only benefit both the State and noncitizen defendants during the plea-bargaining process. By bringing deportation consequences into this process, the defense and prosecution may well be able to reach agreements that better satisfy the interests of both parties. As in this case, a criminal episode may provide the basis for multiple charges, of which only a subset mandate deportation following conviction. Counsel who possess the most rudimentary understanding of the deportation consequences of a particular criminal offense may be able to plea bargain creatively with the prosecutor in order to craft a conviction and sentence that reduce the likelihood of deportation, as by avoiding a conviction for an offense that automatically triggers the removal consequence. At the same time, the threat of deportation may provide the defendant with a powerful incentive to plead guilty to an offense that does not mandate that penalty in exchange for a dismissal of a charge that does. (Id. at ___.) The Court implied that defense counsel could not stop at merely giving advice " even accurate advice -- concerning the adverse immigration consequences of a plea: counsel must go further, and try to avoid those consequences, "as by avoiding a conviction for an offense that automatically triggers the removal consequence." (Ibid.) A failure to do this may thus constitute a "failure to defend" variation of immigration-related ineffective assistance of counsel. See, e.g., Bautista, supra; (ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to propose an alternative plea to a greater charged offense that would not trigger deportation); Barocio, supra (ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to request a non-deportable sentence); Soriano (ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to request a non-deportable sentence of 364 days in lieu of a deportable sentence of 365 days). These favorable California decisions represent logical implications of the basic principles laid down in Padilla, and now apply, not only in California, but in every jurisdiction in the United States. Basic Procedure The basic approach to protecting clients' immigration status is quite simple: A. Investigate. Obtain exact information on the clients immigration situation. Use a form like the Intake Form, attached. Get the client's complete criminal history, including elements of each offense of conviction and details of each sentence imposed. Once the information is obtained, counsel can develop a defense strategy by creating a "chronology" of the critical immigration and criminal history dates on which important events occurred. It can be kept up to date with each change in the law, and will provide an important tool for the ongoing development of the strategy. B. Consult an immigration expert to determine realistic criminal goals that can minimize immigration consequences. This expert can be: 1. An in-house immigration expert. 2. A consultation service such as that provided by the Immigrant Legal Resource Center. See IV, Resources, below. 3. A specific immigration lawyer experienced in criminal immigration issues. Continue to consult with immigration counsel since additional immigration questions frequently arise during the course of the case. C. Balance Immigration and Criminal Goals. Determine with the client how important the immigration goals are, as opposed to traditional criminal defense goals, if they conflict. D. Formulate a strategy that balances the adverse immigration consequences with the direct penal consequences of the criminal case, in light of the desires of the client. Working together, defense counsel and the immigration expert can go over the chronology, analyze the clients immigration situation at each point in time, discover the immigration damage caused by each significant criminal event, discover a solution to each problem, and evaluate the chances of success in obtaining each solution. For a quick checklist of immigration consequences of specific offenses, go to www.ilrc.org, choose "Info on Immigration Law," choose Criminal and Immigration Law, and download the California Quick Reference Guide to California Convictions, organized by Penal Code section. For more in-depth information, see K. Brady, DEFENDING IMMIGRANTS IN THE NINTH CIRCUIT: IMPACT OF CRIMES UNDER CALIFORNIA AND OTHER STATE LAWS (2009), or N. Tooby & J. Rollin, SAFE HAVENS: HOW TO IDENTIFY AND CONSTRUCT NON-DEPORTABLE CONVICTIONS (2005). E. Try to Obtain An Immigration-Safe Disposition. Use standard criminal defense techniques to try to achieve the client's goals. F. Final Advice to Client. At the conclusion of the case, we should inform the client of the immigration consequences of the final disposition and arm him or her with information on how to confront immigration authorities. This same approach is applicable no matter what procedural stage the criminal case has reached: the beginning of the case, during plea bargaining, during litigation, during sentencing, during probation violation proceedings, during juvenile proceedings, as well as during appeal and other post-conviction proceedings. Relationship of State Criminal Law to Federal Immigration Law Immigration laws governing the deportation process are federal in nature, passed by Congress. Most aspects of immigration law are uniform national federal rules. See N. Tooby & J. Rollin, CRIMINAL DEFENSE OF IMMIGRANTS 16.35 (2007). The immigration authorities are in general not governed by the idiosyncracies of the laws of the 50 states. The fact that the federal immigration authorities do not go by California state law can lead to serious problems. For example, if a state court withholds a judgment of conviction, so that no conviction exists under state law, defense counsel may assure a noncitizen defendant that no conviction exists. This may be true under state law, but it is false under federal immigration law. Federal law may also clash with state law concerning the circumstances in which a conviction is later erased. Many states have state rehabilitative statutes that allow a defendant to withdraw a plea and have the charge dismissed as a reward for successful completion of probation. Under state law, the defendant no longer has a conviction. Under federal immigration law, however, the conviction still exists, and may trigger deportation. Defense counsel must become aware of the federal immigration law on these subjects, and not mislead the client by advice concerning inapplicable state laws. See generally N. TOOBY, TOOBY'S GUIDE TO CRIMINAL IMMIGRATION LAW: HOW CRIMINAL AND IMMIGRATION COUNSEL CAN WORK TOGETHER (2008) (free copy available as PDF download on www.NortonTooby.com). State law becomes important, however, when analyzing whether a state conviction triggers a ground of removal. The law of the state in which the conviction was prosecuted must be considered in determining (A) the elements of the offense, (B) whether the offense is considered a felony or a misdemeanor, (C) the sentence imposed, and (D) the maximum sentence. See CRIMINAL DEFENSE OF IMMIGRANTS 16.35.
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 7.18, § 7.19:
EIGHT COURTS HOLD PADILLA RETROACTIVE
United States v. Obonaga, No. 07-CR-402, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 63872, 2010 WL 2629748 (E.D.N.Y. June 24, 2010); United States v. Hubenig, No. 6:03-mj-040, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 80179, 2010 WL 2650625 (E.D.Cal. July 1, 2010); United States v. Chaidez, 730 F. Supp. 2d 896, 2010 WL 3184150 (N.D.Ill. 2010); People v. Bennett, 28 Misc. 3d 575, 903 N.Y.S.2d 696 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. May 26, 2010); People v. Garcia, 29 Misc. 3d 756, 907 N.Y.S.2d 398 (N.Y. Sup. Aug. 26, 2010); People v. Ramirez, 29 Misc. 3d 1201[A], 2010 NY Slip Op 51661[U], 2010 WL 3769208 [N.Y. Crim. Ct. 2010]; People v. Ortega, 29 Misc. 3d 1203[A], 2010 NY Slip Op 51679[U], 2010 WL 3786254 [N.Y. Crim. Ct. 2010].
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 7.27:
GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " PREJUDICE " ARTICLE
Flawed Supreme Court Decision in Premo v. Moore Restricts Prejudice Analysis of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims in Plea of Guilty Context By Norton Tooby In Premo v. Moore, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 733 (January 19, 2011), the Supreme Court held that the state post-conviction courts conclusions that defense counsel did not render deficient performance, and the defendant had not shown prejudice, were were not unreasonable applications of clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court. The court pointed out that federal habeas corpus is very limited in its review of state post-conviction decisions, and owes great deference to the decisions of state courts. In addition, federal habeas review of ineffective assistance claims owes deference to defense counsel. This double duty of federal courts to defer to state ineffective counsel decisions provides the framework for this decision. Here, the Court found the court of appeals was wrong to accord scant deference to counsels judgment, and doubly wrong to find that the Oregon court was unreasonable in its finding that effective assistance was provided. The distortion of a hindsight perspective can make accurate review very difficult, while upsetting pleas years later may bring instability to the process that would be damaging to defendants as well as the criminal justice system. In this sense, Premo is inapplicable to state court post-conviction consideration of claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, because state courts are not constrained by the limitations of 28 U.S.C. 2254(d)s requirement that the state court must violate a clearly established Supreme Court decision. The Supreme Court stated there are significant differences between an ineffective assistance claim in the guilty plea context, and that after a trial. The guilty plea context places a most substantial burden on the defendant to show that but for counsels errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial (Hill v. Lockhart, 1985). After trial, the burden is on the defendant to show a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would be different. A trial produces a fuller record of the facts of the case and the details of trial counsels actions and omissions. The plea process is full of unknowns and defense attorneys knowledge of facts and practices that are not in the record. Hindsight and second guesses are inappropriate and the stability and certainty that the plea process brings to the criminal justice system must not be undermined. Most of these differences between guilty pleas and trials, however, are not real and this dictum is gratuitous and irrelevant the legal standards involved. Stability is equally important in both contexts, and the court makes no sensible case for stating that stability is more important in the guilty plea context. The slightly different prejudice standard does not mean that it is any more difficult to set aside a guilty plea than a trial; Hill simply applied the Strickland standard to the plea context. It did not stiffen the standard, and Premo did not purport to change the Hill standard. Therefore, the prejudice standard in the plea context enunciated in Hill remains unchanged. The Supreme Court pointed out that the plea process is full of unknowns and defense attorneys knowledge of facts and practices that are not in the record. (Id. at ___.) Counsel can nullify this factor, however, by making as full a record as necessary during post-conviction litigation as to any relevant facts that are not already in the record. The issue of hindsight is equally significant in the trial and plea contexts. The only other real difference between the plea and trial contexts is that the vast majority of criminal cases, perhaps more than 95%, are resolved by plea rather than trial. This difference, however, does not offer a reason why it should be more or less difficult to set aside a conviction in either context. Each case is equally important to the defendant and to society. The Constitution should provide equal guarantees of fairness and stability in both contexts. The deficient performance claim in Premo was that counsel erred in recommending a guilty plea in a potentially capital case to avoid the possibility of the death penalty, without making a motion to suppress the defendants confession. The Supreme Court found that the state court was not unreasonable in believing the motion was not meritorious, or counsel made a reasonable recommendation to plead guilty early to avoid the death penalty, or that the motion was pointless because even if the defendants confession to authorities had been suppressed, he had made identical admissible confessions to two codefendants. The Supreme Court found the Ninth Circuit misapplied Fulminante (1991), and that novelty alone was a sufficient reason to reject the Ninth Circuits reasoning under 28 U.S.C. 2254(d)s requirement that the state court must violate a clearly established Supreme Court decision. The Supreme Court also found the state courts conclusion that the petitioner was not prejudiced by counsel's allegedly deficient performance, was not an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court. As Justice Ginsberg pointed out in her concurrence, the petitioner never claimed that he would not have pleaded guilty absent counsels error, so there was no proof that he would not have entered the plea, as is required for reversal under Hill v. Lockharts prejudice standard. This alone was a sufficient reason to deny relief in this case under the traditional guilty-plea prejudice standard established by the Supreme Court in 1985. Second, the Supreme Court reasoned that it was quite likely that Moores confession to others would have made his police confession superfluous. This reason, as well, is sufficient standing alone to require denial of relief under Hill v. Lockharts prejudice standard. In addition, the Supreme Court found that the state courts decision that pleading guilty early to avoid a capital prosecution without filing motions was a not unreasonable strategy. The Supreme Court threw a number of gratuitous generalities into this decision. It stated: Many defendants reasonably enter plea agreements even though there is a significant probability " much more than a reasonable doubt " that they would be acquitted if they proceeded to trial. (Id. at ___.) It commented that the guilty plea context is different in several ways from the trial context. These comments are irrelevant to the decision of future ineffective assistance cases, because it is well-established that ineffective assistance claims are decided based on the individual facts of the cases. What [m]any defendants do " reasonably or not " is irrelevant to the individual case before the court. The Supreme Court stated: Finally, we reject [without analysis] Judge Berzons concurring suggestion that the standard for prejudice in the guilty plea context should be a reasonable possibility that he would have obtained a better plea agreement but for his counsels errors. The standard established in Hill (1985), that the defendant would not have pleaded guilty controls. (Id. at ___.) This statement is unaccompanied by any analysis, and seems to contradict the implications of Padilla, that a different non-deportable disposition is something competent counsel would seek. It also contradicts the standard for ineffective assistance at sentencing: a different sentence. See Glover v. United States. The Courts impatience with the Circuit appears to have pretermitted its analysis here. There might be an argument that Judge Berzons suggested standard is not clearly established federal law, but that reasoning is not presented in the Courts opinion.
BIA
Aggravated Felonies § 2.2, § 2.29 ; Criminal Defense of Immigrants § 15.14, § 24.2 ; Crimes of Moral Turpitude § 3.2, § 3.28:
RELIEF - ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS - PAROLE
Matter of Castillo-Padilla, 25 I&N Dec. 257 (BIA Jun. 18, 2010) (conditional parole under INA 236(a)(2)(B) is a distinct and different procedure from parole under INA 212(d)(5)(A), and does not count as "parole" under INA 245(a) for purposes of adjustment of status).
Aggravated Felonies § 2.2 ; Criminal Defense of Immigrants § 24.2:
RELIEF - ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS - UNAVAILABLE TO NONCITIZEN SUBJECT TO UNLAWFUL PRESENCE GROUND OF INADMISSIBILITY
Matter of Briones, 24 I. & N. Dec. 355 (BIA 2007) (adjustment of status under INA 245(i), 8 U.S.C. 1255(i), is not available to a noncitizen who is inadmissible under unlawful presence bar of INA 212(a)(9)(C)(i)(I), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)(C)(i)(I)), disagreeing with Acosta v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 550 (9th Cir. 2006); Padilla-Caldera v. Gonzales, 426 F.3d 1294, amended and superceded on rehg, 453 F.3d 1257 (10th Cir. 2005). http://www.usdoj.gov/eoir/vll/intdec/vol24/3590.pdf
First Circuit
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " FAILURE TO OFFER ACCURATE IMMIGRATION ADVICE -- PADILLA " MASSACHUSETTS
Commonwealth v. Lavrinenko, 473 Mass. 4238 N.E.3d 278 (Oct. 5, 2015) (defense counsel must make a reasonable inquiry into the defendants immigration status, even if defendant does not initially raise the issue; prejudice may be established through a totality of the circumstances examination of immigration consequences of conviction, especially if defendant is a refugee or asylee).
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
ARTICLE, POST CON RELIEF " FIRST CIRCUIT " MASSACHUSETTS " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " FAILURE TO DELIVER ACCURATE ADVICE ON IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF PLEA
The Padilla case overrules U.S. v. Gonzalez, 202 F.3d 20, 25 (1st Cir. 2000). This First Circuit decision held that immigration consequences were collateral to a criminal conviction and, therefore, a guilty plea could not be withdrawn due to failure to warn the defendant about immigration consequences of his plea. See Padilla, 2010 U.S. LEXIS at*16, n. 9. Padilla also overrules Commonwealth v. Fraire, 55 Mass. App. Ct. 916 (2002), and Commonwealth v. Monteiro, 56 Mass. App. Ct. 913 (2002), which rejected motions to vacate based on counsels failure to advise of the immigration consequences of the pleas. These cases applied the Sixth Amendment to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, as analyzed by Commonwealth v. Saferian, 366 Mass. 89, 96 (1974), and found that immigration consequences were collateral; thus, counsel did not have a duty to advise the defendants of such consequences. Padilla also impacts the questioning by judges during plea colloquies. Since counsel is now constitutionally mandated to advise clients of immigration consequences prior to pleading guilty, judges should ask defendants during plea colloquies whether counsel adequately explained the immigration consequences of pleading guilty. Thanks to the Immigration Impact Unit, Mass. State Public Defender
Criminal Defense of Immigrants § 15.27 ; Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS"CONVICTION"IMMIGRATION COURT MAY NOT ENTERTAIN PADILLA CLAIM
Matos-Santana v. Holder, 660 F.3d 91 (1st Cir. Nov. 2, 2011) (affirming BIA denial of motion to reopen removal proceeding as untimely; respondent must first attack the legal validity of a predicate conviction in the court in which the conviction occurred, and may not raise a claim that a conviction is legally invalid before the immigration courts without first doing so).
Lower Courts of First Circuit
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " FAILURE TO ADVISE " FAILURE TO DEFEND " PADILLA APPLIES TO CASES THAT WENT TO TRIAL
Commonwealth v. Marinho, SJC-11058, 2013 Mass. LEXIS 9 (Jan. 14, 2013) (Padilla applies to cases that go to trial: the Padilla duty to advise at plea extends to advising noncitizen clients prior to trial and further includes advocating at sentencing for dispositions that minimize immigration consequences). Thanks to Wendy S. Wayne.
Second Circuit
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 5.43:
POST CON RELIEF -- VEHICLES " FEDERAL CORAM NOBIS RELIEF
Kovacs v. U.S., 744 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. Mar. 3, 2014) (Padilla rule on ineffective assistance in advising on deportation consequences of plea retroactively applied to petitioner's claim; petitioner demonstrated reasonable probability that he could have negotiated a plea that did not affect his immigration status; petitioner demonstrated reasonable probability that he would have proceeded to trial; and petitioner supplied sufficient reasons to justify delay in seeking relief).
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 5.43:
POST CON RELIEF -- VEHICLES " FEDERAL CORAM NOBIS RELIEF
Kovacs v. U.S., 744 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. Mar. 3, 2014) (Padilla rule on ineffective assistance in advising on deportation consequences of plea retroactively applied to petitioner's claim; petitioner demonstrated reasonable probability that he could have negotiated a plea that did not affect his immigration status; petitioner demonstrated reasonable probability that he would have proceeded to trial; and petitioner supplied sufficient reasons to justify delay in seeking relief).
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL "RETROACTIVITY OF PADILLA RULE
Kovacs v. U.S., 744 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. Mar. 3, 2014) (Padilla rule on ineffective assistance in advising on deportation consequences of plea by giving affirmative misadvice retroactively applied to petitioner's claim).
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Aggravated Felonies: §3.43
imposed. For example, in Pino v. Landon , [4] the Supreme Court considered... petition for review. [8] [1] Pino v. Landon , 349 U.S. 901 (1955); Zamora-Morel v. INS , 905 F.2d 833, 839 n.3... not to be a final conviction); Martinez-Montoya v. INS , 904 F.2d 1018, 1025 (5th Cir. 1990) (same); Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565, 570 (6th... 541 (BIA 1957). But see Moosa v. INS , 171 F.3d 994, 1008-1010 (5th... considered final for immigration purposes). [3] Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686 (2d Cir.... while direct appeal from conviction pending); Will v. INS , 447 F.2d 529, 532 (7th... to withdraw guilty plea). Cf. Kabongo v. INS , 837 F.2d 753, 758 (6th... discussion of the finality requirement. [4] Pino v. Landon , 349 U.S. 901 (1955) (... Dec. 894 (BIA 1994). [6] See Moosa v. INS , 171 F.3d 994 (5th Cir. 1999); Renteria-Gonzales v. INS , 322 F.3d 804 (5th Cir. 2002); Montenegro v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1035, 1037 (7th... used to initiate proceedings. [1] [1] Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686 (2d Cir.... appeal has been completed. [1] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir. July 1, 2004) (Kentucky conviction was sufficiently final, at the time... direct appeal from judgment of conviction); Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565, 570 (6th... & N. Dec. 506 (BIA 1992); Rivas v. INS , 2003 WL 192556 (S.D.N.Y. Jan.... conviction on direct appeal has concluded. Montilla v. INS , 926 F.2d 162, 164 (2d... for the purpose of immigration review. Agero v. McElroy , 901 F.Supp. 146, 146 (S.D.N.Y.1995).”); Johnson v. INS , 2003 WL 151381 (D.Conn. Jan.... the pre-§ 1101(a)(48) “finality” test of Montilla v. INS , 926 F.2d 162, 164 (2d Cir. 1991) and Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686, 691-692 (2d... attack under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.”); Okabe v. INS , 671 F.2d 863 (5th Cir. 1982) (motion for status conference to reduce sentence); Morales-Alvarado v. INS , 655 F.2d 172 (9th Cir.... after BIA decision relying on it); Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565 (6th Cir.... (AG 1961), in effect modifying Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 242... expungement of the conviction). [4] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir.... appeal from judgment of conviction). [5] Lujan-Armendariz v. INS , 222 F.3d 728 (9th Cir.
Crimes of Moral Turpitude: §3.2
Oct. 19, 2006). http://www.ailf.org/lac/vawa_2005.pdf [8] Fernandez-Vargas v. Ashcroft , 394 F.3d 881 (10th Cir.... § 245(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i)); Berrum-Garcia v. Comfort , 390 F.3d 1158 (10th Cir.... has been reinstated). See also Lino v. Gonzales . 467 F.3d 1077 (7th Cir.... U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(i)(II)). [10] See, e.g., Delgado v. Mukasey , 508 F.3d 702 (2d Cir.... adjust status under the LIFE Act); Duran-Gonzales v. Mukasey , 508 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir.... to reinstate prior removal order), reversing Perez-Gonzalez v. Ashcroft , 379 F.3d 783 (9th Cir.... § 212(a)(9)(C)(i)(I), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(C)(i)(I)); Mortera-Cruz v. Gonzales , 409 F.3d 246 (5th Cir.... for over one year); accord , Berrum-Garcia v. Comfort , 390 F.3d 1158 (10th Cir. 2004); cf. Lattab v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 8, 17 (1st Cir. 2004). But see Padilla-Caldera v. Gonzales , 426 F.3d 1294 (10th Cir.... one year) . [11] United States v. Lucio , 428 F.3d 519 (5th Cir.... his immigration status). [12] See, e.g., Rashtabadi v. INS , 23 F.3d 1562 (9th Cir.... committed after becoming a TPR. Perez-Enriquez v, Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 994 (9th Cir. Sept. 9, 2004). [14] Savoury v. United States Att’y Gen. , 449 F.3d... relief under former INA § 212(c)); Arellano-Garcia v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 1183 (8th Cir.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants: §6.29
or trial error as required by Arizona v. Fulminante . [7] “[T]he in-chambers hearing... an attorney’s malpractice.” [9] In Mathis v. Hood , [10] the court affirmed a... state appeal. Similarly, in Lopez v. Scully , [11] the court held that... counsel. [12] In United States v. Sanchez-Barreto , [13] the court reversed and... aspects of the trial was “likely.” Mannhalt v. Reed , 847 F.2d 576, 583 (9th... was adversely affected.” [24] [1] Selsor v. Kaiser , 81 F.3d 1492 (10th Cir.... the same public defender’s office). [2] Lockhart v. Terhune , 243 F.3d 1130 (9th Cir.... responsible for a prior crime). [3] Robinson v. Norris , 60 F.3d 457 (8th Cir.... , 517 U.S. 1115 (1996). [4] Blankenship v. Johnson , 118 F.3d 312 (5th Cir. 1997). [5] Campbell v. Rice , 302 F.3d 892 (9th Cir.... the same district attorney’s office). [6] Campbell v. Rice, 302 F.3d at 898, quoting Kentucky v. Stincer, 482 U.S. 730, 745 (1987). [7] Arizona v. Fulminante , 499 U.S. 279, 309-10 (1991); Campbell v. Rice, 302 F.3d at 898. [8] Id. , at 899. [9] United States v. Soldevila-Lopez , 17 F.3d 480, 486 (1st Cir. 1994) ( citing United States v. Ellison , 798 F.2d 1102, 1106-08 (7th... 93 L.Ed.2d 845 (1987) , and Mathis v. Hood , 937 F.2d 790, 795 (2d Cir. 1991) ) . [10] Mathis v. Hood , 937 F.2d 790 (2d Cir. 1991). [11] Lopez v. Scully , 58 F.3d 38 (2d Cir. 1995). [12] Id ., citing United States v. Swartz , 975 F.2d 1042, 1048 (4th Cir. 1992). [13] United States v. Sanchez-Barreto , 93 F.3d 17 (1st Cir. 1996). [14] United States v. Miskinis , 966 F.2d 1263, 1269 (9th Cir. 1992). [15] Cuyler v. Sullivan , 446 U.S. 335, 348, 100 S.Ct. 1708, 1718 (1980). [16] Holloway v. Arkansas , 435 U.S. 475, 490, 55 L.Ed.2d 426, 98 S. Ct. 1173 (1978); see also United States v. Tatum , 943 F.2d 370, 375‑76 (4th Cir. 1991). [17] United States v. Miskinis , 966 F.2d 1263, 1268 (9th Cir. 1992). [18] Robinson v. Wyrick , 635 F.2d 757 (9th Cir. 1980); Johns v. Coughlin , 750 F.Supp. 76 (E.D.N.Y. 1990)... appeal requiring fresh appeal). [19] United States v. Hearst , 638 F.2d 1190, 1194 (9th... , 451 U.S. 938 (1981), citing Cuyler v. Sullivan , supra . [20] Holloway v. Arkansas , 435 U.S. 475, 490 (1978) [emphasis supplied]; see also, e.g., Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668, 692 (1984); United States v. Miskinis , 966 F.2d 1263, 1268 (9th Cir. 1992); Fitzpatrick v. McCormick , 869 F.2d 1247, 1251-52 (9th... Strickland , 466 U.S. at 692; Sanders v. Ratelle , 21 F.3d 1446 (9th Cir.... 349-50, 100 S.Ct. at 1718-1719; United States v. Jones , 900 F.2d 512, 519 (2d... 798 F.2d at 1107. See Mathis v. Hood , 937 F.2d 790, 795 (2d... quotations and citation omitted)); see also Stoia v. United States , 22 F.3d 766, 771... never considered harmless error” (quoting United States v. Tatum , 943 F.2d 370, 375 (4th Cir. 1991)); McConico v. Alabama , 919 F.2d 1543, 1548 (11th Cir. 1990) ; cf. Penson v. Ohio , 488 U.S. 75, 88-89, 109... be considered harmless error). [24] United States v. Hearst , 638 F.2d 1190, 1194 (9th
Aggravated Felonies: §2.2
Reg. , No. 44, pages 10311-10395; Alvarez-Garcia v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 1094 (9th Cir.... instead apply to District Director). [11] Zheng v. Gonzalez , 422 F.3d 98 (3d Cir.... is ultra vires to the INA); Succar v. Ashcroft , 394 F.3d 8 (1st Cir.... 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a)). [12] Compare Bona v. Gonzalez , 425 F.3d 663 (9th Cir.... ultra vires to the INA), with Jiang v. Gonzales , 425 F.3d 649 (9th Cir.... not previously made an application. [13] Mouelle v. Gonzalez , 416 F.3d 923 (8th Cir.... 245(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i). [16] Fernandez-Vargas v. Ashcroft , 394 F.3d 881 (10th Cir.... § 245(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i)); Berrum-Garcia v. Comfort , 390 F.3d 1158 (10th Cir.... prior order has been reinstated). [17] Mortera-Cruz v. Gonzales , 409 F.3d 246 (5th Cir.... for over one year); accord , Berrum-Garcia v. Comfort , 390 F.3d 1158 (10th Cir. 2004); cf. Lattab v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 8, 17 (1st Cir. 2004). But see Acosta v. Gonzales , 439 F.3d 550, 556 n.7... statute. Akhtar , 384 F.3d at 1198.”); Padilla-Caldera v. Gonzales , 426 F.3d 1294 (10th Cir.... aggregate period of over one year); Perez-Gonzalez v. Ashcroft , 379 F.3d 783 (9th Cir. 2004). [18] United States v. Lucio , 428 F.3d 519 (5th Cir.... his immigration status). [19] See, e.g., Rashtabadi v. INS , 23 F.3d 1562 (9th Cir.... committed after becoming a TPR. Perez-Enriquez v, Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 994 (9th Cir.
Crimes of Moral Turpitude: §8.24
[3] INA §§ 237(a)(2)(A)(i), (ii). [4] Barragan-Lopez v. Mukasey , 508 F.3d 899 (9th Cir.... "solicitation") . Cf. Longview Fibre Co. v. Rasmussen , 980 F.2d 1307, 1312-13 (9th... Dec. 264 (BIA 1965) . [2] Gonzalez v. Duenas-Alvarez , 549 U.S. 183, 127 S.Ct.... Cir. Nov. 8, 2006) . [5] Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 1063, 1071 (9th... aiding and abetting elsewhere. [2] [1] Gonzalez v. Duenas-Alvarez , 549 U.S. 183, 127 S.Ct.... and abetting a theft) , citing People v. Nguyen , 21 Cal.App.4th 518, 530 (1993).... of prior Ninth Circuit decisions, including Penuliar v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2005) , Martinez-Perez v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004) , and United States v. Corona-Sanchez , 291 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir. 2002) on this point. [2] See, e.g., James v. Gonzales , 464 F.3d 505 (5th Cir.... The BIA position now agrees with Itani v. Ashcroft , [4] in which the Eleventh... not be considered a CMT. [1] Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzales , 455 F.3d 1055 (9th Cir.... Dec. 22 (BIA 2006) . [4] Itani v. Ashcroft , 298 F.3d 1213, 1216 (11th Cir. Apr. 22, 2002) . [5] Smalley v. Ashcroft , 354 F.3d 332 (5th Cir.... felony was a CMT). See also Padilla v. Gonzalez , 397 F.3d 1016 (7th Cir.... turpitude for immigration purposes) . [6] Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 1063, 1070-1071 (9th Cir. Sept. 19, 2007) . [7] Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 1063, 1077-1078 (9th... conspiracy as an independent crime, see Callanan v. United States , 364 U.S. 587 (1961)... conspiracy. [1] See, e.g., Babouris v. Esperdy , 269 F.2d 621 (2d Cir.... if offense was labeled disorderly conduct); Wyngaard v. Rogers , 187 F.Supp. 527 (D.D.C. 1960),
Crimes of Moral Turpitude: §2.12
circuits remains unchanged. [1] Pino v. Landon , 349 U.S. 901 (1955); Zamora-Morel v. INS , 905 F.2d 833, 839 n.3... not to be a final conviction); Martinez-Montoya v. INS , 904 F.2d 1018, 1025 (5th Cir. 1990) (same); Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565, 570 (6th... applied to foreign convictions as well. Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686 (2d Cir.... 7.37 (4 th Ed. 2007). [3] Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686 (2d Cir.... § 2.12(B), infra . [6] United States v. Saenz-Gomez , 472 F.3d 791 (10 th... for an aggravated felony). [7] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir.... direct appeal from judgment of conviction); Rivas v. INS (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 27, 2003) (unpublished) (“A... on direct appeal has concluded. Montilla v. INS , 926 F.2d 162, 164 (2d... the purpose of immigration review. Agero v. McElroy , 901 F.Supp. 146, 146 (S.D.N.Y. 1995).”); Johnson v. INS No. 3:03 CV96(JBA) (D. Conn. Jan.... the pre-§ 1101(a)(48) “finality” test of Montilla v. INS , 926 F.2d 162, 164 (2d Cir. 1991) and Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686, 691-692 (2d.... attack under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.”); Okabe v. INS , 671 F.2d 863 (5th Cir. 1982) (motion for status conference to reduce sentence); Morales-Alvarado v. INS , 655 F.2d 172 (9th Cir.... after BIA decision relying on it); Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565 (6th Cir.... that subject. For example, in Pino v. Landon , [3] the Supreme Court considered... (BIA 1998) (reserving question). [2] See Puello v. BCIS , 511 F.3d 324 (2d Cir.... is considered final under the statute); Garcia-Maldonado v. Gonzales , 491 F.3d 284 (5th Cir. Jun. 29, 2007); Abiodun v. Gonzales , 461 F.3d 1210, 1213 (10th Cir. 2006); Moosa v. INS , 171 F.3d 994 (5th Cir. 1999); Renteria-Gonzales v. INS , 322 F.3d 804 (5th Cir. 2002); Montenegro v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1035, 1037 (7th Cir. 2004) (possibly dictum ), see Griffiths v. INS , 243 F.3d 45 (1st Cir.... statute to constitute a conviction). [3] Pino v. Landon , 349 U.S. 901 (1955) (... Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Curran , 456 U.S. 353, 379, 102... See § 10.3, infra. [1] See Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 480, 120 S.Ct.... Dec. 592 (BIA 1970). [3] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir.... Dec. 894 (BIA 1994). [4] De Faria v. INS , 13 F.3d 422, 423 (1st... ( en banc ). [2] United States v. Fazande , 487 F.3d 307 (5th Cir.... 7.37 (4th ed. 2007). [1] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir. July 1, 2004) (Kentucky conviction was sufficiently final, at the time... direct appeal from judgment of conviction); Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565, 570 (6th... & N. Dec. 506 (BIA 1992); Rivas v. INS , No. 02 Civ. 677(DLC) (S.D.N.Y.... conviction on direct appeal has concluded. Montilla v. INS , 926 F.2d 162, 164 (2d... for the purpose of immigration review. Agero v. McElroy , 901 F.Supp. 146, 146 (S.D.N.Y.1995).”); Johnson v. INS , No. 3:03CV96(JBA) (D.Conn. Jan. 21,... the pre-§ 1101(a)(48) “finality” test of Montilla v. INS , 926 F.2d 162, 164 (2d Cir. 1991) and Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686, 691-692 (2d... attack under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.”); Okabe v. INS , 671 F.2d 863 (5th Cir. 1982) (motion for status conference to reduce sentence); Morales-Alvarado v. INS , 655 F.2d 172 (9th Cir.... after BIA decision relying on it); Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565 (6th Cir.... (AG 1961), in effect modifying Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 242... expungement of the conviction). [4] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir.... judgment of conviction). See also Al-Najar v. Mukasey , 515 F.3d 708 (6th Cir.
Criminal Defense of Immigrants: §15.37
judicial review of certain asylum-related issues. Ramadan v. Gonzalez , 427 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir.... one-year asylum deadline). See also Hanan v. Gonzales , 449 F.3d 834 (8th Cir.... ‘constitutional claim or question of law’); Toro-Romero v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 930 (9th Cir.... , supra . See, e.g., Moreno-Bravo v. Gonzales , 463 F.3d 253 (2d Cir.... REAL ID Act, supra . [4] Kumarasamy v. Attorney General , 453 F.3d 169 (3d... order of removal). [5] Id. [6] Mohamed v. Gonzales , 470 F.3d 771 (8th Cir. Nov. 27, 2006); Alexandre v. U.S. Attorney Gen ., 452 F.3d 1204... fact. The Ninth Circuit, in Ramadan v. Gonzales, [20] recently reconsidered an earlier decision,... prior action. [91] In Murray v. Ashcroft , [92] the INS initiated removal... Papers Series. Paper 18. http://lsr.nellco.org/cornell/clsops/papers/18 [2] Ballesteros v. Ashcroft , 452 F.3d 1153 (10th Cir. Jun. 14, 2006). See also Latu v. Ashcroft , 375 F.3d 1012 (10th Cir. 2004); Menowitz v. Brown , 991 F.2d 36, 40 (2d Cir. 1993). [3] 8 C.F.R. § 1003.20. [4] Ballesteros v. Ashcroft , 452 F.3d 1153 (10th Cir.... to judicial review). [5] See, e.g., Petrov v. Gonzales , 464 F.3d 800 (7th Cir.... under the Convention Against Torture), following Hamid v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 642 (7th Cir. 2005). [6] INA § 242(a)(2)(C), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C). [7] McAllister v. United States Att’y Gen ., 444 F.3d... one of those enumerated offenses). [8] Alvarez-Santos v. INS , 332 F.3d 1245, 1251 (9th... that he is.”). But see Kelava v. Gonzales , 434 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir.... engaged in terrorist activity). [9] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir.... dismissed the appeal, without determining whether Garcia-Echaverria’s Kentucky drug conviction constituted an ‘aggravated felony.’”); Flores-Garza v. INS , 328 F.3d 797, 802-03 (5th Cir. 2003); Bayudan v. Ashcroft , 287 F.3d 761, 763-764 (9th Cir. Apr. 15, 2002); Fernandez-Bernal v. Att’y Gen of United States , 257 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. July 19, 2001); Briseno v. INS , 192 F.3d 1320, 1322 (9th... deportation on that ground.”). But see Adefemi v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 828 (11th Cir.... denied , 125 S.Ct. 2245 (2005); Xiong v. INS , 173 F.3d 601, 608 (7th Cir. 1999); Choeum v. INS , 129 F.3d 29, 38 (1st Cir. 1997). [10] Renteria-Gonzalez v. INS , 322 F.3d 804 (5th Cir.... felony under pre-IIRAIRA immigration law). [11] McAllister v. United States Att’y Gen. , 444 F.3d... from judicial review). [12] See, e.g., Balogun v. United States Att’y Gen. , 304 F.3d... the final order of the BIA.”); Alvarez-Santos v. INS , 332 F.3d 1245 (9th Cir.... in that section). [13] See, e.g., INS v. St. Cyr , 533 U.S. 289, 121... 1182(c) may not be applied retroactively); Bell v. Reno , 218 F.3d 86, 89-90 (2d... 1081, 121 S.Ct. 784 (2001) ; Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir.... was given de novo review. Lopez-Elias v. Reno , 209 F.3d 788, 791 (5th... 1069, 121 S.Ct. 757 (2001). [14] Calcano-Martinez v. INS , 533 U.S. 348, 121 S.Ct.... ID Act, supra . [17] See Rodriguez-Castro v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 316 (5th Cir. 2005); Papageorgiou v. Gonzales , 413 F.3d 356, 358 (3d Cir. 2005); accord Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 410 F.3d 585, 587 (9th Cir. 2005); Gattem v. Gonzales , 412 F.3d 758, 762 (7th Cir. 2005); Lopez v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 934, 936 (8th Cir. 2005). [18] Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 468 F.3d 1159 (9th Cir.... U.S.C. § 1252). [19] See, e.g., Chen v. Gonzales , 471 F.3d 315, 326-27 (2d... habeas review over Executive detentions.”); Kamara v. Att’y Gen. of the United States ,... over an alien’s habeas petition.”). [20] Ramadan v. Gonzalez, 479 F.3d 646, (9th Cir. Feb.... Act. [21] Id. at 648, quoting Pullman-Standard v. Swint , 456 U.S. 273, 289 n. 19 (1982). [22] See Chen v. Gonzalez , 471 F.3d at 326-327. See also Kamara v. Att’y Gen. of the United States ,... 342 F.3d at 222.”). [23] Ogbudimka v. Ashcroft , 342 F.3d 207, 223 (3d Cir. 2003). See also Wang v. Ashcroft , 320 F.3d 130, 143 (2d... the permissible scope of review.”); Saint Fort v, Ashcroft , 329 F.3d 191, 203 (1st Cir. 2003) (noting that the Supreme Court’s decision in INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289 (2001) “referred... the REAL ID Act. [24] United States v. Arce-Hernandez , 163 F.3d 559 (9th Cir. 1998), citing Chow v. INS , 113 F.3d 659 (7th Cir. 1997), distinguishing Duldulao v. INS , 90 F.3d 396 (9th Cir.... U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B). See, e.g., Jarad v. Gonzales , 461 F.3d 867 (7th Cir.... denial of INA § 245(i) adjustment); Zhang v. Gonzales , 457 F.3d 172 (2d Cir.... determination under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i)); Alaka v. Att’y Gen. , 456 F.3d 88 (3d... 212(c) and cancellation of removal eligibility); Avendano-Espejo v. DHS , 448 F.3d 503 (2d Cir.... denial of INA § 212(c) relief); Martinez v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 446 F.3d 1219 (11th Cir. Apr. 21, 2006); Hadwani v. Gonzales , 445 F.3d 798 (5th Cir. Apr. 4, 2006); Grass v. Gonzales , 418 F.3d 876 (8th Cir.... 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(3)(C)(ii). [32] INA § 212(a)(9)(B)(v), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(v). [33] Compare Jean v. Gonzales , 435 F.3d 475 (4th Cir.... non-discretionary factor subject to judicial review); Moran v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1089, 1091 (9th... exclusions in INA § 101(f)), with Lopez-Castellanos v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 848 (9th Cir.... to be eligible for relief); Cuellar Lopez v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 492 (7th Cir.... a discretionary factor) . [34] Compare Morales v. Gonzales , 472 F.3d 689 (9th Cir. Jan. 3, 2007); Alaka v. Attorney Gen. , 456 F.3d 88 (3d... the discretion of the Attorney General); Afridi v. Gonzales , 442 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir.... purposes of withholding of removal), with Petrov v. Gonzales , 464 F.3d 800 (7th Cir.... in the court of appeals). [35] Wilmore v. Gonzales , 455 F.3d 524 (5th Cir.... 240A(b)(2), 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(2)). [36] Morales v. Gonzales , 472 F.3d 689 (9th Cir.... U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). [39] See, e.g., Reyez-Melendez v. INS , 342 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir.... evidence relevant to establishing extreme hardship); Akhtar v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 399 (6th Cir.... its own regulations). [40] See, e.g., Delgado-Reynua v. Gonzales , 450 F.3d 596 (5th Cir.... court review of discretionary issue). [41] Falek v. Gonzales , 475 F.3d 285 (5th Cir.... its own precedent). [42] See, e.g., Sepulveda v. Gonzales , 407 F.3d 59 (2d Cir.... § 245(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i)); Limon v. Gonzales , 404 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir.... See § 24.7, supra . [44] Khan v. Attorney General , 448 F.3d 226 (3d... as a violation of due process); Mohammed v. Gonzales , 400 F.3d 785, 792 (9th... denying a motion to reopen); cf. Koon v. United States , 518 U.S. 81, 100... of law.”). [45] See e.g., United States v. Guerrier , 428 F.3d 76 (1st Cir.... on fugitive entitlement doctrine is discretionary); Bhasin v. Gonzales , 423 F.3d 977 (9th Cir.... . 333 (2002). [46] See e.g., Gutierrez-Almazan v. Gonzales , 453 F.3d 956 (7th Cir.... access to the courts). [47] United States v. Mead Corp. , 533 U.S. 218, 226-27... the BIA, is due Chevron deference. Smriko v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 279, 289 n.6 (3d Cir. 2004). [48] Sutherland v. Reno , 228 F.3d 171 (2d Cir. 2000), citing Michel v. INS , infra , quoting Hamdan v. INS , 98 F.3d 183, 185 (5th Cir. 1996); Michel v. INS , 206 F.3d 253, 262 (2d... and Nationality Act). See generally Franklin v. INS , 72 F.3d 571, 577-78 (8th... findings of moral turpitude). Compare Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , 52 F.3d 238, 240 n.4... be reviewed de novo ), with Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193, 194-97 (1st... the meaning of the INA). [49] INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre , 526 U.S. 415, 424, 119 S.Ct. 1439 (1999); Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. , 467 U.S. 837, 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778 (1984). [50] Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 737 (7th Cir.... is entitled to Chevron deference; see INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre , 526 U.S. 415, 425, 143... entitled to such deference . Compare Knapik v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 84, 87 (3d Cir. 2004); Chanmouny v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 810, 811 (8th Cir. 2004), and Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193, 195 (1st Cir. 1994), holding that it is, with Smalley v. Ashcroft , 354 F.3d 332, 336 (5th Cir. 2003), and Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , 52 F.3d 238 n.4 (9th... 101(a)(43)(F), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). [53] Flores v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 666 (7th Cir. Nov.... that statute have only persuasive force); Ortega-Mendez v. Gonzales , 450 F.3d 1010 (9th Cir.... of, the Immigration and Nationality Act.”); Ng v. Att’y Gen. , 436 F.3d 392 (3d Cir. Feb. 7, 2006); Singh v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 533 (3d Cir.... the BIA’s area of special expertise.”); Parrilla v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 1038, 1041 (9th Cir. 2005); Tran v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 464, 470 (3d Cir. 2005); Francis v. Reno, 269 F.3d 162, 168 (3d Cir. 2001). See also Valansi v. Ashcroft, 278 F.3d 203, 207 (3d Cir. 2002). [54] See Lopez v. Gonzalez , 549 U.S. __, 127 S.Ct. 625 (2006). [55] Rotimi v. Gonzales , 473 F.3d 55 (2d Cir.... accorded Chevron deference, see Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc ., 467... 212(h) in a precedential opinion”). [56] Ng v. Att’y Gen. , 436 F.3d 392, 395... 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4). See Smriko v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 279, 289 n.6... . . .”). But see Gutnik v. Gonzales , 469 F.3d 683 (7th Cir.... C.F.R. § 1003.1(e). [58] See, e.g., Denko v. INS , 351 F.3d 717 (6th Cir. Dec. 8, 2003); Falcon Carriche v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 845 (9th Cir. 2003); Dominguez v. Ashcroft , 336 F.3d 678, 680 (8th Cir. 2003). [59] Compare Smriko v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 279, 294 (3d... decision impacts or distorts judicial review), Chen v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 1081, 1088 (9th Cir. 2004), Haoud v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 201, 206 (1st Cir. 2003), and Falcon Carriche v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 845, 852-53 (9th Cir. 2003), with Tsegay v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 1347, 1356 (10th... the streamlining provisions are unreviewable), and Ngure v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 975, 983 (8th Cir. 2004). [60] 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4)(i). See, e.g., Hamdan v. Gonzales , 425 F.3d 1051, 1057-1058 (7th Cir. Oct. 13, 2005); Dia v. Ashcroft , 353 F.3d 228, 245 (3d Cir. 2003). [61] Falcon Carriche v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 845, 849 (9th Cir. 2003); see 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4)(ii). But see Padilla-Padilla v. Gonzales , 463 F.3d 972 (9th Cir.... the voluntary departure period granted). [62] Cuellar v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 492 (7th Cir. Oct. 26, 2005); Lanza v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 917, 932 (9th... clarify the grounds for its affirmance); Zhu v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 521, 527 (5th Cir. 2004); Haoud v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 201, 206-08 (1st Cir. 2003). But see Ekasinta v. Gonzales , 415 F.3d 1188, 1193-94 (10th... IJ decision) . [63] See, e.g., Schroeck v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 947 (10th Cir.... well as the convictions). [64] Yun-Zui Guan v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 391, 394 (2d... explicitly discussed by the BIA.”). [65] Sagaydak v. Gonzales , 405 F.3d 1035 (9th Cir. May 4, 2005). [66] Morales-Alegria v. Gonzales , 449 F.3d 1051 (9th Cir.... the basis of the appeal.”), quoting Zara v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 927, 930 (9th... exhausted all administrative remedies). See Cuevas-Gaspar v. Gonzales , 430 F.3d 1013 (9th Cir. Dec. 7, 2005) (issue not raised is waived); Notash v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 693 (9th Cir.... present to the IJ or BIA); Pineda v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 833 (10th Cir. Oct. 27, 2005); Barron v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 674, 677-78 (9th... § 242(d), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)); Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency , 261... brief is waived). But see Zhong v. U.S. Dept. of Justice , 461 F.3d... 450 (BIA 1987). See also DaCosta v. Gonzales , 449 F.3d 45 (1st Cir.... on appeal to the circuit court); Korsunskiy v. Gonzales , 461 F.3d 847 (7th Cir.... petition for review in immigration court); Gonzales v. Chertoff , 454 F.3d 813 (8th Cir. Jul. 20, 2006). [69] See, e.g., United States v. Almazan-Becerra , 456 F.3d 949 (9th Cir.... or was waived by the government. Valencia v. Gonzales , 439 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir.... did not appeal the dismissal). [70] Theagene v. Gonzales , 411 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir.... was raised below.”). [71] See, e.g., Sanchez-Cruz v. INS , 255 F.3d 775, 779-80 (9th... to the BIA). [72] See De Araujo v. Ashcroft , 399 F.3d 84 (1st Cir.... of the final order of removal.”); Ven v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 357, 359 (1st... is “a strict jurisdictional requirement.”) (quoting Zhang v. INS , 348 F.3d 289, 292 (1st Cir. 2003)) . [73] Alwan v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 507 (5th Cir.... from re-entry sufficient to avoid mootness); Mendez v. INS , 563 F.2d 956, 958 (9th... has left the United States). [74] Vargas v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec. , 451 F.3d... (6th Ed. 1990). [76] See, e.g., Petrov v. Gonzales , 464 F.3d 800 (7th Cir.... the issue.”). See also Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment , 523 U.S. 83 (1998); United States v. L.A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc. , 344 U.S. 33 (1952). [77] See, e.g., Beardslee v. Brown , 393 F.3d 1032 (9th Cir.... overrule prior Ninth Circuit decision), citing Benny v. U.S. Parole Comm’ n , 295 F.3d... or subsequent legislation undermines those decisions.”); Kelava v. Gonzales , 434 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir.... intervening Supreme Court decision. See Miller v. Gammie , 335 F.3d 889, 899-900 (9th... “clearly irreconcilable.” Id. at 900.”). [78] Miller v. Gammie , 335 F.3d 889 (9th Cir. 2003). See also Ortega-Mendez v. Gonzales , 450 F.3d 1010 (9th Cir. Jun. 15, 2006). [79] See, e.g., Lara-Cazares v. Gonzales , 408 F.3d 1217 (9th Cir.... the extent that our decision in Park v. INS , 252 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir.... good law in light of [ Leocal v. Ashcroft , 543 U.S. 1 (2005)].”). [80] Overstreet v. United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of... n. 8 (9th Cir. 2005). [81] Gill v. Stern (In re Stern) , 345 F.3d 1036, 1043 (9th Cir. 2003), quoting Miller v. Gammie , 335 F.3d 889, 900 (9th Cir. 2003). [82] United States v. Tholl , 895 F.2d 1178, 1181 n.7... pending before the Supreme Court, United States v. Munoz-Flores , 863 F.2d 654 (9th Cir.... 1972) (same). But see United States v. Constr. & Mining Co. , 384 U.S.... to enforce repose.”). [84] See United States v. Shanbaum , 10 F.3d 305 (5th Cir. 1994). See also Robi v. Five Platters, Inc. , 838 F.2d 318 (9th Cir. 1988). [85] See Medina v. INS , 993 F.2d 499 (5th Cir.... have been presented. But see Savoury v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 449 F.3d 1307... trip abroad). [87] See Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore , 439 U.S. 322, 326‑32 (1979). [88] Ramon-Sepulveda v. INS , 824 F.2d 749 (9th Cir. Feb. 24, 1987). See also Guevara v. Gonzales , 450 F.3d 173 (5th Cir.... motion to reconsider before the BIA); Medina v. INS , 993 F.2d 499 (5th Cir.... finding of United States citizenship); cf Hamdan v. Gonzales , 425 F3d 1051 (7th Cir. 2004); Palciauskas v. INS , 939 F.2d 963 (7th Cir. 1991). [89] Medina v. INS , 993 F.2d 499 (5th Cir.... at 503 n. 15. [90] United States v. Shanbaum , 10 F.3d 305, 311 (5th... quotation marks and citation omitted). [91] Allen v. McCurry , 449 U.S. 90, 94 (1980). [92] Murray v. Ashcroft , 321 F. Supp. 2d... [93] 8 C.F.R. § 1003.30. [94] Valencia-Alvarez v. Gonzales , 469 F.3d 1319 (9th Cir. Dec. 6, 2006). But see Johnson v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 164 (2d Cir.... available during the initial proceedings). [95] Pearson v. Williams , 202 U.S. 281, 284 (1906); Zavala v. Ridge , 310 F.Supp.2d 1071 (N.D. Cal.... charging deportability as aggravated felon). [96] Duvall v. Att’y Gen. , 436 F.3d 382 (3d Cir. Feb. 7, 2006). [97] Santana-Albarran v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 699 (6th Cir.... §§ 20.28-20.41 , infra . [99] Andrade v. Gonzales , 459 F.3d 538 (5th Cir.
Crimes of Moral Turpitude: §9.66
States Government Official . In Hirsch v. INS , [1] the Ninth Circuit held... however, reached the opposite result in Kabongo v. INS , [2] which is discussed below.... § 6.2, supra . In Zaitona v. INS , [14] the Sixth Circuit found... not cite Hirsch . In Goldeshtein v. INS , [16] however, the Ninth Circuit... only relevant case found, however, was Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , [21] which held that second... False statement to federal officer. Rodriguez v. Gonzales , 451 F.3d 60 (2d Cir.... N. Dec. 342 (BIA 1956) ; Notash v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 693 (9th Cir.... not require an intent to defraud); Kabongo v. INS , 837 F.2d 753, 758 (6th... Firearms Licensing Fraud. Ali v. Mukasey , 521 F.3d 737 (7 th... impairing efficiency, which involves moral turpitude) ; Padilla v. Gonzalez , 397 F.3 d 1016 (7th... turpitude for immigration purposes) [1] Hirsch v. INS , 308 F.2d 562, 567 (9th Cir. 1962) . [2] Kabongo v. INS , 837 F.2d 753, 758 (6th... 315 (BIA 1959) . [4] See Poonian v. United States , 294 F.2d 74, 75... Id . at 758 n.9. [14] Zaitona v. INS , 9 F.3d 432 (6th Cir.... Dec. 451 (BIA 1992) . [16] Goldeshtein v. INS , 8 F.3d 645 (9th Cir.... the INS to obtain naturalization papers); Bisaillon v. Hogan , 257 F.2d 435, 437 (9th... to law”); United States ex rel. Popoff v. Reimer , 79 F.2d 513, 515 (2d... was not entitled”). [18] See also Izedonmwen v. INS , 37 F.3d 416 (8th Cir.... crime of moral turpitude). [19] See Bisaillon v. Hogan , 257 F.2d 435, 437 (9th... 12 Immig. Rptr. B1-121 (1993). [21] Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , 52 F.3d 238 (9th Cir.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants: §6.5
a warning is required. Georgia , Kentucky , Maryland , and North Dakota have... the defendant’s waiver. [4] In Larry v. Hicks , [5] the defendant pled guilty... would be required. [6] [1] United States v. Erskine , 355 F.3d 1161 (9th Cir.... he chose to represent himself). [2] Iowa v. Tovar , 156 L.Ed.2d 703, 124 S.... U.S.L.W. 3234 ( U.S. 2003); see State v. Tovar , 656 N.W.2d 112 (Iowa 2003). [3] See Larry v. Hicks , 491 S.E.2d 373 ( Ga. 1997). [4] Id . at 374-375, n.13. [5] Larry v. Hicks , 491 S.E.2d 373 ( Ga.... made an informed decision. Von Moltke v. Gillies , 332 U.S. 708, 724, 68... and prejudice is shown. [13] [1] People v. Noriega , 59 Cal.App.4th 311 (1997) ; People v. MacKenzie , 34 Cal.3d 616, 629 (1983) ; United States v. Balough , 820 F.2d 1485, 1487-1490 (9th Cir. 1987); United States v. Keen , 96 F.3d 425 (9th Cir.... 104 F.3d 1111 (9th Cir. 1997); Snook v. Wood , 89 F.3d 605 (9th Cir. 1996). [2] Faretta v. California , 422 U.S. 806, 95 S.Ct.... as his own lawyer. United States v. Arlt , 41 F.3d 516 (9th Cir. 1994). [3] U nited States v. Rylander , 714 F.2d 996, 1005 (9th... 2398, 81 L.Ed.2d 355 (1984); United States v. Harris , 683 F.2d 322 , 324 (9th Cir. 1982). [4] See United States v. Van Krieken , 39 F.3d 277 (9th Cir. 1994). [5] United States v. Dujanovic , 486 F.2d 182, 186‑187 (9th Cir. 1983) [emphases supplied]; see also United States v. Harris , 683 F.2d 322 (9th Cir. 1982) ; United States v. Ant , 882 F.2d 1389, 1394 (9th Cir. 1989). [6] United States v. Harris , 683 F.2d 322, 324 (9th Cir. 1982). [7] United States v. Kimmel , 672 F.2d 720, 722 (9th Cir. 1982). [8] United States v. Harris , supra , 683 F.2d at 324. See also United States v. Aponte , 591 F.2d 1247, 1250 (9th Cir. 1978); United States v. Balough , 820 F.2d 1485, 1488 (9th Cir. 1987). [9] United States v. Akins , 243 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir.... 398 P.2d 420 (1965). [11] United States v. Smith , 171 F.3d 617 (8th Cir. 1999). [12] United States v. Akins , 243 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir. 2001). [13] Appel v. Horn , 250 F.3d 203 (3d Cir.... or her beck and call. People v. Lopez [12] contained the following graphic warning:... fair fight. It would be Joe Louis vs. a cripple, or Jack Nicklaus vs. a Sunday hacker. [1] United States v. Hernandez, 203 F.3d 614 (9th Cir. 2000); United States v. Hayes , 231 F.3d 1132 (9th... three aspects of self-representation). [3] United States v. Hayes, 231 F.3d 663, 1132 (9th Cir. 2000). [4] Ibid . [5] Ibid .; Bribiesca v. Galaza , 215 F.3d 1015 (9th Cir. 2000); United States v. Hernandez , 203 F.3d 614 (9th Cir. 2000); United States v. Keen , 96 F.3d 425 (9th Cir. 1996); Snook v. Wood , 89 F.3d 605 (9th Cir. 1996); United States v. Mohawk , 20 F.3d 1480 (9th Cir. 1994); Hendricks v. Zenon , 993 F.2d 664 (9th Cir. 1993); United States v. Fuller , 941 F.2d 993 (9th Cir. 1991); United States v. Wadsworth , 830 F.2d 1500 (9th Cir. 1987); United States v. Balough , 820 F.2d 1485 (9th Cir. 1987); United States v. Rylander , 714 F.2d 996 (9th Cir. 1983); United States v. Harris , 683 F.2d 322 (9th Cir. 1982); United States v. Kimmel , 672 F.2d 720 (9th Cir. 1982); United States v. Bird , 621 F.2d 989 (9th Cir. 1980); United States v. Aponte , 591 F.2d 1247 (9th Cir. 1978); United States v. Gillings , 568 F.2d 1307 (9th Cir. 1978). [6] Ibid . [7] United States v. Fuller , 941 F.2d 993, 995 (9th Cir. 1991), quoting Moltke v. Gillies , 332 U.S. 708, 721, 68... opinion ). See also United States v. Ant , supra . [8] In Crandell v. Bunnell , 25 F.3d 754 (9th Cir.... ” Ibid ., citing United States v. Robinson , 913 F.2d 712, 714 (9th Cir. 1990), quoting United States v. Moya-Gomez , 860 F.2d 706, 739 (7th... and no counsel at all, see Lofton v. Procunier , 487 F.2d 434, 436 (9th Cir. 1973) . . . . ” Ibid . [9] People v. Hardin , 207 Cal.App.2d 336, 24 Cal.Rptr.... 221 Cal.Rptr. 645 (1985) , quoting People v. Mroczko, 35 Cal.3d 86, 110, 197 Cal.Rptr. 52 (1983), in turn quoting Brady v. United States , 397 U.S. 742, 748,... , 21, § 1.45 (1991) (citing People v. Lopez , 71 Cal. App. 3d 568) (1977). [12] People v. Lopez , 71 Cal. App. 3d 568... The Ninth Circuit case of United States v. Fuller is instructive with respect to the... States . [4] [1] United States v. Fuller , 941 F.2d 993 (9th Cir.... of her guilty plea. United States v. Fuller , supra , 941 F.2d at... waiver of counsel invalid. [3] United States v. Fuller , supra , 941 F.2d at 996 (emphasis supplied). [4] See United States v. Gillings , 568 F.2d 1307, 1309 (9th... inadequate to establish waiver of counsel); People v. Hardin , supra (defendant uttered no words... waiver of counsel); see also Pe ople v. Grayson , 8 Cal.App.4th 168, 10 Cal.Rptr.2d
Criminal Defense of Immigrants: §7.37
in a criminal case. [4] [1] Pino v. Landon , 349 U.S. 901 (1955); Zamora-Morel v. INS , 905 F.2d 833, 839 n.3... not to be a final conviction); Martinez-Montoya v. INS , 904 F.2d 1018, 1025 (5th Cir. 1990) (same); Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565, 570 (6th... 541 (BIA 1957). But see Moosa v. INS , 171 F.3d 994, 1008-1010 (5th... definition of “conviction” eliminated finality requirement); Montenegro v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1035, 1037 (7th Cir. 2004) (possibly dictum ); Griffiths v. INS , 243 F.3d 45 (1st Cir.... had a restraint on liberty). [2] Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686 (2d Cir.... the Canadian Criminal Code). [3] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir.... direct appeal from judgment of conviction); Rivas v. INS (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 27, 2003) (unpublished) (“A... on direct appeal has concluded. Montilla v. INS , 926 F.2d 162, 164 (2d... the purpose of immigration review. Agero v. McElroy , 901 F.Supp. 146, 146 (S.D.N.Y. 1995).”); Johnson v. INS No. 3:03 CV96(JBA) (D. Conn. Jan.... the pre-§ 1101(a)(48) “finality” test of Montilla v. INS , 926 F.2d 162, 164 (2d Cir. 1991) and Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686, 691-692 (2d.... attack under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.”); Okabe v. INS , 671 F.2d 863 (5th Cir. 1982) (motion for status conference to reduce sentence); Morales-Alvarado v. INS , 655 F.2d 172 (9th Cir.... after BIA decision relying on it); Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565 (6th Cir. 1975). [4] United States v. Saenz-Gomez , 472 F.3d 791 (10 th... contrary. For example, in Pino v. Landon , [4] the Supreme Court considered... 224 (BIA 1998) (reserving question). [2] Moosa v. INS , 171 F.3d 994 (5th Cir. 1999); Montenegro v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1035, 1037 (7th Cir. 2004) (possibly dictum ); see Griffiths v. INS , 243 F.3d 45 (1st Cir.... (Boardmember Rosenberg concurring and dissenting). [4] Pino v. Landon , 349 U.S. 901 (1955) (... Dec. 894 (BIA 1994). [2] See Moosa v. INS , 171 F.3d 994 (5th Cir. 1999); Renteria-Gonzales v. INS , 322 F.3d 804 (5th Cir. 2002); Montenegro v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1035, 1037 (7th Cir. 2004) (possibly dictum ), see Griffiths v. INS , 243 F.3d 45 (1st Cir.... basis for deportation. [4] [1] See Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 480, 120 S.Ct.... Dec. 592 (BIA 1970). [3] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir.... Dec. 894 (BIA 1994). [4] De Faria v. INS , 13 F.3d 422, 423 (1st... used to initiate proceedings. [1] [1] Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686 (2d Cir.... for appeal is weak. [1] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir. July 1, 2004) (Kentucky conviction was sufficiently final, at the time... direct appeal from judgment of conviction); Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565, 570 (6th... & N. Dec. 506 (BIA 1992); Rivas v. INS , No. 02 Civ. 677(DLC) (S.D.N.Y.... conviction on direct appeal has concluded. Montilla v. INS , 926 F.2d 162, 164 (2d... for the purpose of immigration review. Agero v. McElroy , 901 F.Supp. 146, 146 (S.D.N.Y.1995).”); Johnson v. INS , No. 3:03CV96(JBA) (D.Conn. Jan. 21,... the pre-§ 1101(a)(48) “finality” test of Montilla v. INS , 926 F.2d 162, 164 (2d Cir. 1991) and Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686, 691-692 (2d... attack under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.”); Okabe v. INS , 671 F.2d 863 (5th Cir. 1982) (motion for status conference to reduce sentence); Morales-Alvarado v. INS , 655 F.2d 172 (9th Cir.... after BIA decision relying on it); Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565 (6th Cir.... (AG 1961), in effect modifying Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 242... expungement of the conviction). [4] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir.... appeal from judgment of conviction). [5] Lujan-Armendariz v. INS , 222 F.3d 728, 746 n.
Safe Havens: §7.98
F.3d at 1146. [2] See United States v. Pallares-Galan, supra. (A) Consensual sexual contact with... constitute “abuse.” In United States v. Baron-Medina, the Ninth Circuit ruled that a... out in Pallares-Galan. In United States v. Granbois, [24] the court defined “sexual abuse... minor. Next it cited United States v. Pereira Salmon , another Ninth Circuit case,... the Ninth Circuit decision in United States v. Pallares-Galan. Therefore, it did not take the... (b) with a sexual intent. People v. Martinez , 11 Cal.4th 434, 45 Cal.Rptr.2d... if effected with lewd intent. People v. Lopez , 19 Cal.4th 282, 79 Cal.Rptr.2d... child to touch himself. See People v. Imler , 9 Cal.App.4th 1178, 1182, 11... Penal Code § 288(a). [2] United States v. Baron-Medina , 187 F.3d 1144, 1146 (9th... six, or eight years.” [3] United States v. Baron-Medina , 187 F.3d 1144, 1146 (9th Cir. 1999); accord, Cedano-Viera v. Ashcroft , 2003 WL 1542642 (9th Cir.... review a removal order). [4] United States v. Baron-Medina , 187 F.3d 1144, 1146 (9th... purpose associated with sexual gratification.” United States v. Padilla-Reyes , 247 F.3d at 1163. [6] See Chue Xiong v. INS, 173 F.3d 601 (7th Cir., 1999)... 18 U.S.C. § 16), distinguishing United States v. Shannon , 110 F.3d 382, 388 (7th... 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A). [9] United States v. Pallares-Galan , 359 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir. February 20, 2004). [10] Singh v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 144 (3d Cir.... for purposes of triggering deportability). [11] People v. Lopez , 19 Cal.4th 282, 289 (1998). [12] People v. Pallares , 112 Cal.App.2d Supp. 895, 901... 2d ed. [14] Ibid. [15] People v. Lopez , 19 Cal.4th at 290 (1998) (emphasis supplied). [16] United States v. Pallares-Galan , 359 F.3d at 1100 (9th... (3d Ed. 1981). [18] United States v. Pallares-Galan , 359 F.3d at 1101 (9th... [23] Id. at 1101-1102. [24] United States v. Granbois , 376 F.3d 993 (9th Cir.... § 2L1.2 (2002). [26] United States v. Pereira-Salmeron , 337 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 2003) (Virginia conviction of violating Va. Code § 18.2-63 is a crime of violence as sexual abuse of a minor). [27] United States v. Baron-Medina , 187 F.3d 1144, 1147 (9th... contrary to good order.”). [28] United States v. Pallares-Galan , 359 F.3d at 1100 (9th... 1147 (9th Cir. 1999). [30] People v. Diaz , 49 Cal.Rptr.2d 252, 254 (1996). [31] People v. Sharp 36 Cal.Rptr.2d 117 (1994), cert. denied,... 2006 (1995). [32] See United States v. Pallares-Galan , 359 F.3d at 1100 (9th Cir. 2004). [33] United States v. Pallares-Galan , 359 F.3d at 1101 (9th... California Penal Code § 647.6(a). [2] Lara-Ruiz v. INS , 241 F.3d 934 (7th Cir. 2001) (contact of the genitals); Guerrero-Perez v. INS , 256 F.3d 546 (7th Cir.... of disbarment. [3] In United States v. Baron-Medina , [4] the Ninth Circuit found... [1] Ibid . [2] See Hamdan v. INS , 98 F.3d 183, 186 (5th... (2001), as modified. [4] United States v. Baron-Medina , 187 F.3d 1144, 1147 (9th
Criminal Defense of Immigrants: §20.2
the phrase “crime involving moral turpitude.” Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223, 233-34,... Cong., 1st Sess. 390 (1916). [2] Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193, 194-195 (1st... Gordon, supra , § 71.05[1][d]. [5] Medina v. United States , 259 F.3d 220, 227... (BIA 1988). [6] See United States v. Smith , 420 F.2d 428, 431 (5th Cir. 1970). Gordon, supra , § 71.05[1][d][i]; Franklin v. INS , 72 F.3d 571(8th Cir. 1995); Wing v. United States , 46 F.2d 755 (7th Cir. 1931); Tutrone v. Shaughnessy , 160 F.Supp. 433 (S.D.N.Y. 1958);... shocks the public conscience”). [7] See Coykendall v. Skrmetta , 22 F.2d 120 (5th Cir. 1927); United States v. Carrollo , 30 F.Supp. 3 (D. Mo. 1931); United States ex rel. De George v. Jordan , 183 F.2d 768 (7th Cir.... 480, § 3, n.11 (1975). [10] Coykendall v. Skrmetta , 22 F.2d 120 (5th Cir.... was criminalized); United States ex rel. Andreacchi v. Curran , 38 F.2d 498 (D.N.Y. 1926);... & N. Dec. 579 (BIA 1992); Castle v. INS , 541 F.2d 1064, 1066 (4th Cir. 1976). [12] Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 737 (7th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004); United States ex rel. Griffo v. McCandless , 28 F.2d 287 (E.D. Pa. 1928). See also Justice Jackson’s dissent in Jordan v. DeGeorge , 341 U.S. 223, 236, 237 (1951). [13] Skrmetta v. Coykendall , 16 F.2d 783 (D. Ga.), aff’d, 22 F.2d 120 (5th Cir. 1927); United States v. Carrollo , 30 F.Supp. 3 (D. Mo.... Fifth Amendment. [7] [1] Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223 (1951) (Jackson, J., dissenting); Quilodran-Brau v. Holland , 232 F.2d 183 (3d Cir.... to locate); United States ex rel. Manzella v. Zimmerman , 71 F.Supp. 534 (D. Pa.... the mores of the community); Tseung Chu v. Cornell , 247 F.2d 929 (9th Cir.),... its determination); United States ex rel. Berlandi v. Reimer , 30 F.Supp. 767 (D.N.Y. 1939),... public morals); United States ex rel. Manzella v. Zimmerman , 71 F.Supp. 534 (D.Pa. 1947)... for itself through the centuries). [2] Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223 (1951). [3] United States ex rel. Circella v. Sahli , 216 F.2d 33 (7th Cir. 1954), cert. den ., 348 U.S. 964 (1955); Ramirez v. U. S. INS , 134 App. D.C. 131, 413 F.2d 405 (D.C. Cir. 1969); Tseung Chu v. Cornell , 247 F.2d 929 (9th Cir.), cert. den ., 355 U.S. 892 (1957); Marciano v. INS , 450 F.2d 1022 (8th Cir.... ., 405 U.S. 997 (1972). [4] Ramirez v. United States INS , 134 App. D.C.... moral turpitude). [5] Corporation of Haverford College v. Reeher , 329 F.Supp. 1196 (D. Pa.... 480, § 5 (1975). [7] See Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223, 71... of “moral turpitude” case law. [1] Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 737 (7th Cir.... order of the police.”). See also Padilla v. Gonzales , 397 F.3d 1016 (7th Cir.... a crime of moral turpitude). [2] Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d., at 741 (internal citations omitted). [3] Id. [4] Id., citing Hamdan v. INS , 98 F.3d 183, 188 (5th... do not. [10] [1] See Jordan v. DeGeorge , 341 U.S. 223, 227, 228 (1951). [2] See, e.g., Ye v. INS , 214 F.3d 1128, 1132 (9th Cir. 2000); Burr v. INS , 350 F.2d 87, 90 (9th Cir. 1965). [3] Gonzalez v. Barber , 207 F.2d 398, 400 (9th... U.S. 637 (1954). See also Franklin v. INS , 72 F.3d 571 (8th Cir.... question before us.”). See also Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223, 227... that fraud involves moral turpitude). [5] Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzalez , 455 F.3d 1055, 1058 (9th... See § 15.37, supra . [9] Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d., 737, 739 (7th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004). [10] Id., comparing Knapik v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 84, 87 (3d Cir. 2004); Chanmouny v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 810, 811 (8th Cir. 2004), and Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193, 195 (1st Cir. 1994), with Smalley v. Ashcroft , 354 F.3d 332, 336 (5th Cir. 2003), and Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , 52 F.3d 238 n.4 (9th... See § 7.25, supra . [1] Squires v. INS , 689 F.2d 1276, 1278 (6th... United States, and thus triggered deportation); McKenzie v. Savoretti , 200 F.2d 546 (5th Cir. 1952); Mercer v. Lence , 96 F.2d 122 (10th Cir.),
Aggravated Felonies: Authorities
Authorities FEDERAL CASES Abdelqadar v. Gonzales , 413 F.3d 668 (7th Cir. July 1, 2005) ....................................... 166 Abimbola v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. Aug. 5, 2004) ........................................... 545 Ablett v. Brownell , 240 F.2d 625 (D.C. Cir. 1957) .................................................. 303, 383 Abou-Haidar v. Gonzalez , 437 F.3d 206 (1st Cir. Feb. 21, 2006) ................................... 149 Abourezk v. Reagan , 785 F.3d 1043 (D.C. Cir. 1986) ...................................................... 36 Abreu-Reyes v. INS , 292 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir.... 21, 2003) ....................................................................................................... 349, 489, 543-4 Acosta v. Ashcroft , 341 F.3d 218 (3d Cir. Aug. 15, 2003) .............................................. 602 Acosta v. Gonzales , 439 F.3d 550 (9th Cir. Feb. 23, 2006) ............................................... 26 Adefemi v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 828 (11th Cir.... (2005) ................................................................... 67, 111, 321 Agan v. Singletary , 12 F.3d 1012 (11th Cir. 1994) .......................................................... 628 Agate v. DHS , 2005 WL 991998 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 11, 2005) (unpublished) .............. 377, 452 Agosto v. INS , 436 U.S. 748 (1978) ................................................................................... 80 Aguilera-Enriques v. INS , 516 F. 2d 565 (6th Cir. 1975) ................ 198, 203, 215, 217, 567 Aguirre v. INS , 79 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 1996) .......................................................... 376-7, 452 Akhtar v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 399 (6th Cir. Apr. 29, 2005) .............................................. 71 Alabama v. Shelton , 535 U.S. 654, 122 S.Ct. 1764 (2002) ............................................. 592 Alaska v. Lying , 797 F.2d 1479 (9th Cir. 1986) .............................................................. 313 Alberto-Gonzalez v. INS , 215 F.3d 906 (9th Cir. 2000) .......................................... 112, 263 Albillo-Figueroa v. INS , 221 F.3d 1070 (9th Cir. 2000) .......................................... 366, 407 Alcaraz v. INS , 384 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. Oct. 1, 2004) .................................................... 100 Ali v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 722 (7th Cir. Jan. 11, 2005) ..................................... 271, 454, 598 Alikhani v. Fasano , 70 F. Supp.2d 1124 (S.D. Cal. 1999) ................................................ 45 Alimi v. Ashcroft , 391 F.3d 888 (7th Cir. Dec. 10, 2004) ................................................ 109 Alleyne v. INS , 879 F.2d 1177 (3d Cir. 1989) ................................................................. 323 Almendarez-Torres v. United States , 523 U.S. 224, 118... 57, 58, ..... ........................................................................................................................ 269, 352-4 Altamirano v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d (9th Cir. Oct. 31, 2005) ............................................ 389 Alvarenga-Villalobos v. Ashcroft , 271 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. 2001) ..................................... 97 Alvarez-Barajas v. Gonzales , 418 F.3d 1050 (9th Cir. Aug. 11, 2005) ................... 157, 163 Alvarez-Garcia v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 1094 (9th Cir. Aug. 10, 2004) ............... 25, 131, 134 Alvarez-Hernandez v. Acosta , 401 F.3d 327 (5th Cir. Feb. 17, 2005) ..................... 116, 122 Alvarez-Portillo v. Ashcroft , 280 F.3d 858 (8th Cir. Feb 13, 2002) ................................... 97 Alvarez-Santos v. INS , 332 F.3d 1245 (9th Cir. 2003) ................................................ 67, 68 Alwaday v. Beebe , 43 F. Supp. 2d 1130 (D. Or. 1999) ..................................................... 45 Alwan v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 507 (5th Cir. Oct. 18, 2004) ................................. 75, 151, 506 American Hosp. Ass’n v. N.L.R.B. , 499 U.S. 606 (1991) ........................................ 478, 570 Anathanasios Theodoropoulos v. INS , 313 F.3d 732 (2d Cir. Dec. 18, 2002), as amended (Dec. 20, 2002) ................................................................................................................................... 124 Aoun v. INS , 342 F.3d 503 (6th Cir. Aug. 29, 2003) ......................................................... 99 Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000) ...................... 300, 455, 595 Arellano-Garcia v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 1183 (8th Cir. Dec. 7, 2005) ..................... 110, 121 Argaw v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 521 (4th Cir. Jan. 31, 2005) ............................................... 459 Argersinger v. Hamlin , 407 U.S. 25, 92 S.Ct. 2006 (1972) ............................................ 592 Armendariz-Montoya v. Sonchik , 291 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir. May 30, 2002) ..................... 124 Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency , 261 F.3d 912 (9th Cir. 2001) ..................... 75 Arthurs v. INS , 959 F.2d 142 (9th Cir. 1992) .................................................................... 11 Asemani v. Iran , 266 F.Supp.2d 24 (D.D.C. Apr. 23, 2003) ....................................... 148-9 Ashby v. INS , 961 F.2d 555 (5th Cir. 1992) .................................................................... 110 Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition , 535 U.S. 234, 122 S.Ct. 1389 (2002) ................... 405-6 Ashley v. Ridge , 288 F.Supp.2d 662 (D.N.J. 2003) ........................................................... 44 Atkinson v. Elwood , 2004 WL 945158 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 30, 2004) (unpublished) ............. 127 Ayala-Chavez v. INS , 945 F.2d 288 (9th Cir. 1991) .......................................................... 15 Azarte v. Ashcroft , 394 F.3d 1278 (9th Cir. Jan. 18, 2005) ............................................. 108 Babouris v. Esperdy , 269 F.2d 621 (2d Cir. 1959) .......................................................... 155 Bailey v. United States , 516 U.S. 137 (Dec. 6, 1995) .............................................. 412, 420 Baker v. City of Blaine , 205 F.3d 1138 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................... 593 Balogun v. United States Att’y Gen. , 304 F.3d... .............. 68, ..... ........................................................................................................................... 489, 544 Bamba v. Elwood , 252 F.Supp.2d 195 (E.D.Pa. Mar. 27, 2003) ...................................... 52 Baptiste v. Costello , 2003 WL 253175 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 2003) (unpublished) ............. 589 Barber v. Gonzales , 347 U.S. 637, 74 S.Ct. 822 (1954) ...................................... 381-2, 496 Barnaby v. Reno , 142 F.Supp.2d 277 (D. Conn. 2001) .................................................. 473 Barron v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 674 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................................. 75 Barroso v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 1195 (9th Cir. Nov. 18, 2005) ....................................... 108 Batanic v. INS , 12 F.3d 662 (7th Cir. 1993) .............................................................. 93, 609 Baxter v. Thomas , 45 F.3d 1501 (11th Cir. 1995) ........................................................... 628 Bayudan v. Ashcroft , 287 F.3d 761 (9th Cir. Apr. 15, 2002) ............................................ 67 Bazan-Reyes v. INS , 256 F.3d 600 (7th Cir. 2001) ........ 52, 269, 352-3, 415, 423, 428, 430 Beardslee v. Brown , 393 F.3d 1032 (9th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004) ........................................... 75 Bedoya-Valencia v. INS , 6 F.3d 891 (2d Cir. 1993) ........................................................ 115 Beharry v. Reno , 183 F.Supp.2d 584 (E.D.N.Y. 2002),... 1, 2003) ................................................................................................................ 116, 134, 163-4 Bejjani v. INS , 271 F.3d 670 (6th Cir. 2001) ..................................................................... 97 Bell v. Reno , 218 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2000) ........................................................................... 68 Bell v. Wolfish , 441 U.S. 520, 99 S.Ct. 1861 (1979) ....................................................... 344 Bellout v. Ashcroft , 363 F.3d 975 (9th Cir. Apr. 12, 2004) ............................................... 92 Beltran-Leon v. INS , 134 F.3d 1379 (9th Cir. 1998) ........................................ 559, 599-601 Beltran-Tirado v. INS , 213 F.3d 1179 (9th Cir. 2000) ...................................................... 56 Benny v. U.S. Parole Comm’n , 295 F.3d 977 (9th Cir. 2002) .......................................... 75 Berrum-Garcia v. Comfort , 390 F.3d 1158 (10th Cir. Nov. 23, 2004) ....................... 26, 97 Billeke-Tolosa v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d. 708 (6th Cir. Sept. 30, 2004) .................................. 23 Bisaillon v. Hogan , 257 F.2d 435 (9 Cir. 1958) .............................................................. 316 Blackledge v. Perry , 417 U.S. 21 (1974) ......................................................................... 630 Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531 (2004) ................................. 300, 474 Boatswain v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 413 (2d Cir. June 30, 2005) ......................................... 83 Bocova v. Gonzales , 412 F.3d 257 (1st Cir. June 24, 2005) ............................................ 109 Bona v. Gonzalez , 425 F.3d 663 (9th Cir. Sept. 30, 2005) ................................................ 25 Bonetti v. Rogers , 356 U.S. 691 (1958) ........................................................................... 382 Boonkue v. Ridge , 2004 WL 1146525 (E.D. Ore. May 7, 2004) (unpublished) ................ 45 Bovkun v. Ashcroft , 283 F.3d 166 (3d Cir. 2002) ............................................ 263, 267, 413 Bowen v. Georgetown Univ. Hosp. , 488 U.S. 204 (1988) ............................................... 161 Bowers v. Saffle , 216 F.3d 918 (10th Cir. 2000) ............................................................. 581 Boykin v. Alabama , 395 U.S. 238 (1969) ........................................................................ 591 Brady v. Maryland , 373 U.S. 83 (1963) .......................................................................... 629 Brazier v. Commissioner , 5 F.2d 162 (1924) ................................................................... 613 Brett v. INS , 386 F.2d 439 (2d Cir. 1967) ............................................................... 263, 323 Brice v. Pickett , 515 F.2d 153 (9th Cir. 1975) ......................................................... 181, 556 Bridges v. Wixon , 326 U.S. 135, 65 S.Ct. 1443 (1945) ................................................... 631 Briseno v. INS , 192 F.3d 1320 (9th Cir. 1999) .................................................................. 67 Brooks v. Ashcroft , 283 F.3d 1268 (11th Cir. 2002) ........................................................ 124 Brown v. Ashcroft , 360 F.3d 346 (2d Cir. Mar. 3, 2004) ................................................. 119 Bui v. Ashcroft , 2003 WL 251929 (N.D. Tex. 2003) (unpublished) ........ 189, 191, 193, 579 Buitrago-Cuesta v. INS , 7 F.3d 291 (2d Cir. Oct. 13, 1993) ........................................... 118 Burgett v. Texas , 389 U.S. 109 (1967) ..................................................................... 592, 630 Burr v. Edgar , 292 F.2d 593 (9th Cir. 1961) ................................................................... 264 Burr v. INS , 350 F.2d 87 (9th Cir. 1965) ......................................................................... 291 Cabasug v. INS , 847 F.2d 1321 (9th Cir. 1988) .............................................................. 110 Cabberiza v. Moore , 217 F.3d 1329 (11th Cir. 2000) ............................................. 437, 591 Cabebe v. Acheson , 183 F.2d 795 (9th Cir. 1950) .......................................................... 150 Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193 (1st Cir.... 72, 227, 329, 350, 371-2, 556 Calcano-Martinez v. INS , 533 U.S. 348, 121 S.Ct. 2268 (2001) ....................................... 68 Cardenas-Uriarte v. INS , 227 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................ 460, 598, 603 Carreon-Hernandez v. Levi , 543 F.2d 637 (8th Cir. 1976) ............................................. 149 Casillas-Figueroa v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 447 (6th Cir. Aug. 12, 2005) ............................ 99 Castaneda de Esper v. INS , 557 F.2d 79 (6th Cir. 1977) ....................... 65, 227-8, 236, 366 Castaneda-Delgado v. INS , 525 F.2d 1295 (7th Cir. 1975) ............................................ 609 Castiglia v. INS , 108 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 1997) ................................................................ 10 Castillo-Perez v. INS , 212 F.3d 518 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................................................ 609 Castle v. INS , 541 F.2d 1064 (4th Cir. 1976) .................................................................. 328 Castro-Baez v. Reno , 217 F.3d 1057 (9th Cir. 2000) ...................................................... 509 Castro-Cortez v. INS , 239 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................... 97-8 Castro-Espinoza v. Ashcroft , 257 F.3d 1130 (9th Cir.... 368, 388, 392 Catholic Social Services, Inc. v. Thornburgh , 956 F.2d 914 (9th Cir. 1992) ..................... 76 Catten v. INS , 178 F.3d 110 (3d Cir. 1999) ..................................................................... 134 Cazarez-Gutierrez v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 905 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................. 377, 452 Cedano-Viera v. Ashcroft , 324 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir. 2003) ...................................... 365, 518 Centeno v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 441 F.3d 904 (11th Cir. Feb. 17, 2006) ................................. 80 Chambers v. Reno , 307 F.3d 284 (4th Cir. Oct. 15, 2002) ..................................... 124, 126 Chan v. Reno , 113 F.3d 1068 (9th Cir. 1997) ................................................................. 122 Chang v. INS , 307 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir. Oct. 11, 2002) ................ 280, 302, 332, 493, 497-8 Chanmouny v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 810 (8th Cir. July 16, 2004) ...................................... 338 Chaunt v. United States , 364 U.S. 350, 81 S.Ct. 147 (1960) ............................................. 81 Chay-Velasquez v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 751 (8th Cir. May 6, 2004) ........................... 92, 138 Cheema v. INS , 350 F.3d 1035 (9th Cir. Dec. 1, 2003) ............................................ 92, 139 Chen v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2004) .............................................................. 74 Chery v. Ashcroft , 347 F.3d 404 (2d Cir.... 533, 535, 537 Chevron U.S.A. , Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. , 467... 460, 462, 550, 570, 598, 603 Chiaramonte v. INS , 626 F.2d 1093 (2d Cir.... 328, 334, 556 Chicot County Drainage Dist. v. Baxter State Bank , 308 U.S. 371, 60 S.Ct. 317 (1940) 576, 622 Choeum v. INS , 129 F.3d 29 (1st Cir. 1997) ..................................................................... 67 Chong v. INS , 264 F.3d 378 (3d Cir. 2001) .................................................................... 138 Chowdhury v. INS , 249 F.3d 970 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................................... 504 Chrzanoski v. Ashcroft , 327 F.3d 188 (2d Cir. 2003) .............................................. 411, 414 Clark v. Martinez , 543 U.S. 371, 125 S.Ct. 716 (Jan. 12, 2005) ....................................... 49 Collins v. Youngblood , 497 U.S. 37 (1990) ..................................................................... 289 Comas v. McDonough , 2005 WL 670540 (D. Mass. Mar. 23, 2005) ...................... 111, 124 Consola v. Karnuth , 108 F.2d 178 (2d Cir. 1939) ................................................... 183, 614 Cook v. Lynaugh , 821 F.2d 1072 (5th Cir. 1987) ............................................................ 592 Copeland v. Ashcroft , 246 F.Supp.2d 183 (W.D.N.Y. 2003) .................................. 254, 449 Cordes v. Gonzales , 421 F.3d 889 (9th Cir. Aug. 24, 2005) ........................... 123, 159, 163 Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir.... ..... ..................................................................................................... 240-2, 243-5, 312, 367 Cortez-Acosta v. INS , 234 F.3d 476 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................... 563-4 Costello v. INS , 376 U.S. 120 (1964) ......................................................... 80, 147, 184, 187 Cruz v. Melecio , 204 F.3d 14 (1st Cir. 2000) .......................................................... 176, 372 Cruz-Garza v. Ashcroft , 396 F.3d 1125 (10th Cir. Feb. 2, 2005) ................................. 562-4 Cruz-Godonez v. Ashcroft , 40 Fed.Appx. 565 (9th Cir. 2002) ........................................ 631 Cruz-Sanchez v. INS , 438 F.2d 1087 (7th Cir. 1971) ........................... 206, 556-7, 567, 631 Cuadra v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 947 (8th Cir. 2005) ........................................................... 80 Cuellar Lopez v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 492 (7th Cir. Oct. 26, 2005) ................. 30, 32, 71, 74 Cuevas-Gaspar v. Gonzales , 430 F.3d 1013 (9th Cir. Dec. 7, 2005) .................. 32, 75, 316 Cunningham v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 335 F.3d 1262 (11th Cir. June 27, 2003) ..................... 113 Custis v. United States , 511 U.S. 485 (1994) ................................................................... 630 Dalton v. Ashcroft , 257 F.3d 200 (2d Cir. 2001) .................................................. 269, 352-3 Darden v. Wainwright , 477 U.S. 168 (1986) ................................................................... 593 Dashto v. INS , 59 F.3d 697 (7th Cir. 1995) ..................................................... 343, 351, 565 Davila-Bardales v. INS , 27 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 1994) .......................................................... 122 Davis v. Ashcroft , 2003 WL 289624 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 10, 2003) (unpublished) ............... 119 Dawson v. Delaware , 503 U.S. 159 (1992) ..................................................................... 630 De Araujo v. Ashcroft , 399 F.3d 84 (1st Cir. Feb. 23, 2005) ............................................. 75 De Cardenas v. Reno , 278 F.Supp.2d 284 (D. Conn. Aug. 8, 2003) .............................. 118 De Faria v. INS , 13 F.3d 422 (1st Cir. 1993) .......................................................... 222, 632 De La Cruz v. INS , 951 F.2d 226 (9th Cir. 1991) ........................................................... 556 De Lucia v. Flagg , 297 F.2d 58 (7th Cir. 1961) .............................................. 178, 180, 334 Delgado v. Lewis , 223 F.3d 976 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................................. 593 DeMelo v. Cobb , 936 F.Supp. 30 (D. Mass. 1996) ............................................................ 44 Demore v. Kim , 538 U.S. 510 (2003) ....................................................................... 42-4, 51 Denko v. INS , 351 F.3d 717 (6th Cir. Dec. 8, 2003) ......................................................... 73 Dentico v. Esperdy , 280 F.2d 71 (2d Cir. 1960) .............................................................. 263 DeRobles v. INS , 58 F.3d 1355 (9th Cir. 1995) ....................................... 210, 229, 293, 460 Dia v. Ashcroft , 353 F.3d 228 (3d Cir. 2003) .................................................................... 74 Dias v. INS , 311 F.3d 456 (1st Cir. 2002) ....................................................................... 124 Dickerson v. New Banner Institute, Inc. , 460 U.S. 103, 103 S.Ct. 986 (1983) ........ 372, 397 Dickson v. Ashcroft , 346 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. Sept. 9, 2003) ................................................ 349 Dieppe v. Quarantillo , 337 F.3d 326 (3d Cir. July 28, 2003) .......................................... 134 Dillingham v. INS , 267 F.3d 996 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................. 182-3, 614 Dinnall v. Gonzales , 421 F.3d 247 (3d Cir. Sept. 1, 2005) ............................................... 97 Discipio v. Ashcroft , 417 F.3d 448 (5th Cir. 2005) .................................................. 562, 570 Doe v. INS , 120 F.3d 200 (9th Cir. 1997) ....................................................................... 599 Dominguez v. Ashcroft , 336 F.3d 678 (8th Cir. 2003) ....................................................... 73 Donaldson v. United States , 2005 WL 1248879 (S.D. Tex. Apr. 26, 2005) (unpublished) 191, 197-8 Dorsynski v. United States , 418 U.S. 424 (1974) ............................................................. 629 Downs-Morgan v. United States , 765 F.2d 1534 (11th Cir. 1985) .................................. 581 Drakes v. INS , 205 F.3d 385 (3d Cir. June 3, 2003) ....................................................... 556 Drax v. Ashcroft , 178 F.Supp.2d 296 (E.D.N.Y. 2001) .................................................. 226 Drax v. Reno , 338 F.3d 98 (2d Cir. Aug. 4, 2003) .......................................................... 111 Duldulao v. INS , 90 F.3d 396 (9th Cir. 1996) ................................................................... 70 Durant v. ICE , 393 F.3d 113 (2d Cir. Dec. 16, 2004) ..................................................... 449 Durante v. Holton , 228 F.2d 827 (7th Cir. 1956) .................................................... 556, 589 Durfee v. Duke , 375 U.S. 106 (1963) .............................................................................. 577 Edwards v. INS , 393 F.3d 299 (2d Cir. Dec. 17, 2004) .......................................... 119, 609 Efe v. Ashcroft , 293 F.3d 899 (5th Cir. June 20, 2002) ................................................... 430 Ekasinta v. Gonzales , 415 F.3d 1188 (10th Cir. 2005) ...................................................... 74 El Himri v. Ashcroft , 344 F.3d 1261 (9th Cir. 2003) ....................................................... 109 Elia v. Gonzales , 418 F.3d 667 (6th Cir. July 22, 2005) ................................................. 120 Elian v. Ashcroft , 370 F.3d 897 (9th Cir. June 2, 2004) .................................................. 109 El-Nobani v. United States , 287 F.3d 417 (6th Cir. 2002) ............................................... 582 Elysee v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 221 (1st Cir. Feb. 21, 2006) ................................................ 29 Emile v. INS , 244 F.3d 183 (1st Cir. 2001) ..................................................... 347, 516, 524 Esposito v. INS , 936 F.2d 911 (7th Cir. 1991) ................................................................... 23 Estrada-Rosales v. INS , 645 F.2d 819 (9th Cir. 1981) ............................................ 559, 631 Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 359 F.3d 145 (2d Cir.... Fed. 1014 (S.D.N.Y. 1908) ...................................................... 214 Faiz-Mohammad v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 799 (7th Cir. Jan. 26, 2005) ................................ 97 Falcon Carriche v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 845 (9th Cir. 2003) ........................................... 73-4 Faretta v. California , 422 U.S. 806, 95 S.Ct. 2525 (1975) ............................................. 592 Fedorenko v. United States , 449 U.S. 490 (1981)... Cir. Jan. 25, 2002) ................................................ 321 Fernandez-Bernal v. Attorney Gen. , 257 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2001) ....................... 67, 568 Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 410 F.3d 585 (9th Cir. 2005) ........................................... 68-9 Fernandez-Vargas v. Ashcroft , 394 F.3d 881 (10th Cir. Jan. 12, 2005) ...................... 26, 97 Feroz v. INS , 22 F.3d 225 (9th Cir. Apr. 19, 1994) ................................................... 11, 137 Ferreira v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 1045 (9th Cir. Sept. 9, 2004) .......... 353, 376, 380, 449, 452 Ferreira v. Ashcroft , 390 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir.... ................................................................................................... 342, 372, 486, 493, 497 Finau v. INS , 277 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................... 134 Fisher v. Roe , 263 F.3d 906 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................................... 596 Fitzgerald ex rel. Miceli v. Landon , 238 F.2d 864 (1st Cir. 1956) ................................... 355 Flores v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 666 (7th Cir. 2003) ........................ 73, 297, 308, 322-4, 414-5 Flores-Arellano v. INS , 5 F.3d 360 (9th Cir. 1993) ......................................................... 132 Flores-Garza v. INS , 328 F.3d 797 (5th Cir. 2003) ........................................................... 67 Flores-Ledezma v. Gonzales , 415 F.3d 375 (5th Cir. June 27, 2005) ............................... 52 Flores-Leon v. INS , 272 F.3d 433 (7th Cir. 2001) ........................................................... 116 Fong Haw Tan v. Phelan , 333 U.S. 6, 68 S.Ct. 374 (1948) ........................ 305, 381-2, 496 Fonseca-Leite v. INS , 961 F.2d 60 (5th Cir. 1992) .......................................................... 301 Forbes v. Brownell , 149 F.Supp. 848 (D.D.C. 1957) .............................. 179, 290, 303, 373 Francis v. INS , 532 F.2d 268 (2d Cir. 1976) ........................................................... 110, 115 Francis v. Reno , 269 F.3d 162 (3d Cir. 2001) ......................................................... 252, 428 Franklin v. INS , 72 F.3d 571 (8th Cir. 1995) .................................................... 72, 171, 371 Freislinger v. Smith , 41 F.2d 707 (7th Cir. 1930) ............................................ 206, 557, 559 Fruchtman v. Kenton , 531 F.2d 946 (9th Cir. 1976) ....................................................... 590 Gallo-Alvarez v. Ashcroft , 266 F.3d 1123 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................. 97 Garberding v. INS , 30 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 1994) ........................................................... 210 Garcia v. Ashcroft , 394 F.3d 487 (7th Cir. Jan. 6, 2005) ........................................ 377, 452 Garcia v. INS , 31 F.3d 441 (7th Cir. 1994) ..................................................................... 564 Garcia-Gonzales v. INS , 344 F.2d 804 (9th Cir. 1965) ................................................... 381 Garcia-Lopez v. Ashcroft , 334 F.3d 840 (9th Cir.... 281, 323, 374, 620, 622, 627 Garcia-Marrufo v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 1061 (10th Cir. July 21, 2004) .............................. 97 Garcia-Ramirez v. Gonzales , 423 F.3d 935 (9th Cir. Aug. 26, 2005) ............................... 32 Gattem v. Gonzales , 412 F.3d 758 (7th Cir.... 333, 518-9, 525, 528, 531, 541 Gavilan-Cuate v. Yetter , 276 F.3d 418 (8th Cir. 2002) ................................ 368, 388-9, 391 Gelman v. Ashcroft , 372 F.3d 495 (2d Cir. June 17, 2004) ............................................. 163 Generi v. Ashcroft , 2004 WL 771138 (W.D.Mi. Feb. 19, 2004) (unpublished) ................ 34 George v. Black , 732 F.2d 108 (8th Cir. 1984) ............................................................... 589 Gerbier v. Holmes , 280 F.3d 297 (3d Cir. 2002) ................................. 298, 376-7, 450, 452 Giammario v. Hurney , 311 F.2d 285 (3d Cir. 1962) ............................................... 323, 343 Gill v. Ashcroft , 335 F.3d 574 (7th Cir. 2003) ......................................................... 602, 604 Glaros v. INS , 416 F.2d 441 (5th Cir. 1969) ................................................................ 343-4 Glover v. United States , 531 U.S. 198, 121 S.Ct. 696 (2001) ................................. 585, 628 Godinez v. Moran , 509 U.S. 389 (1993) .......................................................................... 593 Goldeshtein v. INS , 8 F.3d 645 (9th Cir. 1993) ....................................................... 230, 329 Gomes v. Ashcroft , 311 F.3d 43 (1st Cir. Nov. 12, 2002) ............................................... 119 Gonzales v. Barber , 207 F.2d 398 (9th Cir. 1953) .......................................................... 371 Gonzales-Gomez v. Achim , 372 F.Supp.2d 1062 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 11, 2005) ............ 377, 452 Gonzalez v. Ashcroft , 369 F.Supp.2d 442 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 29, 2005) .............................. 405 Gonzalez v. O’Connell , 355 F.3d 1010 (7th Cir. Jan. 21, 2004) ....................................... 43 Gonzalez-Garcia v. Gonzales , 431 F.3d 234 (5th Cir. Nov. 16, 2005) ..................... 34, 122 Gonzalez-Gonzalez v. Ashcroft , 390 F.3d 649 (9th Cir. Nov. 29, 2004) ........................... 30 Gonzalez-Martinez v. INS , 58 F.3d 307 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................................. 167 Gonzalez-Martinez v. Landon , 203 F.2d 196 (9th Cir. 1952) .......................................... 227 Goodall v. United States , 759 A.2d 1077 (D.C. App. 2000) ........................................... 581 Gousse v. Ashcroft , 339 F.3d 91 (2d Cir. 2003) ................................................... 461-2, 464 Grass v. Gonzales , 418 F.3d 876 (8th Cir. Aug. 12, 2005) ............................................... 71 Greenidge v. INS , 204 F.Supp.2d 594 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) ................................................. 120 Griffiths v. INS , 243 F.3d 45 (1st Cir. 2001) .................................................... 197, 604, 626 Guaylupo-Moya v. Gonzalez , 423 F.3d 121 (2d Cir. Sept. 12, 2005) ............................. 163 Gubbels v. Hoy , 261 F.2d 952 (9th Cir. 1958) ........................................................ 181, 186 Guerrero-Perez v. INS , 242 F.3d 727 (7th Cir.... 546 (7th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................................................................ 256-8 Gunn v. Ignacio , 263 F.3d 965 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................... 595 Guzman-Andrade v. Gonzales , 407 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. May 19, 2005) ........................... 76 Hamdan v. Gonzales , 425 F.3d 1051 (7th Cir. Oct. 13, 2005) ......................................... 74 Hamdan v. INS , 98 F.3d 183 (5th Cir.... 303, 305, 307, 318, 326, 337 Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong , 426 U.S. 88, 96 S.Ct. 1895 (1976) ................................... 150 Hana v. Gonzalez , 400 F.3d 472 (6th Cir. Mar. 14, 2005) .............................................. 167 Handa v. Clark , 401 F.3d 1129 (9th Cir. Mar. 25, 2005) ................................................ 165 Haoud v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 201 (1st Cir. 2003) .............................................................. 74 Harisiades v. Shaughnessy , 342 U.S. 580 (1952) ............................................................ 162 Hart v. Gomez , 174 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. 1999) ............................................................... 593 Hartman v. Elwood , 255 F.Supp.2d 510 (E.D.Pa. Apr. 4, 2003) .................................... 119 Haye v. Ashcroft , 2002 WL 31761561 (D.Conn. Dec. 10, 2002) (unpublished) ............. 118 Henderson v. Morgan , 426 U.S. 637 (1976) ................................................................... 593 Henry v. Ashcroft , 175 F. Supp. 2d 688 (S.D. N.Y. 2001) ................................................ 34 Henry v. INS , 74 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 1997) ........................................................................... 348 Hernandez v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 341 (3d Cir. Feb. 14, 2006) ......................................... 98 Hernandez-Almanza v. United States Dep’t of Justice , 547 F.2d 100 (9th Cir. 1976) ..... 567 Hernandez-Alvarez v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 763 (7th Cir. Dec. 28, 2005) ................ 394, 529 Hernandez-Castillo v. Moore , 402 F.Supp.2d 749 (W.D.Tex. Jan.... Jan. 13, 2006) ..................................................................................................... 124, 127 Hernandez-Garza v. INS , 882 F.2d 945 (5th Cir. 1989) ................................................. 562 Hernandez-Mancilla v. INS , 246 F.3d 1002 (7th Cir. Apr. 11, 2001) ..................... 512, 547 Hernandez-Martinez v. Ashcroft , 329 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir.... Sept. 11, 2003) ......................................... 304, 349 Hernandez-Robledo v. INS , 777 F.2d 536 (9th Cir. 1985) .............................................. 562 Herrera-Inirio v. INS , 208 F.3d 299 (1st Cir. 2000) ........................ 176, 372, 568, 599, 604 Herring v. Estelle , 491 F.2d 125 (5th Cir. 1974) ............................................................. 581 Hill v. Lockhart , 28 F.3d 832 (8th Cir. 1994) .................................................................. 628 Hill v. Lockhart , 474 U.S. 52 (1985) ............................................................................... 581 Hill v. Lockhart , 894 F.2d 1009 (8th Cir. 1999) .............................................................. 581 Hirsch v. INS , 308 F.2d 562 (9th Cir. 1962) ................................................... 314, 326, 507 Hmaidan v. Ashcroft , 258 F.Supp.2d 832 (N.D.Ill. Apr. 28, 2003) .................................. 43 Hoang v. Comfort , 281 F.3d 693 (10th Cir. Mar. 5, 2002) ............................................... 42 Holloway v. Arkansas , 435 U.S. 475 (1978) ................................................................... 594 Holmes v. United States , 876 F.2d 1545 (11th Cir. 1989) ............................................... 581 Holzapfel v. Wyrsch , 157 F.Supp. 43 (D.N.J. 1957),... 890 (3d Cir. 1958) 264, 372 Horner v. State of Florida , 312 F.Supp. 1292 (M.D.Fla. 1967) ...................................... 629 Horton v. Zant , 941 F.2d 1449 (11th Cir. 1991) ............................................................. 585 Houvardas v. Wixon , 169 F.2d 980 (9th Cir. 1949) ........................................................ 614 Hoy v. Mendoza-Rivera , 267 F.2d 451 (9th Cir. 1959) ................................................... 458 Hoyte-Mesa v. Ashcroft , 272 F.3d 989 (7th Cir. 2001) ...................................................... 48 Huerta-Guevara v. Ashcroft , 321 F.2d 883 (9th Cir.... 340, 349, 371, 511, 547, 563 Hughes v. Ashcroft , 255 F.3d 752 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................................... 149 Ikenokwalu-White v. INS , 316 F.3d 798 (8th Cir. Jan. 21, 2003) .............................. 56, 598 Ilchuk v. Attorney Gen. United States , 434 F.3d... F.Supp.2d 1098 (C.D.Cal. 2000) ............................. 50 INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre , 526 U.S. 415, 119 S.Ct. 1439 (1999) .................................. 72, 430 INS v. Lopez-Mendoza , 468 U.S. 1032 (1984) ................................................................ 328 INS v. St. Cyr , 533 U.S. 289, 121... 127-30, 160-1, 187, 190, 226, 582 Iowa v. Tovar , 541 U.S. 77, 124 S.Ct. 1379 (Mar. 8, 2004) ........................................... 594 Itani v. Ashcroft , 298 F.3d 1213 (11th Cir. Apr. 22, 2002) ............................... 63, 229, 239 Ittah v. United States , 761 F.Supp. 157 (D.Me. 1989) ..................................................... 609 Jackson v. Herring , 42 F.1350 (11th Cir. 1995) .............................................................. 628 Jaffe v. Accredited Surety and Casualty Co., Inc. , 294 F.3d 584 (4th Cir. 2002) ............ 578 Jaggernauth v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 432 F.3d 1346 (11th Cir. Dec. 19, 2005) ..................... 310 Jalloh v. Dept. of Homeland Security , 2005 WL 591246 (D.Mass. Mar. 11, 2005) (unpublished) 81 Jankowski v. INS , 2001 WL 76341 (D.Conn. 2001) (unpublished) ................................ 134 Janvier v. United States , 793 F.2d 449 (2d Cir. 1986) .................................................... 609 Jean v. Gonzales , 435 F.3d 475 (4th Cir. Jan. 27, 2006) ............................................. 30, 71 Jerome v. United States , 318 U.S. 101 (1943) .............................................................. 446-7 Jiang v. Gonzales , 425 F.3d 649 (9th Cir. Sept. 23, 2005) ............................................... 25 Jobson v. Ashcroft , 326 F.3d 367 (2d Cir. Apr. 22, 2003) ...................... 412, 423, 428, 434 Johnson v. INS , 2003 WL 151381 (D.Conn. Jan. 21, 2003) (unpublished) .................... 217 Johnson v. Mississippi , 486 U.S. 578 (1988) ................................................................ 592-3 Johnson v. Zerbst , 304 U.S. 458 (1938) .......................................................................... 591 Jones v. Smith , 231 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................................ 595 Jones v. United States , 119 S.Ct. 1215 (1999) ................................................................. 354 Jordan v. DeGeorge , 341 U.S. 223, 71 S.Ct. 703 (1951) ............................................... 187 Kabongo v. INS , 837 F.2d 753 (6th Cir. 1988) ....................................................... 215, 219 Kahn v. INS , 37 F.3d 1412 (9th Cir. 1994) ..................................................................... 549 Kajtazi v. INS , ___ F.Supp.3d ___, 2005 WL 2621971 (D.N.J. Oct. 14, 2005) ............. 146 Kamagate v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. Sept. 21, 2004) ............................. 406-7, 485 Kamara v. Att’y Gen. of the United States , 420 F.3d 202 (3d Cir. Aug. 29, 2005) ........... 69 Kanivets v. Gonzales , 424 F.3d 330 (3d Cir. Sept. 7, 2005) ........................................... 108 Kankamalage v. INS , 335 F.3d 858 (9th Cir. July 8, 2003) ...................................... 93, 608 Karis v. Calderon , 283 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir. Mar. 18, 2002) ............................................ 585 Kelava v. Gonzales , 434 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir. Jan. 12, 2006) ....................................... 67, 75 Khalaf v. INS , 361 F.2d 208 (7th Cir. 1966) ................................................................... 206 Khalayleh v. INS , 287 F.3d 978 (10th Cir. Apr. 23, 2002) .............................................. 493 Khan v. Ashcroft , 352 F.3d 521 (2d Cir. Dec. 9, 2003) ........................................... 117, 158 Khan v. Barber , 253 F.2d 547 (9th Cir. 1958) ................................................................ 164 Kim v. Ziglar , 276 F.3d 523 (9th Cir. 2002) ...................................................................... 42 Kiobge v. Day , 42 F.2d 716 (S.D.N.Y. 1929) ................................................................. 264 Klonis v. Davis , 13 F.2d 630 (2d Cir. 1926) .................................................................... 608 Knapik v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 84 (3d Cir. Sept. 17, 2004) ....................................... 156, 394 Knutsen v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 733 (7th Cir. Nov. 22, 2005) ......................................... 494 Koon v. United States , 518 U.S. 81 (1996) ...................................................................... 630 Kovac v. INS , 407 F.2d 102 (9th Cir. 1969) .................................................................... 631 Kremer v. Chemical Const. Co. , 456 U.S. 461 (1982) .................................................... 577 Kuhali v. Reno , 266 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2001) .................................................................... 476 Labojewski v. Gonzales , 407 F.3d 814 (7th Cir. May 4, 2005) ......................................... 97 LaFarga v. INS , 170 F.3d 1213 (9th Cir.... 197, 269, 274, 281, 425, 620 Lagandaon v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 983 (9th Cir. Sept. 9, 2004) ........................... 29, 31, 264 LaGuerre v. Reno , 164 F.3d 1035 (7th Cir. 1998) .......................................................... 112 Landgraf v. USA Film Prod. , 511 U.S. 244 (1994) ...................................................... 160-1 Lanza v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 917 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................................... 74 Lara-Cazares v. Gonzales , 408 F.3d 1217 (9th Cir. May 23, 2005) ............................ 420-1 Lara-Chacon v. Ashcroft , 345 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. Oct. 10, 2003) ...... 349, 366-7, 468, 504 Lara-Ruiz v. INS , 241 F.3d 934 (7th Cir. 2001) ...................................... 124, 134, 364, 530 Lattab v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 2004) ............................................................. 26, 97 Le v. United States Att’y Gen. , 196 F.3d 1352 (11th Cir. 1999) ...................................... 423 Lee v. Ashcroft , 216 F. Supp. 2d 51 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) ..................................................... 149 Lee v. United States , 368 F.3d 218 (3d Cir. May 19, 2004) ............................................ 543 Lehmann v. Carson , 353 U.S. 685 (1957) ....................................................................... 612 Lema v. INS , 341 F.3d 853 (9th Cir. Sept. 2, 2003) .......................................................... 50 Lemus-Rodriguez v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 652 (7th Cir. Nov. 26, 2003) ................. 453, 477-8 Lennon v. INS , 527 F.2d 187 (2d Cir. 1975) ........................................... 178, 329, 334, 382 Leocal v. Ashcroft , 543 U.S. 1, 125 S.Ct.... 429, 434, 442, 465, 536, 538 Lepe-Guitron v. INS , 16 F.3d 1021 (9th Cir. 1994) ......................................................... 121 Lettman v. Reno , 168 F.3d 463 (11th Cir. 1999) ............................................................. 390 Lewis v. Lane , 832 F.2d 1446 (7th Cir. 1987) ................................................................. 629 Leyva-Licea v. INS , 187 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir. 1999) ..................... 225, 234, 241-2, 245, 312 Li v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 892 (9th Cir. Nov. 19, 2004) ....... 299-300, 331-2, 491-2, 496, 499 Liao v. Rabbett , 398 F.3d 389 (6th Cir. Feb 7, 2005) .............................. 254, 256, 376, 452 Limon v. Gonzales , 404 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. Apr. 19, 2005) ............................................. 71 Lisbey v. Gonzalez , 420 F.3d 930 (9th Cir. Aug. 22, 2005) .................... 371, 379, 383, 534 Londono-Gomez v. INS , 699 F.2d 475 (9th Cir. 1983) ................................................... 232 Lopes-Chaves v. Reno , 1999 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 21151 (D.Mass. 1999) .......................... 605 Lopez v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 934 (8th Cir. Aug. 9, 2005) ......................................... 68, 451 Lopez v. Henley , 416 F.3d 455 (5th Cir. July 12, 2005) .................................................... 83 Lopez v. Thompson , 202 F.3d 1110 (9th Cir. 1997) ........................................................ 593 Lopez-Castellanos v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 848 (9th Cir. Feb. 16, 2006) ................ 30, 71, 98 Lopez-Chavez v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 650 (7th Cir. Sept. 9, 2004) ................................... 109 Lopez-Elias v. Reno , 209 F.3d 788 (5th Cir. 2000) ........................................... 68, 265, 546 Lord v. Wood , 184 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir. 1999) ......................................................... 593, 619 Lujan-Armendarez v. INS , 222 F.3d 728 (9th Cir.... 565-7, 597-8, 600, 602-6, 625, 627 Lukowski v. INS , 279 F.3d 644 (8th Cir. 2002) ............................................................... 134 Luu-Le v. INS , 224 F.3d 911 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................ 366-7, 459, 460-2 Ly v. Hansen , 351 F.3d 263 (6th Cir. Nov. 26, 2003) ....................................................... 50 Macapagal v. INS , 2003 WL 21418375 (9th Cir. June 19, 2003) (unpublished) ............ 550 Macotaj v. Gonzales , 424 F.3d 464 (6th Cir. Aug. 19, 2005) ......................................... 109 Madriz-Alvarado v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 321 (5th Cir. Aug. 27, 2004) ..................... 190, 193 Maghsoudi v. INS , 181 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 1999) ................................................................. 340 Mahler v. Eby , 264 U.S. 32 (1924) .................................................................................. 557 Mantell v. United States Dep’t of Justice , 798 F.2d 124 (5th Cir. 1986) ......................... 110 Marciano v. INS , 450 F.2d 1022 (8th Cir. 1971) ............................................................. 328 Margalli-Olvera v. INS , 43 F.3d 345 (8th Cir. 1994) ...................................................... 595 Marin v. INS , 438 F.2d 932 (9th Cir. 1971) .................................................................... 608 Marino v. Holton , 227 F.2d 886 (7th Cir. 1955) ............................................................. 556 Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686 (2d Cir.... 183-4, 189, 215, 217, 219, 613-4 Maroon v. INS , 364 F.2d 982 (8th Cir. 1966) ................................................................. 340 Marquez-Almanzar v. INS , 418 F.3d 210 (2d Cir. Aug. 8, 2005) ................................... 151 Martinez v. Ashcroft , 236 F.Supp.2d 360 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 13, 2002) .............................. 119 Martinez-Maldonado v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 679 (7th Cir. Feb. 10, 2006) ........................ 30 Martinez-Montoya v. INS , 904 F.2d 1018 (5th Cir. 1990) ............................................... 215 Martinez-Perez v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir.... 2005) ............................................................. 233, 304, 335, 380 Martinez-Rosas v. Gonzales , 424 F.3d 926 (9th Cir. Sept. 9, 2005) ................................. 29 Martinez-Vazquez v. INS , 346 F.3d 903 (9th Cir. Oct. 1, 2003) ........................................ 49 Martins v. INS , 972 F.2d 657 (5th Cir. 1992) .................................................................... 11 Mashi v. INS , 585 F.2d 1309 (5th Cir. 1978) .................................................................... 84 Masnauskas v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. Dec. 30, 2005) ................................... 79 Masok v. Achim , 2005 WL 1017891 (N.D.Ill. Apr 28, 2005) (unpublished) .......... 377, 452 Mateo v. United States , 276 F.Supp.2d 186 (D. Mass. Aug. 12, 2003) ........................... 622 Matsuk v. INS , 247 F.3d 999 (9th Cir.... 725 (BIA 1999) ........................................................... 131 Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 242 (BIA 1956) ................................................................... 218 Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 577 (BIA 1957) ................................................................... 301 Matter of V , 8 I. & N. Dec. 360... 2006) ............................... 515, 529, 540 Matter of VT , 2 I. & N. Dec. 213... Dec. 162 (BIA 1974) ....................................................... 131 Max-George v. Reno , 205 F.3d 194 (5th Cir. 2000) ........................................................ 161 McKenzie v. Savoretti , 200 F.2d 546 (5th Cir. 1952) ......................................... 179-80, 206 Means v. Navajo Nation , 420 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. Aug. 23, 2005) ................................. 186 Medina v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir. Jan. 4, 2005) .............................................. 132 Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 737 (7th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004) .................................................... 72 Mendez v. INS , 563 F.2d 956 (9th Cir. 1977) ................................................. 75, 559, 631-2 Mendez-Morales v. INS , 119 F.3d 738 (8th Cir. 1997) .................................................... 518 Mendez-Reyes v. Att’y Gen. , 428 F.3d 187 (3d Cir. Nov. 1, 2005) ................................... 33 Mendoza-Rivera v. Del Guercio , 161 F.Supp. 473 (Cal. 1958) ....................................... 458 Mercer v. Lence , 96 F.2d 122 (10th Cir. 1938) ....................................... 179, 181, 183, 614 Michel v. INS , 206 F.3d 253 (2d Cir. 2000) ...................................... 72, 303, 329, 460, 462 Mickens v. Taylor , 122 S.Ct. 1237 (2002) ....................................................................... 594 Milbin v. Ashcroft , 293 F.Supp.2d 158 (D.Conn. Dec. 2, 2003) ..................................... 411 Mireles v. Gonzales , 433 F.3d 965 (7th Cir. Jan. 10, 2006) ............................................ 145 Miss. Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield , 490 U.S. 30 (1989) ................................... 447 Mohammed v. Gonzales , 400 F.3d 785 (9th Cir. 2005) .................................................... 72 Mojica v. Reno , 970 F. Supp. 130 (E.D.N.Y. 1997) ........................................................ 127 Molenda v. INS , 998 F.2d 291 (5th Cir. 1993) ................................................................ 111 Molignaro v. Smith , 408 F.2d 795 (5th Cir. 1969) .......................................................... 592 Molina v. INS , 981 F.2d 14 (1st Cir. 1992) ..................................................................... 606 Molina-Amecua v. INS , 6 F.3d 646 (9th Cir. 1993) ......................................................... 111 Montenegro v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1035 (7th Cir. Jan. 22, 2004) .... 112, 116, 124, 216, 219 Montero-Ubri v. INS , 229 F.3d 319 (1st Cir. 2000) ........................................ 306, 346, 347 Montgomery v. United States , 853 F.2d 83 (10th Cir. 1988) ........................................... 594 Montiel-Barraza v. INS , 275 F.3d 1178 (9th Cir. 2002) ....................................... 269, 352-3 Moore v. Ashcroft , 251 F.3d 919 (11th Cir. 2001) .......................................... 134, 437, 487 Moosa v. INS , 171 F.3d 994 (5th Cir.... 190, 215-6, 219, 568, 602, 604 Morales-Alvarado v. INS , 655 F.2d 172 (9th Cir. 1981) ................................................. 217 Morales-Izquierdo v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 1299 (9th Cir. Nov. 19, 2004) ........................... 97 Morales-Morales v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 418 (7th Cir. Sept. 15, 2004) .............................. 33 Morasch v. INS , 363 F.2d 30 (9th Cir. 1966) .................................................................. 206 Morgan v. Att’y Gen. , 432 F.3d 226 (3d Cir. Dec. 21, 2005) .......................................... 146 Mortera-Cruz v. Gonzales , 409 F.3d 246 (5th Cir. May 9, 2005) ..................................... 26 Moskal v. United States , 498 U.S. 103, 111 S.Ct. 461 (1990) ......................................... 383 Mouelle v. Gonzalez , 416 F.3d 923 (8th Cir. July 29, 2005) ............................................. 26 Mugalli v. Ashcroft , 258 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. July 10, 2001) ................................ 516, 525, 540 Mulholland v. Ashcroft , 2004 WL 2386807 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 25, 2004) (unpublished) ...... 34 Mullai v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d 635 (6th Cir. 2004) ............................................................. 109 Mullen-Cofee v. INS , 976 F.2d 1375 (11th Cir. 1992) ............................................. 183, 614 Munroe v. Ashcroft , 353 F.3d 225 (3d Cir. Dec. 16, 2003) ..................... 279, 497, 499, 621 Murillo-Espinoza v. INS , 261 F.3d 771 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................... 568, 603 Murphy v. INS , 54 F.3d 605 (9th Cir. 1995) .............................................................. 80, 563 Mylius v. Uhl , 210 F. 860 (2d Cir. 1914) ......................................................................... 556 Naranjo-Aguilera v. INS , 30 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................... 77 Neder v. United States , 527 U.S. 1 (1999) ............................................................... 566, 595 Nehme v. INS , 252 F.3d 415 (5th Cir. 2001) ........................................................... 148, 371 Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir. Apr. 16, 2003) .................. 303, 512, 548 Ng Fung Ho v. White , 259 U.S. 276 (1922) ...................................................................... 80 Ng v. Attorney General , 436 F.3d 392 (3d Cir. Feb. 7, 2006) ................................... 73, 292 Ngarurih v. Ashcroft , 371 F.3d 182 (4th Cir. 2004) ........................................................ 109 Ngure v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 975 (8th Cir. 2004) ............................................................... 74 Nguyen v. District Director, Bureau of Immigration and Customs... Cir. Feb. 9, 2005) .......................................................................................................................... 119 Nguyen v. INS , 53 F.3d 310 (10th Cir. 1995) .................................................................. 263 Noell v. Bensinger , 586 F.2d 554 (5th Cir. 1978) ............................................................ 556 Nolan v. Holmes , 334 F.3d 189 (2d Cir. 2003) ................................................................. 83 North Carolina v. Alford , 400 U.S. 25 (1970) ......................................................... 194, 195 North Carolina v. Pearce , 395 U.S. 711 (1969) .............................................................. 630 Notash v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 693 (9th Cir. Nov. 2, 2005) ............................................... 75 Nugent v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 162 (3d Cir. May 7, 2004) ................ 387, 486, 490, 531, 551 Nwakanma v. Ashcroft , 352 F.3d 325 (6th Cir. 2003) ..................................................... 109 Obleschenko v. Ashcroft , 374 F.3d 654 (8th Cir. Jul. 8, 2004) ........................................ 109 Ocampo-Duran v. Ashcroft , 254 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................... 166 Ochoa-Carrillo v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 842 (8th Cir. Feb. 15, 2006) ................................. 97 Ocon-Perez v. INS , 550 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1977) ......................................................... 556 O’Dell v. Netherland , 95 F.3d 1214 (4th Cir. 1996) ....................................................... 581 Ogbudimka v. Ashcroft , 342 F.3d 207 (3d Cir. 2003) ....................................................... 70 Okabe v. INS , 671 F.2d 863 (5th Cir. 1982) ............................................................ 217, 287 Okeke v. Gonzales , 407 F.3d 585 (3d Cir. May 18, 2005) ................................................ 33 Olatunji v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 383 (4th Cir. Oct. 19, 2004) ............................................ 126 Oliva v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice , 433 F.3d 229 (2d Cir. Dec. 30, 2005) ............................. 207 Oliver v. INS , 517 F.2d 426 (2d Cir. 1975) ..................................................................... 149 Olivera-Garcia v. INS , 328 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir. May 5, 2003) ....................................... 340 Omar v. INS , 298 F.3d 710 (8th Cir. 2002) ............................................................. 251, 423 Omari v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 303 (5th Cir. July 25, 2005) ..................................... 314, 488 Orabona v. Clark , 53 F.2d 101 (D.R.I. 1931) ................................................................. 206 Ordaz-Machado v. Rivkind , 669 F.Supp. 1068 (S.D. Fla. 1987) ............................. 556, 631 Orichitch v. Gonzales , 421 F.3d 595 (7th Cir. Aug. 31, 2005) ....................................... 108 Orlando v. Robinson , 262 F.2d 850 (7th Cir. 1959) ........................................................ 206 Ortiz v. Ashcroft , 89 Fed.Appx. 89, 2004 WL 363417 (9th Cir. Mar. 18, 2004) (unpublished) ... 99 Ortiz-Cornejo v. Gonzalez , 400 F.3d 610 (8th Cir. Mar. 11, 2005) ................................... 33 Ostrander v. Green , 46 F.3d 347 (4th Cir. 1995) ............................................................ 581 Otarola v. INS , 270 F.3d 1272 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................................. 34 O’Tuel v. Osborne , 706 F.2d 498 (4th Cir. 1983) ........................................................... 581 Oyebanji v. Gonzales , 418 F.3d 260 (3d Cir. Aug. 11, 2005) ......................................... 422 Padilla-Caldera v. Gonzales , 426 F.3d 1294 (10th Cir. Oct. 18, 2005) ............................ 26 Palermo v. Smith , 17 F.2d 534 (2d Cir. 1927) ........................................................ 183, 614 Palomino v. Ashcroft , 354 F.3d 942 (8th Cir. Jan. 15, 2004) ............................................ 33 Papageorgiou v. Gonzales , 413 F.3d 356 (3d Cir. 2005) .................................................. 68 Parcham v. INS , 769 F.2d 1001 (4th Cir. 1985) ............................................................... 23 Paredes-Urrestarazu v. INS , 36 F.3d 801 (9th Cir. 1994) ................................................. 23 Park v. INS , 252 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................ 421, 424 Parr v. United States , 351 U.S. 513, 76 S.Ct. 912 (1956) ....................................... 197, 203 Parrilla v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir. July 11, 2005) ......... 321, 335, 338, 392, 524 Pasquini v. INS , 557 F.2d 536 (5th Cir. 1977) ................................................................ 181 Pastor-Camarena v. Smith , 977 F. Supp. 1415 (W.D. WA 1997) .................................... 45 Patel v. Ashcroft , 294 F.3d 465 (3d Cir. June 20, 2002) ................................. 368, 388, 392 Patel v. Ashcroft , 401 F.3d 400 (6th Cir. Mar. 8, 2005) .................................................. 533 Patel v. Zemski , 275 F.3d 299 (3d Cir. 2001) .................................................................... 42 Paulino-Jiminez v. INS , 279 F.Supp.2d 313 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 28, 2003) ......................... 117 Penuliar v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. Jan. 12, 2005) .......................... 304, 420, 550 Perales-Cumpean v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 977 (10th Cir. Nov. 25, 2005) ........................ 103 Perdomo-Padilla v. Ashcroft , 333 F.3d 964 (9th Cir. June 23, 2003) ........................ 149-50 Pereira v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 38 (1st Cir. July 21, 2005) .............................................. 119 Perez v. Elwood , 294 F.3d 552 (3d Cir. June 28, 2002) .................................. 116, 118, 129 Perez-Enriquez v, Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 994 (9th Cir. Sept. 9, 2004) ........................... 27, 166 Perez-Enriquez v. Gonzalez , 411 F.3d 1079 (9th Cir. June 14, 2005) ....................... 79, 121 Perez-Gonzalez v. Ashcroft , 379 F.3d 783 (9th Cir. 2004) .......................................... 26, 97 Perez-Martin v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. Jan. 12, 2005) ............. 79, 226, 232, 234 Peters v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 302 (5th Cir. Aug. 27, 2004) ........................................... 244-5 Petsche v. Clingan , 273 F.2d 688 (10th Cir. 1960) ......................................................... 264 Pillisz v. Smith , 46 F.2d 769 (7th Cir. 1931) .................................................................... 179 Pineda v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 833 (10th Cir. Oct. 27, 2005) ............................................ 75 Pinho v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 193 (3d Cir. 2005) .................................................. 562, 575-6 Pino v. Landon , 349 U.S. 901, 75 S.Ct. 576 (1955) .................... 197, 203, 215-6, 219, 329 Pino v. Nicolls , 215 F.2d 237 (1st Cir. 1954) .......................................................... 329, 340 Ponnapula v. Ashcroft , 235 F.Supp.2d 397 (M.D.Pa. Dec. 10, 2002) ......................... 126-7 Ponnapula v. Ashcroft , 373 F.3d 480 (3d Cir. June 28, 2004) ........................................ 126 Popal v. Gonzalez , 416 F.3d 249 (3d Cir. July 29, 2005) ............................................... 422 Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 (1932) .......................................................................... 580 Probert v. United States , 737 F.Supp. 1010 (E.D. Mich. 1989) ...................................... 607 Quereshi v. INS , 519 F.2d 1174 (5th Cir. 1975) .............................................................. 556 Quezada-Bucio v. Ridge , 317 F.Supp.2d 1221 (Wash. May 10, 2004) ............................. 45 Quilodran-Brau v. Holland , 132 F.Supp. 765 (E.D. Penn. 1955) ................................... 317 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul , 505... ..... 210, 229, 293, 460, 626 Rabang v. INS , 35 F.3d 1449 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................. 150 Ramadan v. Gonzalez , 427 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir. Nov. 2, 2005) ................................... 66, 69 Ramirez-Molina v. Ziglar , 436 F.3d 508 (5th Cir. Jan. 12, 2006) ..................................... 98 Ramos v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 800 (7th Cir. July 12, 2005) ............................................. 602 Ramtulla v. Ashcroft , 301 F.3d 202 (4th Cir. Aug. 22, 2002) ......................................... 512 Rankine v. Reno , 319 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. Jan. 28, 2003) ................................................. 124-6 Rashtabadi v. INS , 23 F.3d 1562 (9th Cir. 1994) .............................................................. 27 Rasmussen v. Robinson , 163 F.2d 732 (3d Cir. 1947) .................................................... 610 Rassano v. INS , 377 F.2d 971 (7th Cir. 1967) ......................................................... 556, 631 Reid v. Holmes , 323 F.3d 187 (2d Cir. Mar. 21, 2003) .............................................. 118-20 Renteria-Gonzalez v. INS , 322 F.3d 804 (5th Cir.... 561, 568-71, 576, 587, 608, 622 Resendiz-Alcaraz v. United States Att’y Gen. , 383 F.3d 1262 (11th Cir. Sept. 10, 2004) 602 Restrepo v. McElroy , 369 F.3d 627 (2d Cir.... Feb. 18, 2005) ........................................................................................................ 120, 125-7 Review v. Loyd , 205 F.Supp. 441 (W.D. La. 1962) ......................................................... 577 Reyes-Alcaraz v. Ashcroft , 363 F.3d 937 (9th Cir. 2004) ........................................... 149-51 Reyes-Morales v. Ashcroft , 435 F.3d 937 (8th Cir. Jan. 31, 2006) .................................... 80 Reyes-Vasquez v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 903 (8th Cir. Jan. 25, 2005) ................................. 32-3 Reynoso-Lopez v. Ashcroft , 369 F.3d 275 (3d Cir. 2004) ................................................ 109 Richards v. Ashcroft , 400 F.3d 125 (2d Cir. Mar. 3, 2005) ........................ 366-70, 484, 488 Rife v. Ashcroft , 374 F.3d 606 (8th Cir. 2004) ................................................................. 109 Rivas v. INS , 2003 WL 192556 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 27, 2003) (unpublished) ....................... 217 Rivera v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 835 (9th Cir. Oct. 18, 2004) ................................................ 80 Rivera-Martinez v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 207 (1st Cir. Nov. 4, 2004) ................................... 80 Rivera-Sanchez v. Reno , 198 F.3d 545 (5th Cir. Dec. 30, 1999) ..................................... 302 Robinson v. Day , 51 F.2d 1022 (2d Cir. 1931) ............................................... 303, 322, 329 Roccaforte v. Mulcahey , 169 F.Supp. 360 (D. Mass. 1958) .................................... 183, 614 Rodriguez-Castro v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 316 (5th Cir. 2005) ........................................... 68 Rodriguez-Fernandez v. Wilkinson , 654 F.2d 1382 (10th Cir. 1981) ................................ 91 Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , 52 F.3d 238 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................... 72 Rodriguez-Munoz v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 245 (3d Cir. Aug. 16, 2005) ............................. 28 Rodriguez-Silva v. INS , 242 F.3d 243 (5th Cir. 2001) ....................................................... 79 Roe v. Flores-Ortega , 528 U.S. 470, 120 S.Ct. 1029 (2000) .......................................... 222 Romero v. INS , 399 F.3d 109 (2d Cir. Feb. 9, 2005) ........................................................ 56 Rosario v. INS , 962 F.2d 220 (2d Cir. 1992) ................................................................... 121 Rosenberg v. Fleuti , 374 U.S. 449 (1963) ............................................................... 168, 382 Rosendo-Ramirez v. INS , 32 F.3d 1085 (7th Cir. 1994) .................................................. 565 Royal Ins. Co. of Am. v. Quinn-L Capital Corp. , 960 F.2d 1286 (5th Cir. 1992) ... 576, 622 Ruiz-Morales v. Ashcroft , 361 F.3d 1219 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................ 308 Ruiz-Romero v. Reno , 205 F.3d 837 (5th Cir. 2000) ....................................... 368, 388, 391 Rust v. Sullivan , 500 U.S. 173 (1991) .............................................................................. 292 Rusz v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 1182 (9th Cir. Aug. 2, 2004) ........................ 277, 300, 325, 353 Sadeghi v. INS , 40 F.3d 1139 (10th Cir. 1994) ............................................................... 179 Sagaydak v. Gonzales , 405 F.3d 1035 (9th Cir. May 4, 2005) .......................................... 74 Saint Fort v, Ashcroft , 329 F.3d 191 (1st Cir. 2003) ......................................................... 70 Salazar v. U.S. Air Force , 849 F.2d 1542 (5th Cir. 1988) ............................................... 577 Salazar-Regino v. Trominski , 415 F.3d 436 (5th Cir. June 30, 2005) ..................... 453, 602 Saleres v. INS , 2001 WL 1526405 (9th Cir. Nov. 30, 2001) (unpublished) .................... 470 Salvador-Calleros v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. Nov. 23, 2004) ............................. 30 San Pedro v. United States , 79 F.3d 1065 (11th Cir. 1996) ......................................... 595-6 Sanchez v. United States , 50 F.3d 1448 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................. 629 Sandoval v. INS , 240 F.3d 577 (7th Cir.... 566, 579, 586, 601, 604, 625 Sandoval-Loffredo v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 892 (8th Cir. July 13, 2005) .......................... 168 Santamaria-Ames v. INS , 104 F.3d 1127 (9th Cir. 1996) ............................................ 10, 82 Santana-Albarran v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 699 (6th Cir. Jan. 10, 2005) ............................... 31 Santos v. Reno , 228 F.3d 591(5th Cir. Sept. 26, 2000) ................................................... 402 Sarmiento Cisneros v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 381 F.3d 1277 (11th Cir. Aug. 27, 2004) ............ 97 Sawkow v. INS , 314 F.2d 34 (3d Cir. 1963) .................................................................... 567 Schick v. Reed , 419 U.S. 256 (1974) ............................................................................... 611 Schroeck v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 947 (10th Cir. Nov. 16, 2005) ........................................ 74 Sebastian-Soler v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 409 F.3d 1280 (11th Cir. May 19, 2005) ............ 149-50 Securities Industry Ass’n v. Board of Governors , 468 U.S. 137, 104 S.Ct. 2979 (1989) 362 Seirra v. Romaine , 347 F.3d 559 (3d Cir. Oct. 29, 2003) ................................................. 49 Sena v. Gonzales , 428 F.3d 50 (1st Cir. Nov. 2, 2005) ........................................... 115, 159 Sepulveda v. Gonzales , 407 F.3d 59 (1st Cir.... 1193 (9th Cir. 2002) ............................................................. 117 Shaar v. INS , 141 F.3d 953 (9th Cir. 1998) ..................................................................... 108 Shahwan v. Certoff , ___ F.Supp.2d ___, 2005 WL 3369991 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 12, 2005) . 51 Sharma v. Ashcroft , 2003 U.S. App. LEXIS 3642 (3d Cir. Feb. 27, 2003) .................... 486 Shepard v. United States , 544 U.S. 13, 125... ................................................................................................... 320, 338, 343, 347, 352 Sidikhouya v. Gonzales , 407 F.3d 950 (8th Cir. May 17, 2005) ...................................... 108 Sierra-Reyes v. INS , 585 F.2d 762 (5th Cir. 1978) .................................................... 23, 347 Simeonov v. Ashcroft , 371 F.3d 532 (9th Cir. May 27, 2004) ..................................... 79, 99 Simmons v. United States , 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967 (1968) ........................................ 128 Singh v. Ashcroft , 2003 WL 1873624 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 11, 2003) (unpublished) ..... 198, 454 Singh v. Ashcroft , 351 F.3d 435 (9th Cir. Dec. 5, 2003) ................................................. 138 Singh v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 144 (3d Cir.... .............................................................................................. 298, 300, 308, 517, 529-30 Singh v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 1228 (9th Cir. Oct. 21, 2004) .............................................. 417 Singh v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 533 (3d Cir. Jan. 3, 2006) .................................... 73, 303, 422 Singh v. Ilchert , 63 F.3d 1501 (9th Cir. 1995) ........................................................... 36, 243 Siniscalchi v. Thomas , 195 F. 701 (6th Cir. 1912) ........................................................... 179 Small v. United States , 544 U.S. 385 (Apr. 26, 2005) ..................................................... 176 Smriko v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 279 (3d Cir. 2004) ......................................................... 72, 74 Soetarto v. INS , 516 F.2d 778 (7th Cir. 1975) ......................................................... 323, 355 Soliman v. Gonzalez , 419 F.3d 276 (4th Cir. Aug. 22, 2005) ...................... 486, 546-7, 550 Solorzano-Patlan v. INS , 207 F.3d 869 (7th Cir. 2000) ............................... 399, 402, 414-5 Song v. INS , 82 F.Supp.2d 1121 (C.D. Cal. 2000) .......................................................... 134 Sousa v. INS , 226 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 2000) ....................................................................... 265 Sovich v. Esperdy , 319 F.2d 21 (2d Cir. 1963) ................................................................ 431 Squires v. INS , 689 F.2d 1276 (6th Cir. 1982) ........................................................ 155, 179 Steele v. Blackman , 236 F.3d 130 (3d Cir. 2001) ............................................ 298, 438, 450 Steinhouse v. Ashcroft , 247 F.Supp.2d 201 (D. Conn. Feb. 26, 2003) ...................... 13, 137 Steinsvik v. Vinzant , 640 F.2d 949 (9th Cir. 1981) .......................................................... 590 Stinson v. United States , 113 S.Ct. 1913 (1993) ........................................................... 234-5 Strader v. Garrison , 611 F.2d 61 (4th Cir. 1979) ............................................................ 581 Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 (1984) ............................................................... 593 Suassuna v. INS , 342 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. Sept. 4, 2003) .................................................... 99 Succar v. Ashcroft , 394 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. Jan. 5, 2005) ....................................................... 25 Sui v. INS , 250 F.3d 105 (2d Cir. 2001) .................................................................. 173, 392 Sutherland v. Reno , 228 F.3d 171 (2d Cir.... 72, 294, 297, 317, 324, 532-3 Sviridov v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 722 (10th Cir. Feb. 10, 2004) .......................................... 109 Swaby v. Ashcroft , 357 F.3d 156 (2d Cir. Feb. 3, 2004) ................................................. 124 Szucz-Toldy v. Gonzalez , 400 F.3d 978 (7th Cir. Mar. 11, 2005) ............................ 309, 411 Tapia Garcia v. INS , 237 F.3d 1216 (10th Cir. 2001) ................................. 269, 352-3, 423 Tapia v. Gonzales , 430 F.3d 997 (9th Cir. Dec. 6, 2005) .................................................. 33 Tapucu v. Gonzales , 399 F.3d 736 (6th Cir. 2005) ......................................................... 389 Taran v. United States , 266 F.2d 561 (8th Cir. 1959) ............................................. 611, 613 Tasios v. Reno , 204 F.3d 544 (4th Cir. Feb. 28, 2000) .................................................... 116 Taylor v. United States , 231 F.2d 856 (5th Cir. 1956) ..................................................... 611 Taylor v. United States , 495 U.S. 575, 110... 359-62, 372-3, 379, 397-400, 460, 549 Terminiello v. Chicago , 337 U.S. 115, 93 L. Ed. 1131 ........................................... 327, 341 Thaqi v. Jennifer , 377 F.3d 500 (6th Cir. July 23, 2004) ................................................. 128 Theagene v. Gonzales , 411 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. June 15, 2005) ................................ 80, 145 Theck v. INS, No. CV97-6206-JSL (RC) , 22 F.Supp.2d. 1117 (C.D. Cal. 1998) .............. 50 Thom v. Ashcroft , 369 F.3d 158 (2d Cir. May 27, 2004) ................................................ 124 Thomas v. INS , 35 F.3d 1332 (9th Cir. 1994) ................................................................. 595 Tijani v. Willis , 430 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir. Dec. 13, 2005) .................................................... 43 Tillinghast v. Edmead , 31 F.2d 81 (1st Cir. 1929) ................................................... 155, 328 Toia v. Fasano , 334 F.3d 917 (9th Cir. June 30, 2003) ........................................... 116, 118 Tokatly v. Ashcroft , 371 F.3d 613 (9th Cir.... 297-8, 308, 321, 324, 523, 530 Toledo-Hernandez v. United States , 280 F.Supp.2d 112 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2003) ...... 117 Toro-Romero v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 930 (9th Cir. Aug. 30, 2004) ............................ 66, 168 Torres-Guzman v. INS , 804 F.2d 531 (9th Cir. 1986) ....................................................... 82 Torres-Rascon v. Heston , 339 F.3d 633 (8th Cir. July 3, 2003) ...................................... 119 Tostado v. Carlson , 437 F.3d 706 (8th Cir. Feb. 3, 2006) ............................................... 451 Tovar-Alvarez v. U.S. Attorney General , 427 F.3d 1350... 2005) ....... 147, ..... .............................................................................................................................. 149-50 Tovar-Landin v. Ashcroft , 361 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir.... 106 Towers, Perrin, Forster & Crosby, Inc. v. Brown , 732 F.2d 345 (3d Cir. 1984) ............ 577 Townsend v. Burke , 334 U.S. 736 (1948) ........................................................................ 629 Tran v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 464 (3d Cir. July 12, 2005) ................................................. 422 Trench v. INS , 783 F.2d 181 (10th Cir. 1986) ......................................................... 556, 609 Tsegay v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 1347 (10th Cir. 2004) .......................................................... 74 Turnbow v. Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co. , 934 F.2d 1100 (9th Cir. 1991) ............................ 577 Tutrone v. Shaughnessy , 160 F.Supp. 433 (D.N.Y. 1958)... 214, 372 United States ex rel. Arcara v. Flynn , 11 F.2d 899 (W.D.N.Y. 1926) ............................ 608 United States ex rel. Cerami v. Uhl , 78 F.2d 698 (2d Cir. 1935) .................................... 208 United States ex rel. Chartrand v. Karnuth , 31 F.Supp. 799 (D.N.Y. 1940) ................... 179 United States ex rel. Ciarello v. Reimer , 32 F.Supp. 797 (D.N.Y. 1940) ................ 179, 356 United States ex rel. Circella v. Sahli , 216 F.2d 33 (7th Cir. 1954) ................................. 206 United States ex rel. Cumberbatch v. Shaughnessy , 117 F.Supp. 152 (D.N.Y. 1953) .... 179 United States ex rel. Fells v. Garfinkel , 158 F.Supp. 524 (W.D. Pa. 1957) ..................... 267 United States ex rel. Fontan v. Uhl , 16 F.Supp. 428 (S.D.N.Y. 1936) ............................ 373 United States ex rel. Guarino v. Uhl , 107 F.2d 399 (2d Cir.... 328, 344 United States ex rel. Huber v. Sibray , 178 F. 144 (C.C.Pa. 1910) ................................... 179 United States ex rel. Manzella v. Zimmerman , 71 F.Supp. 534 (E.D.Pa. 1947) ... 322-3, 325 United States ex rel. Mongiovi v. Karnuth , 30 F.2d 825 (D.N.Y. 1929) ......................... 306 United States ex rel. Morlacci v. Smith , 8 F.2d 663 (D.N.Y. 1925) ................................ 206 United States ex rel. Mylius v. Uhl , 210 F. 860 (2d Cir.... 287, 322-3 United States ex rel. Pellegrino v. Karnuth , 23 F.Supp. 688 (D.N.Y. 1938) ................... 306 United States ex rel. Schreiber v. Reimer , 19 F.Supp. 719 (D.N.Y. 1937) .............. 179, 306 United States ex rel. Sirtie v. Commissioner of Immigration , 6 F.2d 233 (D.N.Y. 1925) 206 United States ex rel. Sollazzo v. Esperdy , 187 F.Supp. 753 (D.N.Y. 1960) ..................... 373 United States ex rel. Valenti v. Karnuth , 1 F.Supp. 370 (N. D.... 318, 352 United States ex rel. Teper v. Miller , 87 F.Supp. 285 (D.N.Y. 1949) ...... 179, 306, 327, 341 United States ex rel. Ulrich v. Kellogg , 58 App. D.C. 360, 30... 1929) 179 United States ex rel. Ventura v. Shaughnessy , 219 F.2d 249 (2d Cir. 1955) ................... 179 United States v. Abbott , 241 F.3d 29 (1st Cir. 2001) ....................................................... 597 United States v. Acuna-Cuadros , 385 F.3d 875 (5th Cir. Sept. 21, 2004) ....... 325, 412, 413 United States v. Aguilar , 515 U.S. 593, 115 S.Ct. 2357 (1995) .............................. 229, 363 United States v. Aguire-Tello , 353 F.3d 1199 (10th Cir. 2004) ............................... 113, 129 United States v. Akins , 243 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................ 592, 594 United States v. Alfaro , 408 F.3d 204 (5th Cir. Apr. 28, 2005) ............................... 379, 435 United States v. Alferahin , 433 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. Jan. 11, 2006) ................................. 147 United States v. Allen , 282 F.3d 339 (5th Cir. 2002) ....................................................... 347 United States v. Alvarez , 972 F.2d 1000 (9th Cir.... 317, 324, 343, 363, 492 United States v. Alvarez-Gutierrez , 394 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir. Jan. 14, 2005) ................ 256-7 United States v. Alvarez-Martinez , 286 F.3d 470 (7th Cir. 2002) ............................ 350, 402 United States v. Alviso , 152 F.3d 1195 (9th Cir. 1998) ..................................................... 57 United States v. Amador-Leal , 276 F.3d 511 (9th Cir. 2002) .......................................... 582 United States v. Amaya-Benitez , 69 F.3d 1243 (2d Cir. 1995) ........................................ 263 United States v. Amaya-Portillo , 423 F.3d 427 (4th Cir. Sept. 6, 2005) ......... 255, 448, 451 United States v. Anderson , 989 F.2d 310 (9th Cir. 1993) ..................................... 361-2, 365 United States v. Arce-Hernandez , 163 F.3d 559 (9th Cir. 1998) ....................................... 70 United States v. Arellano-Rivera , 244 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2001) ...................................... 57 United States v. Arellano-Torres , 303 F.3d 1173 (9th Cir. 2002) ............ 250, 271, 449, 617 United States v. Arizaga-Acosta , 436 F.3d 506 (5th Cir. Jan. 12, 2006) ................. 377, 443 United States v. Asberry , 394 F.3d 712 (9th Cir. 2005) ........................................... 539, 540 United States v. Atkins , 872 F.2d 94 (4th Cir. 1989) ....................................................... 176 United States v. Ayala-Gomez , 255 F.3d 1314 (11th Cir. 2001) .................. 191, 263, 266-7 United States v. Bach , 400 F.3d 622 (8th Cir. 2005) ....................................................... 406 United States v. Baker , 10 F.3d 1374 (9th Cir. 1993) ...................................................... 211 United States v. Ballesteros-Ruiz , 319 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2003) ........ 120, 270-1, 353, 449 United States v. Balough , 820 F.2d 1485 (9th Cir. 1987) ................................................ 594 United States v. Banda , 1 F.3d 354 (5th Cir. 1993) ......................................................... 590 United States v. Banda-Zamora , 178 F.3d 728 (5th Cir. 1999) ................................... 264-5 United States v. Barlow , 470 F.2d 1245 (D.C. Cir. 1972) ............................................... 363 United States v. Barnett , 667 F.2d 835 (9th Cir. 1982) ................................................... 233 United States v. Baron-Medina , 187 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir.... 525, 527-8, 540, 542, 549 United States v. Becker , 919 F.2d 568 (9th Cir. 1990) .................................................... 401 United States v. Belless , 338 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir. 2003) ............................... 313, 335, 416-7 United States v. Ben Zvi , 242 F.3d 89 (2d Cir. 2001) ...................................................... 120 United States v. Benitez-Perez , 367 F.3d 1200 (9th Cir. May 20, 2004) ................. 262, 265 United States v. Berumen , 24 M.J. 737 (U.S. Army Ct. of Mil. Review, June 12, 1987) 186 United States v. Bonanno , 852 F.2d 434 (9th Cir. 1988) ................................................. 314 United States v. Bonat , 106 F.3d 1472 (9th Cir. 1997) .................................................... 320 United States v. Bonilla-Montenegro , 331 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir.... ........................................................................................................... 270, 277, 313, 321 United States v. Bonilla-Mungia , 422 F.3d 316 (5th Cir. Aug. 23, 2005) ....................... 349 United States v. Booker , 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005) .................................. 58, 270, 274, 277, 426 United States v. Bright , 353 F.3d 1114 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................... 499 United States v. Briones-Mata , 116 F.3d 308 (8th Cir. 1997) ......................... 376, 445, 451 United States v. Broce , 488 U.S. 563 (1988) ................................................................... 342 United States v. Brown , 314 F.3d 1216 (10th Cir. Jan. 6, 2003) ..................................... 373 United States v. Burridge , 191 F.3d 1297 (10th Cir. 1999) ............................................. 499 United States v. Cabrera-Sosa , 81 F.3d 998 (10th Cir. 1996) ......................... 376, 445, 451 United States v. Caicedo-Cuero , 312 F.3d 697 (5th Cir. Nov. 14, 2002) ........................ 617 United States v. Calderon-Pena , 383 F.3d 254 (5th Cir.... ........................................................................................................ 311-2, 319, 325, 330 United States v. Camacho-Ibarquen , 404 F.3d 1283 (11th Cir.... (Oct. 11, 2005) .................................................................................................................................. 58-9 United States v. Camarillo-Tello , 236 F.3d 1024 (9th Cir. 2001) .............................. 57, 595 United States v. Campbell , 167 F.3d 94 (2d Cir. 1999) ................................... 568, 604, 606 United States v. Campos-Fuerte , 357 F.3d 956 (9th Cir. Feb. 4, 2004) .......................... 421 United States v. Carlton , 512 U.S. 26 (1994) .................................................................. 161 United States v. Carrillo-Lopez , 313 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir. Dec. 20, 2002) ....................... 268 United States v. Carrollo , 30 F.Supp. 3 (D.Mo. 1939) .................................................... 306 United States v. Casarez-Bravo , 181 F.3d 1074 (9th Cir. 1999) ............................. 312, 465 United States v. Castillo-Rivera , 244 F.3d 1020 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................. 175, 357 United States v. Castro , 26 F.3d 557 (5th Cir. 1994) .............................................. 588, 609 United States v. Castro-Rocha , 323 F.3d 846 (10th Cir. Mar. 25, 2003) ........................ 451 United States v. Cavazos , 530 F.2d 4 (5th Cir. 1976) ...................................................... 629 United States v. Ceja-Prado , 333 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. June 25, 2003) ......................... 206-8 United States v. Ceron-Sanchez , 222 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. Dec. 10, 2004) .............. 421, 618 United States v. Chapa-Garza , 243 F.3d 921 (5th Cir. 2001) .............. 269, 352-3, 415, 423 United States v. Chavarriya-Mejia , 367 F.3d 1249 (11th Cir. Apr. 29, 2004) ................ 540 United States v. Christopher , 239 F.3d 1191 (11th Cir. 2001) ............................. 256-7, 265 United States v. Cirino , 419 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir. Aug. 15, 2005) .................................... 175 United States v. Cisneros-Cabrera , 110 F.3d 746 (10th Cir. 1997) ................................ 503 United States v. Compian-Torres , 320 F.3d 514 (5th Cir. Jan. 29, 2003) ....................... 267 United States v. Contreras-Salas , 387 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. Nov. 3, 2004) ...... 340, 343, 419 United States v. Cooper , 121 F.3d 130 (3d Cir. 1997) .................................................... 468 United States v. Copeland , 369 F.Supp.2d 275 (E.D.N.Y. May 4, 2005) ....................... 130 United States v. Cordova-Beraud , 90 F.3d 215 (7th Cir. 1996) ...................................... 263 United States v. Cornelio-Pena , 435 F.3d 1279 (10th Cir. Jan. 30, 2006) .............. 245, 373 United States v. Corona-Sanchez , 29 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir.... 425-6, 449, 545, 547, 550-1 United States v. Cotton , 122 S.Ct. 1781 (2002) ............................................................... 595 United States v. Couto , 311 F.3d 179 (2d Cir. 2002) ................................................... 581-2 United States v. Cox , 536 F.2d 65 (5th Cir. 1976) ................................................... 347, 351 United States v. Crittenden , 372 F.3d 706 (5th Cir. 2004) ...................................... 378, 469 United States v. Cruz-Guerrero , 194 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir. 1999) ............................. 270, 273 United States v. Curnew , 788 F.2d 1335 (8th Cir. 1986) ................................................ 151 United States v. Dabeit , 231 F.3d 979 (5th Cir. 2000) .................................................... 546 United States v. Damerville , 27 F.3d 254 (3d Cir. 2001) ................................................ 455 United States v. Damon , 127 F.3d 139 (1997) ................................................................ 346 United States v. David H. , 29 F.3d 489 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................. 211 United States v. Del Rosario , 902 F.2d 55 (D.C. Cir. 1990) ........................................... 590 United States v. Delacruz-Soto , 414 F.3d 1158 (10th Cir. July 12, 2005) ......................... 56 United States v. Delaney , 427 F.3d 1224 (9th Cir. Nov. 7, 2005) ........................... 428, 435 United States v. Delgado , 635 F.2d 889 (7th Cir. 1981) ................................................. 591 United States v. Diamond , 561 F.2d 4 (4th Cir. 1977) .................................................... 630 United States v. Diamond , 706 F.2d 105 (2d Cir. 1983) ................................................. 630 United States v. Diaz-Diaz , 327 F.3d 410 (5th Cir. Apr. 3, 2003) ................................... 483 United States v. Dickson , 346 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. 2003) ..................................................... 538 United States v. Doe , 374 F.3d 851 (9th Cir. July 06, 2004) ........................................... 497 United States v. Dolt , 27 F.3d 235 (6th Cir. 1994) .................................................. 246, 380 United States v. Douglas , 974 F. 2d. 1046 (9th Cir. 1992) ...................................... 197, 203 United States v. Driskell , 277 F.3d 150 (2d Cir. 2002) .................................................... 606 United States v. Drummond , 240 F.3d 1333 (11th Cir. 2001) ......................................... 262 United States v. Du Bo , 186 F.3d 1177 (9th Cir. 1999) ................................................... 595 United States v. Duarte-Higareda , 113 F.3d 1000 (9th Cir. 1997) ................................. 591 United States v. Dunn , 946 F.2d 615 (9th Cir. 1991) ...................................................... 400 United States v. Echavarria-Escobar , 270 F.3d 1265 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................. 265 United States v. Estrada-Torres , 179 F.3d 776 (9th Cir. June 7, 1999) ................... 117, 242 United States v. Faulkner , 952 F.2d 1066 (9th Cir. 1991) ....................... 210, 229, 293, 460 United States v. Fernandez-Antonia , 278 F.3d 150 (2d Cir. 2002) ................................. 393 United States v. Fernandez , 2000 WL 1716436 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (unpublished) ........... 609 United States v. Fish , 368 F.3d 1200 (9th Cir. May 28, 2004) ................................ 428, 492 United States v. Flores-Rodriquez , 237 F.2d 405 (2d Cir. 1956) .................................... 155 United States v. Fogg , 652 F.2d 551 (5th Cir. 1981) ....................................................... 629 United States v. Foster , 227 F.3d 1096 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................... 512 United States v. Franklin , 235 F.3d 1165 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................... 398, 400, 492 United States v. Frazier , 89 F.3d 1501 (11th Cir. 1996) ......................................... 378, 469 United States v. Frias , 338 F.3d 206 (3d Cir. July 30, 2003) ....................................... 263-4 United States v. Fry , 322 F.3d 1198 (9th Cir. Mar. 18, 2003) .................................... 589-90 United States v. Galbraith , 20 F.3d 1054 (10th Cir. 1994) .............................................. 499 United States v. Galicia-Delgado , 130 F.3d 518 (2d Cir. 1997) ..................................... 263 United States v. Galindo-Gallegos , 244 F.3d 728 (9th Cir. 2001) ........... 368, 388, 391, 459 United States v. Galvan-Rodriguez , 169 F.3d 217 (5th Cir. 1999) .................................. 402 United States v. Garcia , 400 F.3d 816 (9th Cir. Mar. 11, 2005) ..................................... 390 United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir. July 1, 2004) .... 67, 217-8, 222 United States v. Garcia-Jurado , 281 F.Supp.2d 498 (E.D.N.Y. July 27, 2003) ............. 129 United States v. Garcia-Lopez , 375 F.3d 586 (7th Cir. July 12, 2004) ............................ 565 United States v. Garcia-Lopez , 410 F.3d 268 (5th Cir. May 18, 2005) ........................... 349 United States v. Garcia-Olmedo , 112 F.3d 399 (9th Cir. 1997) .............................. 353, 449 United States v. Garfinkel , 158 F.Supp. 524 (W.D. Pa. 1957) ......................................... 301 United States v. Garner , 837 F.2d 1404 (7th Cir. 1987) ................................................. 369 United States v. Garrett , 680 F.2d 64 (9th Cir. 1982) ..................................................... 590 United States v. Garza-Lopez , 410 F.3d 268 (5th Cir. May 19, 2005) ............................ 470 United States v. Gavilan , 761 F.2d 226 (5th Cir. 1985) .................................................. 556 United States v. George , 869 F.2d 333 (7th Cir. 1989) ................................................... 590 United States v. Gibbens , 25 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 1994) .............................................. 489, 544 United States v. Gomez-Hernandez , 300 F.3d 974 (8th Cir. Aug. 28, 2002) .......... 435, 616 United States v. Gomez-Ortiz , 62 F.Supp.2d 508 (D.R.I. Aug. 4, 1999) ........................ 454 United States v. Gonzales-Vela , 276 F.3d 763 (6th Cir. 2001) ............................. 256-8, 518 United States v. Gonzalez , 202 F.3d 20 (1st Cir. 2000) ................................................... 582 United States v. Gonzalez-Chavez , 432 F.3d 334 (5th Cir. Nov. 30, 2005) .... 349, 410, 415 United States v. Gonzalez-Coronado , 419 F.3d 1090 (10th Cir. Aug. 15, 2005) ............ 265 United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez , 911 F.2d 542 (11th Cir. 1990) .................................... 212 United States v. Gonzalez-Tamariz , 310 F.3d 1168 (9th Cir. Nov. 18, 2002) ......... 409, 425 United States v. Graham , 169 F.3d 787 (3d Cir.... 263, 265, 267, 276, 409 United States v. Grajeda-Ramirez , 348 F.3d 1123 (9th Cir. Nov. 12, 2003) .................. 421 United States v. Granbois , 376 F.3d 993 (9th Cir. 2004) ................... 286, 519-20, 536, 541 United States v. Guerrero-Velasquez , 434 F.3d 1193 (9th Cir.... ........................................................................................................... 342, 347, 349, 401 United States v. Guerrier , 428 F.3d 76 (1st Cir. Nov. 8, 2005) ....................................... 146 United States v. Gutierrez-Alba , 128 F.3d 1324 (9th Cir. 1997) ..................................... 206 United States v. Gutierrez-Ramirez , 405 F.3d 352 (9th Cir. Apr. 5, 2005) ..................... 340 United States v. Guzman-Bera , 216 F.3d 1019 (11th Cir. 2000) ................................. 262-4 United States v. Harris , 108 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. 1997) ................................................... 342 United States v. Harris , 964 F.2d 1234 (1st Cir. 1994) ................................................... 347 United States v. Hayes , 231 F.3d 663 (9th Cir. 2000) ..................................................... 593 United States v. Hayes , 7 F.3d 144 (9th Cir. 1993) ......................................................... 428 United States v. Hermoso-Garcia , 413 F.3d 1085 (9th Cir. July 7, 2005) ........................ 58 United States v. Hernandez-Avalos , 251 F.3d 505 (5th Cir. 2002) ...... 376, 445, 449, 451-2 United States v. Hernandez-Fraire , 208 F.3d 945 (11th Cir. 2000) ................................ 591 United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez , 431 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir.... 333, ..... ........................................................................................................................... 339, 411 United States v. Hernandez-Vermudez , 356 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir. Jan. 26, 2004) ............... 52 United States v. Herrera-Blanco , 232 F.3d 715 (9th Cir. 2000) ...................................... 124 United States v. Herrera-Roldan , 414 F.3d 1238 (10th Cir. July 13, 2005) ............ 377, 443 United States v. Herrera-Solorzano , 114 F.3d 48 (5th Cir. 1997) ................................ 265-6 United States v. Herring , 602 F.2d 1220 (5th Cir. 1979) ................................................ 369 United States v. Herron , 45 F.3d 340 (9th Cir. 1995) ..................................................... 610 United States v. Hester , 917 F.2d 1083 (8th Cir. 1990) ........................................... 378, 469 United States v. Hickey , 367 F.3d 888 (9th Cir. Apr. 30, 2004) .............................. 497, 499 United States v. Hicks , 217 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................... 494 United States v. Hidalgo-Macias , 300 F.3d 281 (2d Cir. 2002) ...................................... 267 United States v. Hinojosa-Lopez , 130 F.3d 691 (5th Cir. 1997) ................... 444-5, 449, 451 United States v. Holiusa , 13 F.3d 1043 (7th Cir. 1994) ................................................... 499 United States v. Houston , 364 F.3d 243 (5th Cir. 2004) .......................................... 536, 538 United States v. Hovsepian , 307 F.3d 922 (9th Cir. 2002) .............................................. 621 United States v. Hovsepian , 422 F.3d 883 (9th Cir. Sept. 6, 2005) ........................... 83, 147 United States v. Ibarra-Galindo , 206 F.3d 1337 (9th Cir. 2000) ............. 376, 445, 451, 616 United States v. Ibarra-Hernandez , 427 F.3d 332 (6th Cir. Oct. 14, 2005) ...................... 58 United States v. Innie , 7 F.3d 840 (9th Cir. 1993) ........................................................... 227 United States v. Insaulgarat , 378 F.3d 456 (5th Cir. July 19, 2004) ............... 347, 413, 435 United States v. Izaguirre-Flores , 405 F.3d 270 (5th Cir.... ........................................................................................................ 379, 517, 519, 523-5 United States v. Jaimes-Jaimes , 406 F.3d 845 (7th Cir. May 4, 2005) ............ 379, 410, 435 United States v. Jean-Baptiste , 395 F.3d 1190 (11th Cir. Jan. 4, 2005) .......................... 150 United States v. Jimenez , 258 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................ 267, 374 United States v. John , 936 F.2d 764 (3d Cir. 1991) ........................................................ 175 United States v. Johnstone , 251 F.3d 281 (1st Cir. 2001) ................................................ 503 United States v. Jones , 231 F.3d 508 (9th Cir. Sept. 15, 2000) ....................................... 435 United States v. Juvenile Male , 118 F.2d 1344 (9th Cir. 1997) ....................................... 211 United States v. Juvenile Male , 336 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. July 23, 2003) .......................... 214 United States v. Kaczynski , 239 F.3d 1108 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................. 597 United States v. Karaouni , 379 F.3d 1139 (9th Cir. Aug. 24, 2004) .................. 149-50, 311 United States v. Kassouf , 144 F.3d 952 (6th Cir. 1998) .................................................. 369 United States v. Kelly , 422 F.3d 889 (9th Cir. Sept. 6, 2005) .......................................... 379 United States v. Kiang , 175 F.Supp.2d 942 (E.D.Mich. 2001) ........................................ 338 United States v. Klisser , 190 F.3d 34 (2d Cir. 1999) ....................................................... 499 United States v. Ko , 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19369 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) .................... 278, 624 United States v. Kovac , 367 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir. May 12, 2004) ..................................... 349 United States v. Krawczak , 331 F.3d 1302 (11th Cir. 2003) ........................................... 375 United States v. Kumpf , 438 F.3d 785 (7th Cir. Feb. 23, 2006) ...................................... 147 United States v. Ladwig , 432 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir. Dec. 27, 2005) ........... 286, 303, 317, 413 United States v. Landeros-Arreola , 260 F.3d 407 (5th Cir. July 27, 2001) ............. 266, 623 United States v. Landeros-Gonzales , 262 F.3d 424 (5th Cir. 2001) ........................ 306, 415 United States v. LaPlante , 57 F.3d 252 (2d Cir. 1995) .................................................... 588 United States v. Lara-Aceves , 183 F.3d 1007 (9th Cir. 1999) ......................................... 242 United States v. LaValle , 175 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 1999) ................................................. 557 United States v. Lechuga-Ponce , 407 F.3d 895 (7th Cir. May 17, 2005) .......................... 58 United States v. Lee , 310 F.3d 787 (5th Cir. Oct. 28, 2002) ........................................... 378 United States v. Leiva-Deras , 359 F.3d 183 (2d Cir. Feb. 17, 2004) .............................. 267 United States v. Leon-Paz , 340 F.3d 1003 (9th Cir. Aug. 22, 2003) ......................... 56, 123 United States v. Leonti , 326 F.3d 1111 (9th Cir. Apr. 24, 2003) ..................................... 628 United States v. Liranzo , 944 F.2d 73 (2d Cir. 1991) ...................................... 236, 246, 380 United States v. Littlejohn , 224 F.3d 960 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................ 596 United States v. Lomas , 30 F.3d 1191 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................... 242 United States v. Londono-Quintero , 289 F.3d 147 (1st Cir.... ..... ................................................................................................................... 516, 523, 525 United States v. Lopez-Montanez , 421 F.3d 926 (9th Cir.... ........................................................................................................... 355, 379, 525, 534 United States v. Lopez-Ortiz , 313 F.3d 225 (5th Cir. 2002) .................................... 113, 129 United States v. Lopez-Patino , 391 F.3d 1034 (9th Cir. 2004) ........................................ 335 United States v. Love , 431 F.3d 477 (5th Cir. Nov. 29, 2005) ........................................ 498 United States v. Lowe , 143 F.Supp.2d 613 (S.D. W. Va. 2000) ...................................... 455 United States v. Lucio , 428 F.3d 519 (5th Cir. Oct. 12, 2005) .......................................... 27 United States v. Lucio-Lucio , 347 F.3d 1202 (10th Cir. 2003) ..................... 414-5, 428, 430 United States v. Lujano-Perez , 274 F.3d 219 (5th Cir. 2001) .......................................... 593 United States v. Lyons , 898 F.2d 210 (1st Cir. 1990) ...................................................... 591 United States v. Mack , 53 F.3d 126 (6th Cir. 1995) ........................................................ 532 United States v. Madera-Madera , 333 F.3d 1228 (11th Cir. June 10, 2003) ................... 465 United States v. Maldonado , 215 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................................... 595 United States v. Maldonado-Ramirez , 216 F.3d 940 (11th Cir. 2000) ............................ 262 United States v. Manley , 632 F.2d 978 (2d Cir. 1980) .................................................... 393 United States v. Marin-Navarette , 244 F.3d 1284 (11th Cir. 2001) ............. 256-8, 392, 409 United States v. Marquez-Gallegos , 217 F.3d 1267 (10th Cir. 2000) .............................. 265 United States v. Martin , 704 F.2d 267 (6th Cir. 1983) .................................................... 591 United States v. Martinez-Candejas , 347 F.3d 853 (10th Cir.... 375, ..... ........................................................................................................................ 388-9, 391 United States v. Martinez-Carillo , 250 F.3d 1101 (7th Cir. May 17, 2001) .................... 535 United States v. Martinez-Cruz , 186 F.3d 1102 (8th Cir. 1999) ...................................... 592 United States v. Martinez-Garcia , 268 F.3d 460 (7th Cir. 2001) ............. 393, 394, 399-400 United States v. Martinez-Hernandez , 422 F.3d 1084 (10th Cir. Sept. 2, 2005) ............. 347 United States v. Martinez-Paramo , 380 F.3d 799 (5th Cir. Aug. 4, 2004) ...................... 310 United States v. Martinez-Villalva , 232 F.3d 1329 (10th Cir. 2000) ................................ 264 United States v. Mathews , 833 F.2d 161 (9th Cir. 1987) ................................................. 342 United States v. Matthews , 374 F.3d 872 (9th Cir. July 7, 2004) .................................... 401 United States v. MCE , 232 F.3d 1252 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................. 211-2 United States v. Mead Corp. , 533 U.S. 218 (2001) ........................................................... 72 United States v. Medina-Anicacio , 325 F.3d 638 (5th Cir. Mar. 24, 2003) ..................... 428 United States v. Mejia-Barba , 327 F.3d 678 (8th Cir. May 5, 2003) ............................... 547 United States v. Mendoza-Mata , 322 F.3d 829 (5th Cir. 2003) ....................................... 113 United States v. Mendoza-Morales , 347 F.3d 772 (9th Cir. Oct. 21, 2003) .................... 262 United States v. Mondragon , 228 F.3d 978 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................ 595 United States v. Monjaras-Castaneda , 190 F.3d 326 (5th Cir. 1999) ................ 368-71, 388 United States v. Mora-Gomez , 875 F.Supp. 1208 (E.D. Va. 1995) ................................. 590 United States v. Morales , 328 F.3d 1202 (9th Cir. May 16, 2003) .................................. 587 United States v. Morales-Diaz , 925 F.2d 535 (1st Cir. 1991) .......................................... 175 United States v. Morales-Perez , 438 F.3d 971 (9th Cir. Feb. 22, 2006) .......................... 377 United States v. Moreno-Cisneros , 319 F.3d 456 (9th Cir. Jan 31, 2003) ............... 267, 374 United States v. Moreno-Hernandez , 397 F.3d 1248 (9th Cir. 2005) .............. 270, 274, 426 United States v. Moreno-Hernandez , 419 F.3d 906 (9th Cir. Aug. 17, 2005) ................. 354 United States v. Morgan , 346 U.S. 502 (1954) ................................................................ 588 United States v. Morgan , 376 F.3d 1002 (9th Cir. July 23, 2004) ................................ 497-8 United States v. Morgan , 380 F.3d 698 (2d Cir. Aug. 19, 2004) .................................... 505 United States v. Morin , 80 F.3d 124 (4th Cir. 1996) ....................................................... 149 United States v. Mosley , 173 F.3d 1318 (11th Cir. 1999) ................................................ 593 United States v. Nardello , 393 U.S. 286, 89 S.Ct. 534 (1969) ........................................ 373 United States v. Nason , 269 F.3d 10 (1st Cir. Oct. 19, 2001) ......................................... 415 United States v. Navidad-Marcos , 367 F.3d 903 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................ 335, 340 United States v. Neelly , 208 F.2d 337 (7th Cir. 1953) ..................................................... 287 United States v. Nelson , 146 F.3d 718 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................... 595 United States v. Nichols , 229 F.3d 975 (10th Cir. 2000) ................................................. 496 United States v. Nobriga , 408 F.3d 1178 (9th Cir. May 20, 2005) .................................. 324 United States v. O’Neal , 937 F.2d 1369 (9th Cir. 1991) ................................................. 400 United States v. Orellana , 405 F.3d 360 (5th Cir. Apr. 5, 2005) ............................. 100, 383 United States v. Orellana-Blanco , 294 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. June 26, 2002) .................... 348 United States v. Orihuela , 320 F.3d 1302 (11th Cir. Feb. 10, 2003) ............................... 236 United States v. Orozco , 590 F.2d 789 (9th Cir. 1979) ................................................... 348 United States v. Ortiz-Gutierrez , 36 F.3d 80 (9th Cir. 1994) ........................... 267, 270, 273 United States v. Ortiz-Lopez , 385 F.3d 1202 (9th Cir. Oct. 6, 2004) ................ 56, 107, 130 United States v. Pacheco , 225 F.3d 148 (2d Cir. 2000) ....................... 256-7, 263, 265, 409 United States v. Pacheco-Zepeda , 234 F.3d 411 (9th Cir. 2000) ...................................... 57 United States v. Padilla , 387 F.3d 1087 (9th Cir. Nov. 2, 2004) ..................................... 633 United States v. Padilla-Reyes , 247 F.3d 1158 (11th Cir. 2001) ............................. 520, 524 United States v. Palacios-Quinonez , 431 F.3d 832 (5th Cir. Dec. 1, 2005) .................... 465 United States v. Palacios-Suarez , 418 F.3d 692 (6th Cir. 2005) ..................................... 452 United States v. Pallares-Galan , 359 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir.... ..... ....................................................................................................... 519-20, 524-8, 541-2 United States v. Pantin , 155 F.3d 91 (2d Cir. 1998) ........................................................ 501 United States v. Parga-Rosas , 238 F.3d 1209 (9th Cir. 2001) .......................................... 57 United States v. Parker , 5 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir. 1993) .............................................. 398, 492 United States v. Parrino , 212 F.2d 919 (2d Cir. 1954) .................................................... 610 United States v. Parson , 955 F.2d 858 (3d Cir. 1992) ............................................. 423, 428 United States v. Pena-Gutierrez , 222 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. 2000) ..................................... 348 United States v. Perez , 330 F.3d 97 (2d Cir. May 15, 2003) ........................................... 130 United States v. Perez-Vargas , 414 F.3d 1282 (10th Cir. July 15, 2005) ........................ 411 United States v. Periera-Salmeron , 337 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 2003) ................................. 541 United States v. Perri , 513 F.2d 572 (9th Cir. 1975) ....................................................... 629 United States v. Peters , 215 F.3d 861 (8th Cir. 2000) ............................................. 378, 469 United States v. Pimental-Flores , 339 F.3d 959 (9th Cir.... ..... ................................................................................................................... 321, 324, 419 United States v. Polanco , 29 F.3d 35 (2d Cir. 1994) ............................................... 376, 445 United States v. Pornes-Garcia , 171 F.3d 142 (2d Cir. 1999) ................................ 449, 451 United States v. Portillo-Mendoza , 273 F.3d 1224 (9th Cir. 2001) ...................... 269, 352-3 United States v. Prentiss , 256 F.3d 971 (10th Cir. 2001) ................................................ 595 United States v. Quinonez-Terrazas , 86 F.3d 382 (5th Cir. 1996) ................................... 263 United States v. Ramirez , 344 F.3d 247 (2d Cir. 2003) ................................................... 451 United States v. Rangel De Aguil , 308 F.3d 1134 (10th Cir. 2002) ................................... 52 United States v. Reinoso , 350 F.3d 51 (2d Cir. Nov. 17, 2003) ...................................... 606 United States v. Resendiz-Ponce , 425 F.3d 729 (9th Cir. Oct. 11, 2005) ........................ 389 United States v. Restrepo-Aguilar , 74 F.3d 361 (1st Cir. 1996) ...................... 376, 445, 451 United States v. Reve , 241 F.Supp.2d 470 (D.N.J. Jan. 31, 2003) ........................... 408, 535 United States v. Reyes-Castro , 13 F.3d 377 (10th Cir. 1993) .................................. 535, 538 United States v. Reyes-Lugo , 238 F.3d 305 (5th Cir. 2001) .............................................. 57 United States v. Reyna-Espinosa , 117 F.3d 826 (5th Cir. July 11, 1997) ........................ 381 United States v. Rios-Beltran , 361 F.3d 1204 (9th Cir. Mar. 24, 2004) ........................... 426 United States v. Rivera-Nevarez , 418 F.3d 1104 (10th Cir. Aug. 5, 2005) ....................... 56 United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 222 F.3d 1057 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................... 57, 241-2 United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 247 F.3d 905 (9th Cir.... 236, 240-2, 304, 311, 470-1 United States v. Robinson , 967 F.2d 287 (9th Cir. 1992) ................................................ 616 United States v. Robles-Rodriguez , 281 F.3d 900 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................ 456-7 United States v. Rodriguez-Duberney , 326 F.3d 613 (5th Cir. Mar. 25, 2003) ....... 286, 375 United States v. Rodriguez-Guzman , 56 F.3d 18 (5th Cir. 1995) .................................... 415 United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 323 F.3d 317 (5th Cir.... 286, ..... ........................................................................................................................... 401, 412 United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 393 F.3d 849 (9th Cir Jan. 5, 2005) ........ 235, 398-9 United States v. Roque-Espinoza , 338 F.3d 724 (7th Cir. 2003) ..................................... 113 United States v. Rowland , 357 F.3d 1193 (10th Cir. 2004) ............................................. 532 United States v. Saenz-Mendoza , 287 F.3d 1011 (10th Cir. 2002) ....................... 256-7, 409 United States v. Sahakian , 965 F.2d 740 (9th Cir. 1992) ................................................ 400 United States v. Salas-Mendoza , 237 F.3d 1246 (10th Cir. 2001) ................................... 368 United States v. Saldivar-Vargas , 290 F.Supp.2d 1210 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2003) ........ 130 United States v. Sambro , 454 F.2d 918 (D.C. Cir. 1971) ........................................ 589, 610 United States v. Sanchez-Guzman , 744 F.Supp. 997 (E.D.Wash. 1990) ......................... 608 United States v. Sanchez-Sanchez , 333 F.3d 1065 (9th Cir. June 26, 2003) .... 353, 449, 551 United States v. Sanchez-Villalobos , 412 F.3d 572 (5th Cir. June 7, 2005) ......... 255-6, 451 United States v. Sandoval , 390 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. Aug. 19, 2004) ............................... 417 United States v. Sandoval-Barajas , 206 F.3d 853 (9th Cir. 2000) ............ 174-5, 357-8, 484 United States v. Santelises , 476 F.2d 787 (2d Cir. 1973) ................................................. 589 United States v. Santelises , 509 F.2d 703 (2d Cir. 1975) ................................................. 590 United States v. Santo , 225 F.3d 92 (1st Cir. 2000) ......................................................... 596 United States v. Sarbia , 362 F.3d 558 (9th Cir.... 122 (2004) ........................................................................................................................... 225, 392 United States v. Saywers , 409 F.3d 732 (6th Cir. 2005) .................................................. 536 United States v. Searcy , 418 F.3d 1193 (11th Cir. July 28, 2005) ................................... 533 United States v. Serna , 435 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. Jan. 23, 2006) ................................... 434-5 United States v. Shannon , 110 F.3d 382 (7th Cir. 1997) ................................. 477, 536, 540 United States v. Shepard , 231 F.3d 56 (1st Cir. 2000) .................................................... 347 United States v. Shumate , 329 F.3d 1026 (9th Cir. 2003) ....................................... 246, 380 United States v. Simon , 168 F.3d 1271 (11th Cir. 1999) ................................. 376, 445, 451 United States v. Simpson , 319 F.3d 81 (2d Cir. 2002) ............................................. 254, 449 United States v. Smith , 160 F.3d 117 (2d Cir. 1998) ....................................................... 594 United States v. Smith , 171 F.3d 617 (8th Cir. 1999) ...................................................... 415 United States v. Solis-Campozano , 312 F.3d 164 (5th Cir. Nov. 12, 2002) .................... 391 United States v. Sotelo , 109 F.3d 1446 (9th Cir. 1997) ................................................... 149 United States v. Soto-Ornelas , 312 F.3d 1167 (10th Cir. Dec. 3, 2002) .......................... 401 United States v. Spell , 44 F.3d 936 (11th Cir. 1995) ....................................................... 352 United States v. Spinner , 180 F.3d 514 (3d Cir. 1999) .................................................... 595 United States v. Stapleton , 440 F.3d 700 (5th Cir. Feb. 16, 2006) .................................. 428 United States v. Strand , 574 F.2d 993 (9th Cir. 1978) ..................................................... 396 United States v. Studevent , 116 F.3d 1559 (D.C.Cir. 1997) ............................................ 499 United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers , 526 U.S. 398 (1999) ....................................... 396 United States v. Tablie , 166 F.3d 505 (2d Cir. 1999) ................................................... 587-8 United States v. Tarallo , 380 F.3d 1174 (9th Cir. Aug. 20, 2004) .................................. 487 United States v. Taylor , 322 F.3d 1209 (9th Cir. Mar. 20, 2003) .................................... 226 United States v. Teeples , 432 F.3d 1110 (9th Cir. Jan 5, 2006) ....................................... 535 United States v. Tejeda-Perez , 199 F.3d 981 (8th Cir. 1999) .......................................... 265 United States v. Thomas , 361 F.3d 653 (D.C. Cir. 2004) ................................................ 175 United States v. Thomas , 159 F.3d 296 (7th Cir. 1997) .................................................. 538 United States v. Thompson/Center Arms Co. , 504 U.S. 505, 112 S.Ct. 2102 (1992) ...... 383 United States v. Threw , 861 F.2d 1046 (7th Cir. 1988) ................................................... 630 United States v. Toothman , 137 F.3d 1393 (9th Cir. 1998) ............................................. 593 United States v. Torres , 383 F.3d 92 (3d Cir. Sept. 7, 2004) ............................ 73, 110, 113 United States v. Torres-Diaz , 438 F.3d 529 (5th Cir. Jan. 30, 2006) ....................... 306, 336 United States v. Torres-Rosa , 209 F.3d 4 (1st Cir. 2000) ................................................ 175 United States v. Treto-Martinez , 421 F.3d 1156 (10th Cir. Sept. 7, 2005) ...................... 415 United States v. Tucker , 404 U.S. 443 (1972) .......................................................... 592, 630 United States v. Turley , 352 U.S. 407, 77 S.Ct. 397 (1957) .................................... 360, 397 United States v. Turner , 349 F.3d 833 (5th Cir. 2003) .................................................... 352 United States v. Ubaldo-Figueroa , 347 F.3d 718 (9th Cir.... 113, 118, 130, 159-62, 190 United States v. Urias-Escobar , 281 F.3d 165 (5th Cir. 2002) ............................ 256-7, 409 United States v. Valenzuela-Escalante , 130 F.3d 944 (10th Cir. Dec. 5, 1997) .............. 451 United States v. Valladares , 304 F.3d 1300 (8th Cir. Sept. 26, 2002) ............................. 163 United States v. Vargas-Duran , 356 F.3d 598 (5th Cir. 2004) ........................................ 325 United States v. Vasquez-Balandran , 76 F.3d 648 (5th Cir. 1996) .......................... 263, 266 United States v. Vasquez-Flores , 265 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir. 2001) .................................. 549 United States v. Velasco-Medina , 305 F.3d 839 (9th Cir.... 313, 320, 335, 340, 397-400 United States v. Velazquez-Overa , 100 F.3d 418 (5th Cir. 1996) .................................... 537 United States v. Venegas-Onelas , 348 F.3d 1273 (10th Cir. Nov. 14, 2003) .................. 415 United States v. Vidal , 426 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir. Oct. 24, 2005) ........... 231-5, 380, 545, 548 United States v. Villanueva-Gaxiola , 119 F. Supp.2d 1185 (D. Kansas 2000) ........ 425, 483 United States v. Villegas , 404 F.3d 355 (5th Cir. Mar. 17, 2005) .................................... 277 United States v. Vroman , 975 F.2d 669 (9th Cir.... 210, 229, 293, 460, 626 United States v. Ward , 576 F.2d 932 (1st Cir. 1978) ....................................................... 630 United States v. Wells , 180 F. Supp. 707 (Del. 1959) ...................................................... 315 United States v. Wenner , 351 F.3d 969 (9th Cir. Dec. 12, 2003) .................... 397, 399, 478 United States v. Williams , 47 F.3d 993 (9th Cir. 1995) ................................................... 400 United States v. Wilson , 316 F.3d 506 (4th Cir. Jan. 16, 2003) ............................... 113, 451 United States v. Winbush , 407 F.3d 703 (5th Cir. 2005) ................................................. 488 United States v. Winson , 793 F.2d 754 (6th Cir. 1986) ................................................... 176 United States v. Wood , 52 F.3d 272 (9th Cir. 1995) ................................................ 535, 619 United States v. Yacoubian , 24 F.3d 1 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................... 162 United States v. Yanez-Saucedo , 295 F.3d 991 (9th Cir. July 8, 2002) ................... 510, 535 United States v. Yearwood , 863 F.2d 6 (4th Cir. 1988) ................................................... 590 United States v. Zamudio , 314 F.3d 517 (10th Cir. 2002) ....................................... 196, 205 United States v. Zarate-Martinez , 133 F.3d 1194 (9th Cir. 1998) ................................... 449 United States v. Zavala-Sustaita , 214 F.3d 601 (5th Cir. 2000) ...................... 514, 517, 524 United States v. Wright , 43 F.3d 491 (10th Cir. 1994) .................................................... 597 Uritsky v. Gonzales , 399 F.3d 728 (6th Cir. Mar. 7, 2005) ..................................... 198, 209 Urrutia v. Gonzales , 413 F.3d 444 (4th Cir. July 5, 2005) .............................................. 423 Valansi v. Ashcroft , 278 F.3d 203 (3d Cir. 2002) ..................................... 313-4, 436-7, 487 Valdivia v. Gonzales , 423 F.3d 1144 (10th Cir. Sept. 13, 2005) ....................................... 32 Valencia v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir.... 2006) .............................................................................................. 379, ..... ................................................................................................................................ 536-7 Valencia v. Gonzales , 439 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. Mar. 6, 2006) ......................... 410, 536, 539 Valerio-Ochoa v. INS , 241 F.3d 1092 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................... 478 Varela v. Kaiser , 976 F.2d 1357 (10th Cir. 1992) ........................................................... 590 Vasquez-Velezmoro v. INS , 281 F.3d 693 (8th Cir. 2002) ....................................... 598, 602 Vasquez-Zavala v. Ashcroft , 324 F.3d 1105 (9th Cir. Apr. 7, 2003) ................................. 93 Velasquez v. Reno , 37 F. Supp. 2d 663 (D. N.J. 1999) ..................................................... 45 Velasquez-Gabriel v. Crocetti , 263 F.3d 102 (4th Cir. 2001) ............................................ 97 Velez-Lotero v. Achim , 414 F.3d 776 (7th Cir. July 11, 2005) ........................................ 119 Velez-Lozano v. INS , 463 F.2d 1305 (D.C. Cir. 1972) ............................ 267, 301, 343, 608 Ven v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 357 (1st Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 75 Vermiglio v. Butterfield , 223 F.2d 804 (6th Cir. 1955) .................................................... 614 Vidal y Planas v. Landon , 104 F.Supp. 384 (S.D. Cal 1952) .. 180, 183, 303, 322, 351, 614 Vieira-Garcia v. INS , 239 F.3d 409 (1st Cir. 2001) ........................................ 206, 209, 213 Villanueva-Franco v. INS , 802 F.2d 327 (9th Cir. 1986) .................................................. 23 Voorhees v. Jackson , 35 U.S. 449 (1836) ........................................................................ 576 Vue v. INS , 92 F.3d 696 (8th Cir. 1996) .................................................. 326, 332, 337, 340 Wadman v. INS , 329 F.2d 812 (9th Cir. 1964) ........................................ 334, 340, 343, 351 Wang v. Ashcroft , 320 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. Feb. 6, 2003) ......................................... 11, 36, 70 Warden v. Hayden , 387 U.S. 294 (1967) ......................................................................... 322 Weedin v. Hempel , 28 F.2d 603 (9th Cir. 1928) ...................................................... 183, 614 Weinbrand v. Prentis , 4 F.2d 778 (6th Cir. 1925) ........................................................... 214 Whitty v. Weedin , 68 F.2d 127 (9th Cir. 1933) ................................................................ 179 Wiedersperg v. INS , 896 F.2d 1179 (9th Cir. 1990) ..................................... 559, 605, 631-2 Will v. INS , 447 F.2d 529 (7th Cir. 1971) ................................................................ 215, 219 Williams (Terry) v. Taylor , 529 U.S. 362, 120 S.Ct. 1495 (2000) ................................... 585 Wilson v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 377 (3d Cir. Nov. 26, 2003) ...................................... 298, 455 Wilson v. Carr , 41 F.2d 704 (9th Cir. 1930) ............................................................ 206, 557 Wireko v. Reno , 211 F.3d 833 (4th Cir. 2000) ............................................................. 256-7 Woodby v. INS , 385 U.S. 276 (1966) ..................................................... 18, 145, 336, 562-3 Worrell v. Ashcroft , 207 F.Supp.2d 61 (W.D.N.Y. 2002) ................................................. 34 Wyngaard v. Kennedy , 295 F.2d 184 (D.C. Cir. 1961) ................................................... 155 Wyngaard v. Rogers , 187 F.Supp. 527 (D.D.C. 1960) .................................................... 371 Xiong v. INS , 173 F.3d 601 (7th Cir. 1999) ....................................... 67, 415, 536, 538, 619 Yanez-Garcia v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 280 (7th Cir. Nov. 2, 2004) ............................ 253, 453 Ye v. INS , 214 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir. 2000) ......................................... 361, 397-400, 402, 414 Yousefi v. INS , 260 F.3d 318 (4th Cir. 2001) ........................................................... 138, 345 Zadvydas v. Davis , 533 U.S. 678, 121 S.Ct. 2491 (2001) ........................................ 37, 48-9 Zaffarano v. Corsi , 63 F.2d 757 (2d Cir. 1933) ........................................ 334-5, 340-2, 344 Zaidi v. Ashcroft , 374 F.3d 357 (5th Cir. June 21, 2004) ................................................ 533 Zaitona v. INS , 9 F.3d 432 (6th Cir. 1993) .............................................................. 291, 608 Zamora-Morel v. INS , 905 F.2d 833 (5th Cir. 1990) ....................................................... 215 Zavala v. Ridge , 310 F.Supp.2d 1071 (N.D.Cal. 2004) .................................................... 44 Zayed v. United States , 368 F.3d 902 (6th Cir. May 24, 2004) ......................................... 83 Zazueta-Carrillo v. Ashcroft , 322 F.3d 1166 (9th Cir. 2003) .......................................... 109 Zgodda v. Holland , 184 F.Supp. 847 (E.D. Pa. 1960) ............................. 183, 322, 328, 614 Zheng v. Gonzalez , 422 F.3d 98 (3d Cir. Sep 8, 2005) ..................................................... 25 Zhu v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 521 (5th Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 74 Zinnanti v. INS , 651 F.2d 420 (5th Cir.... 556, 567 STATE CASES Commonwealth v. Rodriguez , 802 N.E.2d 1039 (Mass. Feb. 10, 2004) ................. 197, 199 Crabbe v. State , 248 Ga.App. 314, 546 S.E.2d 65 (2001) .............................................. 581 Daley v. State , 487 A.2d 320 (Md. 1985) ........................................................................ 582 Garcia v. Superior Court , 14 Cal.4th 953 (1997) ............................................................ 630 Holliman v. State , 692 S.W.2d 120 (Tex. App. 1985) ..................................................... 468 Houston v. State , 528 N.E. 2d 818 (Ind.... Cal.4th 230 (2001) ................................................................ 580, 589-90 Lyons v. Pearce (Lyons I) , 694 P.2d 969 (Ore. 1985) ............................................. 582, 609 Lyons v. Pearce (Lyons II) , 694 P.2d 978 (Ore. 1985) .................................................... 609 Michael M. v. Super. Ct. , 25 Cal .3d 608 (1979) ............................................................. 540 Monte v. State , 443 So.2d 339 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983) ............................................... 629 People v. Allen , 21 Cal.4th 424 (1999) ............................................................................ 630 People v. Alonzo , 13 Cal.App.4th 535, 16 Cal.Rptr.2d 656 (1993) ................................ 478 People v. Barocio , 216 Cal.App.3d 99, 264 Cal.Rptr. 573 (1989) .......................... 609, 628 People v. Bautista , 115 Cal.App.4th 229, 8 Cal.Rptr.3d 862 (2004) ................... 580, 583-4 People v. Beeman , 35 Cal.3d 547 (1984) ........................................................................ 232 People v. Borrelli , 77 Cal.App.4th 703 (2000) ................................................................ 436 People v. Clem , 78 Cal.App.4th 346, 92 Cal.Rptr.2d 727 (2000) ................................... 478 People v. Correa , 485 N.E.2d 307 (Ill. 1985) ................................................................. 567 People v. Diaz , 49 Cal.Rptr.2d 252 (1996) ..................................................................... 527 People v. Huante , 571 N.E. 2d 736 (Ill. 1991) ................................................................ 582 People v. Holmes , 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 678, 32 Cal.4th 432 (2004) ......................................... 338 People v. Kadadu , 425 N.W.2d 784 (Mich. 1988) .......................................................... 582 People v. Lopez , 19 Cal.4th 282 (1998) ........................................................................... 526 People v. Luna , 570 N.E.2d 404 (Ill.App.Ct. 1991) ....................................................... 567 People v. Ormiston , 105 Cal.App.4th 676 (Cal. Ct. App. Jan. 22, 2003) ............... 465, 470 People v. Pallares , 112 Cal.App.2d Supp. 895 (1952) .................................................... 526 People v. Percelle , 126 Cal.App.4th 164 (2005) ............................................................. 498 People v. Pope , 23 Cal.3d 412 (1979) ............................................................................. 580 People v. Pozo , 746 P.2d 523 (Colo. 1987) ............................................................. 582, 609 People v. Prettyman , 14 Cal.4th 248 (1996) .................................................................... 232 People v. Rocha , 3 Cal.3d 893 (1971) ............................................................................. 417 People v. Rogers , 5 Cal.3d 129 (1971) ............................................................................ 465 People v. Sharp , 36 Cal.Rptr.2d 117(1994) .................................................................... 527 People v. Soriano , 194 Cal.App. 3d 1470 (1987) .................................... 580, 582, 584, 609 People v. Superior Court (Giron) , 11 Cal.3d 793 (1974) ................................................ 586 People v. Trepanier , 84 A.D.2d 374, 446 N.Y.S.2d 829 (N.Y.App.Div. 1982) .... 156, 394 People v. West , 3 Cal.3d 595, 91 Cal.Rptr. 385 (1970) ................................................... 194 People v. Wiedersperg , 44 Cal.App.3d 550 (1975) ......................................................... 586 Ramos v. State , 928 S.W.2d 160 (Tex. App. 1996) ......................................................... 468 Rollins v. State , 591 S.E.2d 796 (Ga. Jan. 12, 2004) ....................................................... 581 Seals v. State , 23 Tenn. 272 (2000) .................................................................................. 594 State v. Bey , 270 Kan. 544, 17 P.3d 322 (2001) .............................................................. 597 State v. Danh , 516 N.W.2d 539 (Minn. 1994) ................................................................. 597 State v. Davis , 60 Wash. App. 813 (1991) ....................................................... 406, 417, 445 State v. Ginebra , 511 So.2d 960 (Fla. 1987) ................................................................... 582 State v. Hansen , 146 Ariz. 226 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1985) ..................................................... 629 State v. Rojas-Martinez , 125 P.3d 930 (Utah Nov. 22, 2005) ......................................... 581 Vega-Gonzalez v. State , 191 Or. App. 587 (2004)... DOCKETED CASES American Baptist Churches v. Thornburgh , Civ. No. C-85-3255 ..................................... 94 Grodzki v. Reno , No. 96-cv-2303-ODE (N.D.Ga. Sept. 20, 1996) ................................... 44 Lopez-Tellez v. INS , No. 96-1432-BTM (CGA) (S.D.Cal. Sept. 26, 1996) ....................... 44 Montero v. Cobb , No. 96-1141C-WGY (D. Mass. 1996) ................................................. 44 Naranjo-Aguilera v. INS , Civ. No. CV-S-91-1462 (E.D. Cal.... § 1101(a)(13)(C)(iii) .......................................................................................... 167 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(C)(v) ........................................................................................... 168 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(S) ..................................................................................................... 1182(a)(3)(B)(i) ........................................................................................ 93, 240 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(V)(aa) ................................................................................ 240 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(E) ................................................................................................... 166, 280, 406, 563 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(v) ......................................................................................... 610-1 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B) ...................................................................................... § 1324(a)(1)(A)(iv) ........................................................................................... 245 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(v)(II) ....................................................................................... 390 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a) ...................................................................................................... INA § 101(a)(13)(C)(iii) .................................................................................................. 167 INA § 101(a)(13)(C)(v) ................................................................................................... 168 INA § 101(a)(13)(S) .......................................................................................................... 85... § 212(a)(3)(B)(i) ................................................................................................ 93, 240 INA § 212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(V)(aa) ......................................................................................... 240 INA § 212(a)(3)(E) ......................................................................................................... 85-6... 164, 166, 280, 406, 563 INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(v) .................................................................................................. 610-1 INA § 237(a)(2)(B) ............................................................................................ 53,... INA § 274(a)(1)(A)(iv) .................................................................................................... 245 INA § 274(a)(1)(A)(v)(II) ............................................................................................... 390 INA § 275 ........................................................................................................................ 390... 566 Indiana Code § 35-42-2-1 ............................................................................................... 415 Kentucky Revised Statute § 510.060 .............................................................................. 540 Louisiana
Crimes of Moral Turpitude: §6.2
offender in federal court. [11] Taylor v. United States , [12] upon which most... modified categorical approaches set forth in Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990) . See Cuevas-Gaspar v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 1013, 1017 (9th Cir.... categorically fall within, this generic definition.” Huerta-Guevara v. Ashcroft, 321 F.3d 883, 887 (9th Cir.... the transcript from the plea proceedings.” Tokatly v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 613, 620 (9th Cir.... Id. at 620-21 ; see also Ferreira v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 1091, 1095 (9th Cir.... 2007) . See also United States v. Carbajal-Diaz , 508 F.3d 804 (5th Cir.... offenses enumerated in the second prong.); Cisneros-Perez v. Gonzales , 451 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.... Dec. 38 (BIA 1979) . [7] Tokatly v. Ashcroft , 371 F.3d 613 (9th Cir.... 1999) . [9] See, e.g., United States v. Ladwig , 432 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir. Dec. 27, 2005) . [10] See, e.g., United States v. Lopez-Montanez , 421 F.3d 926 (9th Cir.... § 2L1.2, cmt. n. 1(B)(ii)); United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 323 F.3d 317 (5th Cir.... 15, 2004). But see United States v. Izaguirre-Flores , 405 F.3d 270 (5th Cir.... meaning,” rather than “categorical” analysis); United States v. Rodriguez-Duberney , 326 F.3d 613 (5th Cir.... the case). [11] See, e.g., United States v. Granbois , 376 F.3d 993 (9th Cir.... Offender Guideline, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1). [12] Taylor v. United States , 495 U.S. 575, 110 S.Ct. 2143 (1990) . [13] Shepard v. United States , 544 U.S. 13, 125... drug offenses or violent felonies). [15] Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 468 F.3d 1159, 1163-1164 (9th... 7.9 , infra . [19] United States v. Meza-Corrales , 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11199... the victim). See also United States v. Pintado-Isiordia , 448 F.3d 1155 (9th Cir.... Our decisions in Hashish , Padilla , and similar cases apply to immigration law the approach that Taylor v. United States , 495 U . S. 575 (1990) , and Shepard v. United States , 544 U.S. 13 (2005)... sixth amendment and the doctrine of Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466 (2000)... itself rather than the judiciary. See Conteh v. Gonzales , 461 F.3d 45 (1st Cir.2006)... an act of moral turpitude. [1] Ali v. Mukasey , 521 F.3d 737 (7 th Cir. Apr. 4, 2008) . [2] E.g., Singh v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 144 (3d Cir.... victim” requirement of INA § 101(a)(43)(M)(i)); Alaka v. Attorney General, 456 F.3d 88 (3d Cir.... [9] This idea was lifted from Conteh v. Gonzales , 641 F.3d 45 (1st Cir.... a reasonable doubt). [10] See, e.g., Sharashidze v. Gonzoles , 480 F.3d 566 (7th Cir.... 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A)) . [11] Ali v. Mukasey , 521 F.3d 737, 741 (7... . [12] National Cable & Telecommunications Association v. Brand X Internet Services , 545 U.S. 967 (2005) . [13] Ali v. Mukasey , 521 F.3d 737, 743 (7... aggravated felony determination). [17] See, e.g, Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez , 549 U.S. 183, 127 S.Ct. 815 (Jan. 17, 2007) . [18] Garcia-Meza v. Mukasey , 516 F.3d 535 (7 th... of deportation). [20] See , e.g., Rust v. Sullivan , 500 U.S. 173 (1991) (allowing... it provided a reasoned explanation). [21] Ng v. Att’y Gen. , 436 F.3d 392, 395... C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4) . See Smiriko v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 279, 289 n.6... . . . .”)). [22] See Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223 (1951)
Crimes of Moral Turpitude: §3.18
judicial review of certain asylum-related issues. Ramadan v. Gonzalez , 427 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir.... one-year asylum deadline). See also Hanan v. Gonzales , 449 F.3d 834 (8th Cir.... ‘constitutional claim or question of law’); Toro-Romero v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 930 (9th Cir.... , supra . See, e.g., Moreno-Bravo v. Gonzales , 463 F.3d 253 (2d Cir.... REAL ID Act, supra . [4] Kumarasamy v. Attorney General , 453 F.3d 169 (3d... order of removal). [5] Id. [6] Mohamed v. Gonzales , 470 F.3d 771 (8th Cir. Nov. 27, 2006); Alexandre v. U.S. Attorney Gen ., 452 F.3d 1204... Papers Series. Paper 18. http://lsr.nellco.org/cornell/clsops/papers/18 [2] Ballesteros v. Ashcroft , 452 F.3d 1153 (10th Cir. Jun. 14, 2006). See also Latu v. Ashcroft , 375 F.3d 1012 (10th Cir. 2004); Menowitz v. Brown , 991 F.2d 36, 40 (2d Cir. 1993). [3] 8 C.F.R. § 1003.20. [4] Ballesteros v. Ashcroft , 452 F.3d 1153 (10th Cir.... to judicial review). [5] See, e.g., Petrov v. Gonzales , 464 F.3d 800 (7th Cir.... under the Convention Against Torture), following Hamid v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 642 (7th Cir. 2005). [6] INA § 242(a)(2)(C), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C). [7] McAllister v. United States Att’y Gen ., 444 F.3d... one of those enumerated offenses). [8] Alvarez-Santos v. INS , 332 F.3d 1245, 1251 (9th... that he is.”). But see Kelava v. Gonzales , 434 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir.... engaged in terrorist activity). [9] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir.... dismissed the appeal, without determining whether Garcia-Echaverria’s Kentucky drug conviction constituted an ‘aggravated felony.’”); Flores-Garza v. INS , 328 F.3d 797, 802-03 (5th Cir. 2003); Bayudan v. Ashcroft , 287 F.3d 761, 763-764 (9th Cir. Apr. 15, 2002); Fernandez-Bernal v. Att’y Gen of United States , 257 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. July 19, 2001); Briseno v. INS , 192 F.3d 1320, 1322 (9th... deportation on that ground.”). But see Adefemi v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 828 (11th Cir.... denied , 125 S.Ct. 2245 (2005); Xiong v. INS , 173 F.3d 601, 608 (7th Cir. 1999); Choeum v. INS , 129 F.3d 29, 38 (1st Cir. 1997). [10] Renteria-Gonzalez v. INS , 322 F.3d 804 (5th Cir.... felony under pre-IIRAIRA immigration law). [11] McAllister v. United States Att’y Gen. , 444 F.3d... ID Act, supra . [14] See Rodriguez-Castro v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 316 (5th Cir. 2005); Papageorgiou v. Gonzales , 413 F.3d 356, 358 (3d Cir. 2005); accord Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 410 F.3d 585, 587 (9th Cir. 2005); Gattem v. Gonzales , 412 F.3d 758, 762 (7th Cir. 2005); Lopez v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 934, 936 (8th Cir. 2005). [15] Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 468 F.3d 1159 (9th Cir.... U.S.C. § 1252). [16] See, e.g., Chen v. Gonzales , 471 F.3d 315, 326-27 (2d... habeas review over Executive detentions.”); Kamara v. Att’y Gen. of the United States ,... an alien’s habeas petition.”). [17] United States v. Arce-Hernandez , 163 F.3d 559 (9th Cir. 1998), citing Chow v. INS , 113 F.3d 659 (7th Cir. 1997), distinguishing Duldulao v. INS , 90 F.3d 396 (9th Cir.... U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B). See, e.g., Jarad v. Gonzales , 461 F.3d 867 (7th Cir.... denial of INA § 245(i) adjustment); Zhang v. Gonzales , 457 F.3d 172 (2d Cir.... determination under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i)); Alaka v. Att’y Gen. , 456 F.3d 88 (3d... 212(c) and cancellation of removal eligibility); Avendano-Espejo v. DHS , 448 F.3d 503 (2d Cir.... denial of INA § 212(c) relief); Martinez v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 446 F.3d 1219 (11th Cir. Apr. 21, 2006); Hadwani v. Gonzales , 445 F.3d 798 (5th Cir. Apr. 4, 2006); Grass v. Gonzales , 418 F.3d 876 (8th Cir.... 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(3)(C)(ii). [25] INA § 212(a)(9)(B)(v), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(v). [26] Compare Jean v. Gonzales , 435 F.3d 475 (4th Cir.... non-discretionary factor subject to judicial review); Moran v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1089, 1091 (9th... exclusions in INA § 101(f)), with Lopez-Castellanos v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 848 (9th Cir.... to be eligible for relief); Cuellar Lopez v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 492 (7th Cir.... a discretionary factor) . [27] Compare Morales v. Gonzales , 472 F.3d 689 (9th Cir. Jan. 3, 2007); Alaka v. Attorney Gen. , 456 F.3d 88 (3d... the discretion of the Attorney General); Afridi v. Gonzales , 442 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir.... purposes of withholding of removal), with Petrov v. Gonzales , 464 F.3d 800 (7th Cir.... in the court of appeals). [28] Wilmore v. Gonzales , 455 F.3d 524 (5th Cir.... 240A(b)(2), 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(2)). [29] Morales v. Gonzales , 472 F.3d 689 (9th Cir.... U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). [32] See, e.g., Reyez-Melendez v. INS , 342 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir.... evidence relevant to establishing extreme hardship); Akhtar v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 399 (6th Cir.... its own regulations). [33] See, e.g., Delgado-Reynua v. Gonzales , 450 F.3d 596 (5th Cir.... court review of discretionary issue). [34] Falek v. Gonzales , 475 F.3d 285 (5th Cir.... its own precedent). [35] See, e.g., Sepulveda v. Gonzales , 407 F.3d 59 (2d Cir.... § 245(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i)); Limon v. Gonzales , 404 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir.... 24.7 (4 th ed. 2007) [37] Khan v. Attorney General , 448 F.3d 226 (3d... as a violation of due process); Mohammed v. Gonzales , 400 F.3d 785, 792 (9th... denying a motion to reopen); cf. Koon v. United States , 518 U.S. 81, 100... an error of law.”). [38] E.g., Ramadan v. Gonzales , 479 F.3d 646 (9th Cir.... broader than just statutory interpretation."), following Chen v. Gonzales , 471 F.3d 315, 326-27 (2d... review over Executive detentions”). [39] United States v. Mead Corp. , 533 U.S. 218, 226-27... the BIA, is due Chevron deference. Smriko v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 279, 289 n.6 (3d Cir. 2004). [40] Sutherland v. Reno , 228 F.3d 171 (2d Cir. 2000), citing Michel v. INS , infra , quoting Hamdan v. INS , 98 F.3d 183, 185 (5th Cir. 1996); Michel v. INS , 206 F.3d 253, 262 (2d... and Nationality Act). See generally Franklin v. INS , 72 F.3d 571, 577-78 (8th... findings of moral turpitude). Compare Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , 52 F.3d 238, 240 n.4... be reviewed de novo ), with Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193, 194-97 (1st... the meaning of the INA). [41] INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre , 526 U.S. 415, 424, 119 S.Ct. 1439 (1999); Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. , 467 U.S. 837, 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778 (1984). [42] Garcia-Maldonado v. Gonzales , 491 F.3d 284 (5th Cir.... law offense is a CIMT."), following Rodriguez-Castro v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 316, 320 (5th Cir. 2005). [43] Plasencia-Ayala v. Mukasey , 516 F.3d 738 (9th Cir.... constitutes a crime involving moral turpitude.” Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th... particularize the meaning of the term. Galeana-Mendoza v. Gonzales , 465 F.3d 1054, 1058 n.9... has any particular expertise in interpreting.” Garcia-Lopez v. Ashcroft , 334 F.3d 840, 843 (9th Cir. 2003)."). [44] Wala v. Mukasey , 511 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. Dec. 12, 2007); Michel v. INS , 206 F.3d 253, 262-65 (2d... 390, 396-97 (BIA 2002), and citing Leocal v. Ashcroft , 543 U.S. 1, 11 n.8... But see National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services , 545 U.S.
Aggravated Felonies: §2.19
judicial review of certain asylum-related issues. Ramadan v. Gonzalez , 427 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir.... one-year asylum deadline). See also Toro-Romero v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 930 (9th Cir.... of law and fact. In Ramadan v. Gonzalez , [13] the court found that... 242(a)(2)(C), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C). [3] Alvarez-Santos v. INS , 332 F.3d 1245, 1251 (9th... that he is.”). But see Kelava v. Gonzales , 434 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir.... engaged in terrorist activity). [4] United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir.... dismissed the appeal, without determining whether Garcia-Echaverria’s Kentucky drug conviction constituted an ‘aggravated felony.’”); Flores-Garza v. INS , 328 F.3d 797, 802-03 (5th Cir. 2003); Bayudan v. Ashcroft , 287 F.3d 761, 763-764 (9th Cir. Apr. 15, 2002); Fernandez-Bernal v. Att’y Gen of United States , 257 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. July 19, 2001); Briseno v. INS , 192 F.3d 1320, 1322 (9th... deportation on that ground.”). But see Adefemi v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 828 (11th Cir.... denied , 125 S.Ct. 2245 (2005); Xiong v. INS , 173 F.3d 601, 608 (7th Cir. 1999); Choeum v. INS , 129 F.3d 29, 38 (1st Cir. 1997). [5] Renteria-Gonzalez v. INS , 322 F.3d 804 (5th Cir.... pre-IIRAIRA immigration law). [6] See, e.g., Balogun v. United States Att’y Gen. , 304 F.3d... the final order of the BIA.”); Alvarez-Santos v. INS , 332 F.3d 1245 (9th Cir.... in that section). [7] See, e.g., INS v. St. Cyr , 533 U.S. 289, 121... 1182(c) may not be applied retroactively); Bell v. Reno , 218 F.3d 86, 89-90 (2d... 1081, 121 S.Ct. 784 (2001) ; Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir.... was given de novo review. Lopez-Elias v. Reno , 209 F.3d 788, 791 (5th... 1069, 121 S.Ct. 757 (2001). [8] Calcano-Martinez v. INS , 533 U.S. 348, 121 S.Ct.... ID Act, supra . [11] See Rodriguez-Castro v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 316 (5th Cir. 2005); Papageorgiou v. Gonzales , 413 F.3d 356, 358 (3d Cir. 2005); accord Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 410 F.3d 585, 587 (9th Cir. 2005); Gattem v. Gonzales , 412 F.3d 758, 762 (7th Cir. 2005); Lopez v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 934, 936 (8th Cir. 2005). [12] Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 410 F.3d 585 (9th Cir.... REAL ID Act.”) (Footnote omitted). [13] Ramadan v. Gonzalez , 427 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir. Nov. 2, 2005). See also Kamara v. Att’y Gen. of the United States ,... over an alien’s habeas petition.”). [14] Ogbudimka v. Ashcroft , 342 F.3d 207, 223 (3d Cir. 2003). See also Wang v. Ashcroft , 320 F.3d 130, 143 (2d... the permissible scope of review.”); Saint Fort v, Ashcroft , 329 F.3d 191, 203 (1st Cir. 2003) (noting that the Supreme Court’s decision in INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289 (2001) “referred... the REAL ID Act. [15] United States v. Arce-Hernandez , 163 F.3d 559 (9th Cir. 1998), citing Chow v. INS , 113 F.3d 659 (7th Cir. 1997), distinguishing Duldulao v. INS , 90 F.3d 396 (9th Cir.... 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(3)(C)(ii). [23] INA § 212(a)(9)(B)(v), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(v). [24] Compare Lopez-Castellanos v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 848 (9th Cir.... required to be eligible for relief); Jean v. Gonzales , 435 F.3d 475 (4th Cir.... subject to judicial review), with Cuellar Lopez v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 492 (7th Cir.... Act, supra . [26] See, e.g., Grass v. Gonzales , 418 F.3d 876 (8th Cir.... implicate due process). Cf . Akhtar v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 399 (6th Cir.... its own regulations). [27] See, e.g., Sepulveda v. Gonzales , 407 F.3d 59 (2d Cir.... § 245(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i)); Limon v. Gonzales , 404 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir.... See § 2.8, supra . [29] Mohammed v. Gonzales , 400 F.3d 785, 792 (9th... a motion to reopen). [30] United States v. Mead Corp. , 533 U.S. 218, 226-27... the BIA, is due Chevron deference. Smriko v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 279, 289 n.6 (3d Cir. 2004). [31] Sutherland v. Reno , 228 F.3d 171 (2d Cir. 2000), citing Michel v. INS , infra , quoting Hamdan v. INS , 98 F.3d 183, 185 (5th Cir. 1996); Michel v. INS , 206 F.3d 253, 262 (2d... and Nationality Act). See generally Franklin v. INS , 72 F.3d 571, 577-78 (8th... findings of moral turpitude). Compare Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , 52 F.3d 238, 240 n.4... be reviewed de novo ), with Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193, 194-97 (1st... the meaning of the INA). [32] INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre , 526 U.S. 415, 424, 119 S.Ct. 1439 (1999); Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. , 467 U.S. 837, 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778 (1984). [33] Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 737 (7th Cir.... is entitled to Chevron deference; see INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre , 526 U.S. 415, 425, 143... entitled to such deference . Compare Knapik v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 84, 87 (3d Cir. 2004); Chanmouny v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 810, 811 (8th Cir. 2004), and Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193, 195 (1st Cir. 1994), holding that it is, with Smalley v. Ashcroft , 354 F.3d 332, 336 (5th Cir. 2003), and Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , 52 F.3d 238 n. 4... U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). [36] See, e.g., Flores v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 666 (7th Cir.... statute have only persuasive force). [37] Ng v. Att’y Gen. , 436 F.3d 392 (3d Cir. Feb. 7, 2006); Singh v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 533 (3d Cir.... the BIA’s area of special expertise. Tran v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 464, 470 (3d Cir. 2005); Francis v. Reno, 269 F.3d 162, 168 (3d Cir.... endangering another person were aggravated felonies. Valansi v. Ashcroft, 278 F.3d 203, 207 (3d Cir. 2002).”). [38] Ng v. Att’y Gen. , 436 F.3d 392, 395... 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4). See Smriko v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 279, 289 n.6... C.F.R. § 1003.1(e). [40] See, e.g., Denko v. INS , 351 F.3d 717 (6th Cir. Dec. 8, 2003); Falcon Carriche v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 845 (9th Cir. 2003); Dominguez v. Ashcroft , 336 F.3d 678, 680 (8th Cir. 2003). [41] Compare Smriko v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 279, 294 (3d... decision impacts or distorts judicial review), Chen v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 1081, 1088 (9th Cir. 2004), Haoud v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 201, 206 (1st Cir. 2003), and Falcon Carriche v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 845, 852-53 (9th Cir. 2003), with Tsegay v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 1347, 1356 (10th... the streamlining provisions are unreviewable), and Ngure v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 975, 983 (8th Cir. 2004). [42] 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4)(i). See, e.g., Hamdan v. Gonzales , 425 F.3d 1051, 1057-1058 (7th Cir. Oct. 13, 2005); Dia v. Ashcroft , 353 F.3d 228, 245 (3d Cir. 2003). [43] Falcon Carriche v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 845, 849 (9th Cir. 2003); see 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4)(ii). [44] Cuellar v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 492 (7th Cir. Oct. 26, 2005); Lanza v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 917, 932 (9th... clarify the grounds for its affirmance); Zhu v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 521, 527 (5th Cir. 2004); Haoud v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 201, 206-08 (1st Cir. 2003). But see Ekasinta v. Gonzales , 415 F.3d 1188, 1193-94 (10th... IJ decision) . [45] See, e.g., Schroeck v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 947 (10th Cir.... as well as the convictions). [46] Sagaydak v. Gonzales , 405 F.3d 1035 (9th Cir. May 4, 2005). [47] See Cuevas-Gaspar v. Gonzales , 430 F.3d 1013 (9th Cir. Dec. 7, 2005) (issue not raised is waived); Notash v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 693 (9th Cir.... present to the IJ or BIA); Pineda v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 833 (10th Cir. Oct. 27, 2005); Barron v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 674, 677-78 (9th... § 242(d), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)); Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency , 261... 450 (BIA 1987). [49] See De Araujo v. Ashcroft , 399 F.3d 84 (1st Cir.... the final order of removal.”) ; Ven v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 357, 359 (1st... is “a strict jurisdictional requirement.”) (quoting Zhang v. INS , 348 F.3d 289, 292 (1st Cir. 2003)) . [50] Alwan v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 507 (5th Cir.... from re-entry sufficient to avoid mootness); Mendez v. INS , 563 F.2d 956, 958 (9th... has left the United States). [51] Beardslee v. Brown , 393 F.3d 1032 (9th Cir.... overrule prior Ninth Circuit decision), citing Benny v. U.S. Parole Comm’ n , 295 F.3d... or subsequent legislation undermines those decisions.”); Kelava v. Gonzales , 434 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir.... an intervening Supreme Court decision. See Miller v. Gammie , 335 F.3d 889, 899-900 (9th
Crimes of Moral Turpitude: §8.2
the phrase “crime involving moral turpitude.” Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223, 233-34,... 1st Sess. 390 (1916) . [2] Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193, 194-195 (1st... Gordon, supra , § 71.05[1][d]. [6] Medina v. United States , 259 F.3d 220, 227... Gordon, supra , § 71.05[1][d][i]; United States v. Smith , 420 F.2d 428, 431 (5th Cir. 1970) ; Franklin v. INS , 72 F.3d 571(8th Cir. 1995) ; Wing v. United States , 46 F.2d 755 (7th Cir. 1931) ; Tutrone v. Shaughnessy , 160 F.Supp. 433 (S.D.N.Y. 1958)... shocks the public conscience”). [8] See Coykendall v. Skrmetta , 22 F.2d 120 (5th Cir. 1927) ; United States v. Carrollo , 30 F.Supp. 3 (D. Mo. 1931); United States ex rel. De George v. Jordan , 183 F.2d 768 (7th Cir.... § 3, n.11 (1975) . [11] Coykendall v. Skrmetta , 22 F.2d 120 (5th Cir.... was criminalized); United States ex rel. Andreacchi v. Curran , 38 F.2d 498 (D.N.Y. 1926)... N. Dec. 579 (BIA 1992) ; Castle v. INS , 541 F.2d 1064, 1066 (4th Cir. 1976) . [13] Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 737 (7th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004); United States ex rel. Griffo v. McCandless , 28 F.2d 287 (E.D. Pa. 1928) . See also Justice Jackson’s dissent in Jordan v. DeGeorge , 341 U.S. 223, 236, 237 (1951). [14] Skrmetta v. Coykendall , 16 F.2d 783 (D. Ga.), aff’d, 22 F.2d 120 (5th Cir. 1927); United States v. Carrollo , 30 F.Supp. 3 (D. Mo. 1939). [15] Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 1063, 1070-1071 (9 th Cir. Sept. 19, 2007). [16] United States ex rel. Ciarello v. Reimer , 32 F.Supp. 797 (D.N.Y. 1940)... 136 (BIA 1989). But see Marmolejo-Campos v. Gonzales, 503 F.3d 922 (9th Cir. Sep... foreclosed by the Supreme Court, in Jordan v. De George . [4] The De... Fifth Amendment . [8] [1] Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223 (1951) (Jackson, J., dissenting); Quilodran-Brau v. Holland , 232 F.2d 183 (3d Cir.... to locate); United States ex rel. Manzella v. Zimmerman , 71 F.Supp. 534 (D. Pa.... the mores of the community); Tseung Chu v. Cornell , 247 F.2d 929 (9th Cir.),... its determination); United States ex rel. Berlandi v. Reimer , 30 F.Supp. 767 (D.N.Y. 1939),... public morals); United States ex rel. Manzella v. Zimmerman , 71 F.Supp. 534 (D.Pa. 1947)... for itself through the centuries). [2] Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223 (1951). [3] United States ex rel. Circella v. Sahli , 216 F.2d 33 (7th Cir. 1954), cert. den ., 348 U.S. 964 (1955) ; Ramirez v. U. S. INS , 134 App. D.C. 131, 413 F.2d 405 (D.C. Cir. 1969) ; Tseung Chu v. Cornell , 247 F.2d 929 (9th Cir.), cert. den ., 355 U.S. 892 (1957) ; Marciano v. INS , 450 F.2d 1022 (8th Cir.... ., 405 U.S. 997 (1972). [4] Ramirez v. United States INS , 134 App. D.C.... moral turpitude). [5] Corporation of Haverford College v. Reeher , 329 F.Supp. 1196 (D. Pa.... (D. Pa. 1971). But see Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 1063, 1068-1069 (9... 5 (1975) . [7] See, e.g., Marmelejo-Campos v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 922 (9 th... Dec. 143 (BIA Apr. 23, 2007); Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 737 (7th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004). [8] See Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223, 71... of “moral turpitude” case law. [1] Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 737 (7th Cir.... order of the police.”). See also Padilla v. Gonzales , 397 F.3d 1016 (7th Cir.... a crime of moral turpitude). [2] Mei v. Ashcroft , supra , 393 F.3d. at... [3] Id. [4] Id. , citing Hamdan v. INS , 98 F.3d 183, 188 (5th... for the majority) . [6] [1] Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 1063, 1068 (9... (9 th Cir. Oct. 9, 2007); Gonzalez-Alvarado v. INS , 29 F.3d 245, 246 (9 th Cir. 1994) ; Grageda v. INS , 12 F.3d 919, 922 (9... 6.6, supra . [5] See, e.g., Carty v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1081, 1083 (9 th Cir. 2005) . [6] Cerezo v. Mukasey , 512 F.3d 1163 (9 th... purposes of State Bar disciplinary proceedings.” Baker v. State Bar , 49 Cal.3d 804, 263... turpitudinous under § 6106 . See Martin v. State Bar, 20 Cal.3d 717, 144 Cal.Rptr.... section 6106 .”). [11] In Cerezo v. Mukasey , the court arguably examined an... N. Dec. 1041 (BIA 1997) (citing Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223, 225,... used to impeach witnesses. See Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223, 227, 71 S.Ct. 703, 95 L.Ed. 886 (1951); United States v. Remco , 388 F.2d 783, 786 (3d Cir. 1968) . [2] Ye v. INS , 214 F.3d 1128, 1132 (9th Cir. 2000) . See also Huerta-Guevara v. Ashcroft , 321 F.3d 883 (9th Cir.... determining whether the offense triggers removal); Nehme v. INS , 252 F.3d 415, 429 (5th... constituting a crime of moral turpitude”); Burr v. INS , 350 F.2d 87, 90 (9th Cir. 1965) ; Wyngaard v. Rogers , 187 F.Supp. 527 (D.D.C. 1960),... Cir. 1960), cert. denied sub nom. Wyngaard v. Kennedy , 368 U.S. 926, 82 S.Ct. 362 (1961) . [3] See Lisbey v. Gonzalez , 420 F.3d 930, 933 (9th... crime of violence for immigration purposes); Franklin v. INS , 72 F.3d 571, 572-573 (8th... 834, 117 S.Ct. 105 (1996) ; Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193, 196 n.5 (1st Cir. 1994) ; Gonzales v. Barber , 207 F.2d 398, 400 (9th... See also U. S. ex rel. Sollazzo v. Esperdy, 187 F.Supp. 753 (D.N.Y. 1960), aff’d,... crime involving moral turpitude. See Smalley v. Ashcroft , 354 F.3d 332 (5th Cir. Dec. 15, 2003) . [5] Gonzalez v. Barber , 207 F.2d 398, 400 (9th... U.S. 637 (1954). See also Franklin v. INS , 72 F.3d 571 (8th Cir.... question before us.”). See also Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223, 227... that fraud involves moral turpitude). [7] Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223, 228... L.Ed. 886 (1951). But see Gonzales v. Barber , 207 F.2d 398 (9th Cir.... purposes of disbarring an attorney). [8] Cerezo v. Mukasey , 512 F.3d 1163 (9 th Cir. Jan. 14, 2008) ; Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzalez , 455 F.3d 1055, 1058 (9th... th Cir. Sept. 19, 2007). [9] Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzalez , 455 F.3d at 1060 n.1 . [10] Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzalez , 455 F.3d at 1079 n.3.... law), 1086 (Bea, J., dissenting). [11] Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d at 1076 n.1. (Reinhart, J., concurring). [12] Cerezo v. Mukasey , 512 F.3d 1163 (9 th Cir. Jan. 14, 2008) [13] Garcia-Maldonado v. Gonzales , 491 F.3d 284 (5 th... See § 3.18(B)(3), supra . [2] Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d. 737, 739 (7th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004). [3] Id., comparing Knapik v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 84, 87 (3d Cir. 2004) ; Chanmouny v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 810, 811 (8th Cir. 2004) , and Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193, 195 (1st Cir. 1994) , with Smalley v. Ashcroft , 354 F.3d 332, 336 (5th Cir. 2003) , and Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , 52 F.3d 238 n.4 (9th... 2008). One Ninth Circuit case, Marmolejo-Campos v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 922 (9th Cir.... en banc . [4] See, e.g., Wala v. Mukasey , 511 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. Jan. 20, 2008) . [5] Garcia-Meza v. Mukasey , 516 F.3d 535 (7 th Cir. Feb. 5, 2008) . [6] Ali v. Mukasey , 521 F.3d 737 2008 WL... See § 6.2(B), supra . [7] Squires v. INS , 689 F.2d 1276, 1278 (6th... States, and thus triggered deportation) ; McKenzie v. Savoretti , 200 F.2d 546 (5th Cir. 1952) ; Mercer v. Lence , 96 F.2d 122 (10th Cir.),
Aggravated Felonies: Appendix A
ABETTING – FACILITATION OF DRIVE-BY SHOOTING Nguyen v. Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 386 (5th Cir.... AIDING AND ABETTING – ALIEN SMUGGLING Tapucu v. Gonzales , 399 F.3d 736 (6th Cir.... ABETTING – POSSESSION FOR SALE United States v. Baca-Valenzuela , 118 F.3d 1223 (8th Cir.... ABETTING – TAKING OF VEHICLE United States v. Vidal , 426 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir.... AIDING AND ABETTING – THEFT OFFENSE Martinez-Perez v. Ashcroft , 417 F.3d 1022 (9th Cir.... AND ABETTING – ALIEN SMUGGLING United States v. Garcia , 400 F.3d 816 (9th Cir.... – THEFT OF MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION Penuliar v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir.... AIDING AND ABETTING – THEFT OFFENSE Martinez-Perez v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir.... A.4 Third Circuit ALIEN HARBORING Patel v. Ashcroft, 294 F.3d 465 (3d Cir. June... Eighth Circuit ALIEN HARBORING Gavilan-Cuate v. Yetter , 276 F.3d 418 (8th Cir.... Ninth Circuit ALIEN HARBORING Castro-Espinosa v. Ashcroft , 257 F.3d 1130 (9th Cir.... Tenth Circuit ALIEN HARBORING United States v. Martinez-Candejas , 347 F.3d 853 (10th Cir.... ALIEN SMUGGLING – ILLEGAL ENTRY Rivera-Sanchez v. Reno , 198 F.3d 545 (5th Cir.... Ninth Circuit ALIEN SMUGGLING United States v. Garcia , 400 F.3d 816 (9th Cir.... Fifth Circuit ALIEN TRANSPORTATION United States v. Solis-Campozano , 312 F.3d 164 (5th Cir.... for illegal re-entry). ALIEN TRANSPORTATION Ruiz-Romero v. Reno , 205 F.3d 837 (5th Cir.... precede it). ALIEN TRANSPORTATION United States v. Monjaras-Castaneda , 190 F.3d 326 (5th Cir.... Eighth Circuit ALIEN TRANSPORTATION Gavilan-Cuate v. Yetter , 276 F.3d 418 (8th Cir.... Ninth Circuit ALIEN TRANSPORTATION United States v. Galindo-Gallegos , 244 F.3d 728 (9th Cir.... Tenth Circuit ALIEN TRANSPORTATION United States v. Martinez-Candejas , 347 F.3d 853 (10th Cir.... felony conviction). ALIEN TRANSPORTATION United States v. Salas-Mendoza , 237 F.3d 1246 (10th Cir.... First Circuit ATTEMPT – THEFT Vieira-Garcia v. INS , 239 F.3d 409 (1st Cir.... Circuit ATTEMPT – MURDER United States v. Morgan , 380 F.3d 698 (2d Cir.... conviction). ATTEMPT – ROBBERY United States v. Fernandez-Antonia , 278 F.3d 150 (2d Cir.... ATTEMPT – POSSESSION OF COUNTERFEIT SECURITIES Sui v. INS , 250 F.3d 105 (2d Cir.... Circuit ATTEMPT – TAX EVASION Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 232 F.Supp.2d 30 (E.D.N.Y. Nov.... ATTEMPT – SALE OF COCAINE United States v. Jimenez , 921 F.Supp. 1054 (S.D.N.Y. Nov.... ATTEMPT– SALE OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE Leader v. Blackman , 744 F.Supp. 500 (S.D.N.Y. Aug.... ATTEMPT – AUTO BURGLARY United States v. Martinez-Garcia , 268 F.3d 460 (7th Cir.... SALE OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE United States v. Hernandez-Valdovinos , 352 F.3d 1243 (9th Cir.... – ASSAULT WITH DEADLY WEAPON United States v. Ceron-Sanchez , 222 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir.... – POSSESSION OF STOLEN PROPERTY United States v. Vasquez-Flores , 265 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir.... POSSESSION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE United States v. Lugo , 170 F.3d 996, 51 Fed.... SALE OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE United States v. Phillips , 413 F.3d 1288 (11th Cir.... Fifth Circuit BURGLARY – AUTO Lopez-Elias v. Reno , 209 F.3d 788 (5th Cir.... of the Fifth Circuit BURGLARY Rios-Delgado v. United States , 117 F.Supp.2d 581 (W.D.Tex.... under the soon-to-be-announced rule of United States v. Reyna-Espinosa , 117 F.3d 826 (5th Cir.... BURGLARY – AUTO – ATTEMPT United States v. Martinez-Garcia , 268 F.3d 460 (7th Cir.... felony attempt). BURGLARY – AUTO Solorzano-Patlan v. INS , 207 F.3d 869 (7th Cir.... BURGLARY – UNLAWFUL ENTRY United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 393 F.3d 849 (9th Cir.... under Sentencing Guidelines). BURGLARY United States v. Velasco-Medina , 305 F.3d 839 (9th Cir.... federal definition). BURGLARY – AUTO Ye v. INS , 214 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir.... BURGLARY – UNLAWFUL ENTRY United States v. Parker , 5 F.3d 1322, 1325 (9th... the Second Circuit CHILD PORNOGRAPHY Gonzalez v. Ashcroft , 369 F.Supp.2d 442 (S.D.N.Y. Apr.... Second Circuit CONSPIRACY – COUNTERFEITING Kamagate v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d 144 (2d Cir.... CONSPIRACY – EXPORT FIREARMS WITHOUT LICENSE Kuhali v. Reno , 266 F.3d 93 (2d Cir.... Circuit CONSPIRACY – TAX EVASION Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 204 F.Supp.2d 405, 406 (E.D.N.Y.... CONSPIRACY – BANK FRAUD United States v. Ogembe , 41 F.Supp.2d 567 (E.D.Pa. Mar.... CONSPIRACY – BAD CHECKS United States v. Dabeit , 231 F.3d 979 (5th Cir.... 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)). CONSPIRACY – RICO OFFENSES Alfarache v. Cravener , 203 F.3d 381, 384 (5th... POSSESS HEROIN WITH INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE Martins v. INS , 972 F.2d 657 (5th Cir.... CONSPIRACY – POSSESS STOLEN MOTOR VEHICLES Iysheh v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 613 (7th Cir.... – POSSESS WITH INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE Jideonwo v. INS , 224 F.3d 692 (7th Cir.... CONSPIRACY – DISTRIBUTE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE Turkhan v. INS , 123 F.3d 487, 488 (7th... purposes), overruled on other grounds by LaGuerre v. Reno , 164 F.3d 1035 (7th Cir.... Circuit CONSPIRACY – HARBOR ALIENS Gavilan-Cuate v. Yetter , 276 F.3d 418 (8th Cir.... CONSPIRACY – DEFRAUD THE UNITED STATES Li v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 892 (9th Cir.... Circuit CONSPIRACY – BANK FRAUD Bejacmar v. Ashcroft , 291 F.3d 735 (11th Cir.... Second Circuit COUNTERFEITING – SECURITIES Kamagate v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d 144 (2d Cir.... ATTEMPT – POSSESSION OF COUNTERFEIT SECURITIES Sui v. INS , 250 F.3d 105 (2d Cir.... Ninth Circuit COUNTERFEITING – OBLIGATIONS Albillo-Figueroa v. INS , 221 F.3d 1070 (9th Cir.... DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE CAUSING INJURY Leocal v. Ashcroft , 543 U.S. 1, 125 S.Ct.... OF VIOLENCE – THIRD-DEGREE SEXUAL ASSAULT Aguiar v. Gonzales , 438 F.3d 86 (1st Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – ASSAULT United States v. Cordoza-Estrada , 385 F.3d 56 (1st Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – ASSAULT United States v. Nason , 269 F.3d 10, 20 (1st... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – KIDNAPPING Choeum v. INS , 129 F.3d 29 (1st Cir.... VIOLENCE – INDECENT ASSAULT ON MINOR Sango-Dema v. District Director , INS, 122 F.Supp.2d 213... and accomplish the indecent touching. Sutherland v. Reno , 228 F.3d 171, 176 (2d... VIOLENCE – CHILD ABUSE WITH INJURY Mathews v. Reno , 52 F.Supp.2d 195 (D.Mass. May... OF VIOLENCE – ASSAULT ON OFFICER Rowe v. INS , 45 F.Supp.2d 144 (D.Mass. Apr.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – STATUTORY RAPE Chery v. Ashcroft , 347 F.3d 404 (2d Cir.... VIOLENCE – FIRST DEGREE UNLAWFUL IMPRISONMENT Dickson v. Ashcroft , 346 F.3d 44 (2d Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – SECOND DEGREE MANSLAUGHTER Jobson v. Ashcroft , 326 F.3d 367 (2d Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – THIRD DEGREE ASSAULT Chrzanoski v. Ashcroft , 327 F.3d 188 (2d Cir.... VIOLENCE – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE Dalton v. Ashcroft , 257 F.3d 200 (2d Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – ASSAULT United States v. Pacheco , 225 F.3d 148 (2d Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – ASSAULT Milbin v. Ashcroft , 293 F.Supp.2d 158 (D.Conn. Dec.... deception, or even deliberate omission), following Chrzanoski v. Ashcroft , 327 F.3d 188 (2d Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – RISK OF INJURY Santapaola v. Ashcroft , 249 F.Supp.2d 181 (D.Conn. Mar.... OF VIOLENCE – ASSAULT WITH INJURY Persaud v. McElroy , 225 F. Supp. 2d 420... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – MANSLAUGHTER Greenidge v. INS , 204 F.Supp.2d 594 (S.D.N.Y. Nov.... COMMERCE FACILITIES FOR MURDER FOR HIRE Ng v. Attorney General , 436 F.3d 392 (3d... be used upon another.”, citing United States v. Luskin , 926 F.3d 372, 379 (4th... constitutes a crime of violence); United States v. Cox , 74 F.3d 189, 190 (9th... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – SIMPLE ASSAULT Singh v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 533 (3d Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – RECKLESS ENDANGERMENT Singh v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 533, 540-541 (3d... OF VIOLENCE – RECKLESS SIMPLE ASSAULT Popal v. Gonzalez , 416 F.3d 249 (3d Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – ARSON Tran v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 464 (3d Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – SEXUAL ASSAULT United States v. Remoi , 404 F.3d 789 (3d Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – TERRORISTIC THREATS Bovkun v. Ashcroft , 283 F.3d 166 (3d Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – VEHICULAR HOMICIDE Francis v. Reno , 269 F.3d 162 (3d Cir.... – SEXUAL ASSAULT ON MINOR United States v. Reve , 241 F.Supp.2d 470 (D.N.J. Jan.... – ASSAULT WITH DANGEROUS WEAPON United States v. Gebele , 117 F.Supp.2d 540, 544 (W.D.Va. Oct. 13, 2000) (Massachusetts conviction of Assault... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER Bejarano-Urrutia v. Gonzales , 413 F.3d 444 (4th Cir.... for simple involuntary manslaughter, in violation of Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-36 (2004), which requires... the conclusion of the court in Leocal v. Ashcroft , 543 U.S. 1, 125 S.Ct.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – SEXUAL BATTERY Wireko v. Reno , 211 F.3d 833 (4th Cir.... of misdemeanor sexual battery, in violation of Va.Code 1950, § 18.2-67.4, was a crime of... of a removal order), distinguished by Guerrero-Perez v. INS , 242 F.3d 727 (7th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – FALSE IMPRISONMENT United States v. Stapleton , 440 F.3d 700 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – SECOND-DEGREE ASSAULT United States v. Torres-Diaz , 438 F.3d 529 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – AGGRAVATED BATTERY United States v. Gonzalez-Chavez , 432 F.3d 334 (5th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – ASSAULT Gonzalez-Garcia v. Gonzales , 431 F.3d 234 (5th Cir.... – SHOOTING INTO OCCUPIED DWELLING United States v. Alfaro , 408 F.3d 204 (5th Cir.... into an occupied dwelling, in violation of Va.Code § 18.202-79 (1993), did not constitute a... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – RETALIATION United States v. Martinez-Mata , 393 F.3d 625 (5th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – JOYRIDING United States v. Rodriquez-Rodriguez , 388 F.3d 466 (5th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – BURGLARY United States v. Rodriquez-Rodriguez , 388 F.3d 466 (5th Cir.... VIOLENCE – CRIMINALLY NEGLIGENT HOMICIDE United States v. Dominguez-Ochoa , 386 F.3d 639 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – TERRORIST THREATS United States v. Acuna-Cuadros , 385 F.3d 875 (5th Cir.... § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii), since the offense does not “ha[ve] as an element the use, attempted use,... OF VIOLENCE – TERRORISTIC THREATS United States v. Martinez-Paramo , 380 F.3d 799 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – AGGRAVATED STALKING United States v. Insaulgarat , 378 F.3d 456 (5th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – SEXUAL BATTERY Zaidi v. Ashcroft , 374 F.3d 357 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – SEXUAL ASSAULT United States v. Sarmiento-Funes , 374 F.3d 336 (5th Cir.... VIOLENCE – DRIVE-BY SHOOTING – FACILITATION Nguyen v. Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 386 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – INTOXICATION ASSAULT United States v. Vargas-Duran , 356 F.3d 598 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – CHILD ENDANGERMENT United States v. Calderon-Pena , 339 F.3d 320 (5th Cir.... – POSSESSION OF SAWED-OFF SHOTGUN United States v. Diaz-Diaz , 327 F.3d 410 (5th Cir.... – POSSESSION OF DEADLY WEAPON United States v. Medina-Anicacio , 325 F.3d 638 (5th Cir.... UNAUTHORIZED USE OF MOTOR VEHICLE United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 323 F.3d 317 (5th Cir.... VIOLENCE – BURGLARY OF BUILDING United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 323 F.3d 317 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – INTOXICATION ASSAULT United States v. Vargas-Duran , 319 F.3d 194 (5th Cir.... ASSAULT ON MINOR UNDER 14 United States v. Rayo-Valdez , 302 F.3d 314 (5th Cir.... VIOLENCE – INJURY TO CHILD United States v. Gracia-Cantu , 302 F.3d 308 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – AUTO THEFT United States v. Charles , 301 F.3d 309 (5th Cir.... Dec. 10, 2001), and overruling United States v. Jackson , 220 F.3d 635 (5th Cir.... – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE United States v. Cervantes-Nava , 281 F.3d 501 (5th Cir.... – ASSAULT WITH BODILY INJURY United States v. Urias-Escobar , 281 F.3d 165 (5th Cir.... VIOLENCE – UNLAWFULLY CARRYING FIREARM United States v. Hernandez-Neave , 291 F.3d 296 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – AUTO THEFT United States v. Charles , 275 F.3d 468 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – CRIMINAL MISCHIEF United States v. Landeros-Gonzales , 262 F.3d 424 (5th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – MENACING United States v. Landeros-Arreola , 260 F.3d 407 (5th Cir.... – POSSESSION OF SHORT-BARRELED SHOTGUN United States v. Rivas-Palacios , 244 F.3d 396 (5th Cir.... illegal re-entry sentencing purposes), following United States v. Dunn , 946 F.2d 615, 620-21 (9th... – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE United States v. Chapa-Garza , 243 F.3d 921 (5th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – AUTO BURGLARY Santos v. Reno , 228 F.3d 591 (5th Cir.... – UNAUTHORIZED USE OF VEHICLE United States v. Jackson , 220 F.3d 635 (5th Cir.... U.S.C. § 16), overruled by United States v. Charles , 301 F.3d 309 (5th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – AUTO BURGLARY Lopez-Elias v. Reno , 209 F.3d 788 (5th Cir.... – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE United States v. DeSantiago-Gonzalez , 207 F.3d 261 (5th Cir.... VIOLENCE – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE Camacho-Marroquin v. INS , 188 F.3d 649 (5th Cir.... purposes), opinion withdrawn, rehearing dismissed by Camacho-Marroquin v. INS , 222 F.3d 1040 (5th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – TRESPASS United States v. Delgado-Enriquez , 188 F.3d 592 (5th Cir.... UNAUTHORIZED USE OF MOTOR VEHICLE United States v. Galvan-Rodriguez , 169 F.3d 217 (5th Cir.... VIOLENCE – INDECENCY WITH CHILD United States v. Velazquez-Overa , 100 F.3d 418 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – AUTO BURGLARY United States v. Ramos-Garcia , 95 F.3d 369 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – AUTO BURGLARY United States v. Rodriguez-Guzman , 56 F.3d 18 (5th Cir.... re-entry after deportation), overruled by United States v. Turner , 305 F.3d 349 (5th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – COMMERCIAL BURGLARY United States v. Rodriguez-Guzman , 56 F.3d 18 (5th Cir.... re-entry after deportation), overruled by United States v. Turner , 305 F.3d 349 (5th Cir.... VIOLENCE – BURGLARY OF DWELLING United States v. Guadardo , 40 F.3d 102 (5th Cir.... VIOLENCE – SEXUAL ABUSE OF MINOR Patel v. Ashcroft , 401 F.3d 400 (6th Cir.... INTENT TO COMMIT SEXUAL BATTERY United States v. Arnold , 58 F.3d 1117, 1122 n.... VIOLENCE – DISCHARGING A FIREARM United States v. Jaimes-Jaimes , 406 F.3d 845 (7th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – HARASSMENT Szucz-Toldy v. Gonzalez , 400 F.3d 978 (7th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – BATTERY Flores v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 666, 672 (9th... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – BURGLARY United States v. Alvarez-Martinez , 286 F.3d 470 (7th Cir.... VIOLENCE – VEHICULAR HOMICIDE BY INTOXICATION Bazan-Reyes v. INS , 256 F.3d 600 (7th Cir.... VIOLENCE – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE Bazan-Reyes v. INS , 256 F.3d 600 (7th Cir.... VIOLENCE – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE Bazan-Reyes v. INS , 256 F.3d 600, 603 (7th... – SEXUAL ASSAULT ON CHILD United States v. Martinez-Carillo , 250 F.3d 1101 (7th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – STATUTORY RAPE Xiong v. INS , 173 F.3d 601 (7th Cir.... LASCIVIOUS ACTS WITH A CHILD United States v. Garcia-Juarez , 421 F.3d 655 (8th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – AUTOMOBILE HOMICIDE United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez , 335 F.3d 793 (8th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – ROBBERY United States v. Valladares , 304 F.3d 1300 (8th Cir.... – GOING ARMED WITH INTENT United States v. Gomez-Hernandez , 300 F.3d 974 (8th Cir.... – UNLAWFUL SEX WITH MINOR United States v. Gomez-Hernandez , 300 F.3d 974 (8th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – VEHICULAR HOMICIDE Omar v. INS , 298 F.3d 710 (8th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – AUTO BURGLARY United States v. Guzman-Landeros , 207 F.3d 1034, 1035 (8th... – SEXUAL ASSAULT OF CHILD United States v. Alas-Castro , 184 F.3d 812 (8th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – ASSAULT United States v. Smith , 171 F.3d 617 (8th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – MANSLAUGHTER United States v. Moore , 38 F.3d 977 (8th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – STATUTORY RAPE United States v. Bauer , 990 F.2d 373 (8th Cir.... – SEX OFFENSE WITH MINOR United States v. Rodriguez , 979 F.2d 138 (8th Cir.... – UNLAWFUL SEX WITH A MINOR Valencia v. Gonzales , 439 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir.... – POSSESSION OF ASSAULT WEAPON United States v. Serna , 435 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir.... VIOLENCE – BURGLARY OF DWELLING United States v. Guerrero-Velasquez , 434 F.3d 1193 (9th Cir.... – LEWD ACT WITH CHILD United States v. Teeples , 432 F.3d 1110 (9th Cir.... VIOLENCE – HARASSING TELEPHONE CALL United States v. Ladwig , 432 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – FALSE IMPRISONMENT United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez , 431 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir.... – UNLAWFUL SEX WITH A MINOR Valencia v. Gonzales , 431 F.3d 673 (9th Cir.... – POSSESSION OF SHORT-BARRELED SHOTGUN United States v. Delaney , 427 F.3d 1224 (9th Cir.... ATTEMPTING TO ELUDE POLICE VEHICLE United States v. Kelly , 422 F.3d 889 (9th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – SEXUAL BATTERY United States v. Lopez-Montanez , 421 F.3d 926 (9th Cir.... 2L1.2, cmt. n. 1(B)(ii)); but see Lisbey v. Gonzales , 420 F.3d 930 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – SEXUAL BATTERY Lisbey v. Gonzales , 420 F.3d 930 (9th Cir.... U.S.C. § 16(b)); but see United States v. Lopez-Montanez , 421 F.3d 926 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 410 F.3d 585 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – VEHICULAR MANSLAUGHTER Lara-Cazares v. Gonzales , 408 F.3d 1217 (9th Cir.... not the same as recklessness), disapproving Park v. INS , 252 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – DOMESTIC VIOLENCE United States v. Nobriga , 408 F.3d 1178 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – STATUTORY RAPE Valencia v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – STATUTORY RAPE Valencia v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir.... 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), following United States v. Granbois , 376 F.3d 993 (9th Cir.... – SHOOTING AT INHABITED BUILDING United States v. Cortez-Arias , 415 F.3d 977 (9th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – EVADING AN OFFICER Penuliar v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – CHILD ABUSE United States v. Contreras-Salas , 387 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – HARASSMENT Singh v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 1228 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – ASSAULT United States v. Sandoval , 390 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir.... VIOLENCE – ABUSIVE SEXUAL CONTACT United States v. Granbois , 376 F.3d 993 (9th Cir.... Guideline, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1); see United States v. Pereira-Salmeron , 337 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – BURGLARY United States v. Matthews , 374 F.3d 872 (9th Cir.... – CORPORAL INJURY ON SPOUSE United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez , 374 F.3d 808 (9th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – FALSE IMPRISONMENT United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez , 374 F.3d 808 (9th Cir.... – POSSESSION OF DESTRUCTIVE DEVICE United States v. Fish , 368 F.3d 1200 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – FIREARMS United States v. Sarbia , 367 F.3d 1079 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – BURGLARY United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 364 F.3d 1142 (9th Cir.... FIREARM USE – EVADING AN OFFICER Reyes-Alcaraz v. Ashcroft , 363 F.3d 937 (9th Cir.... – ASSAULT WITH INJURY – MAYHEM Ruiz-Morales v. Ashcroft , 361 F.3d 1219 (9th Cir.... VIOLENCE – FLIGHT FROM OFFICER United States v. Campos-Fuerte , 357 F.3d 956 (9th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – RESIDENTIAL BURGLARY United States v. Wenner , 351 F.3d 969 (9th Cir.... although they are not structures under Taylor v. United States , 495 U.S. 575 (1990);... – LEWD ACT WITH CHILD United States v. Medina-Maella , 351 F.3d 944 (9th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – VEHICULAR ASSAULT United States v. Grajeda-Ramirez , 348 F.3d 1123 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – CRIMINAL THREATS Rosales-Rosales v. Ashcroft , 347 F.3d 714 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – BATTERY United States v. Belless , 338 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir.... IN VIOLATION OF COURT ORDER United States v. Pimental-Flores , 339 F.3d 959 (9th Cir.... OF CHILD 13-15 YEARS OLD United States v. Pereira-Salmeron , 337 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER United States v. Bonilla-Montenegro , 331 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir.... BATTERY CAUSING SERIOUS BODILY INJURY United States v. Gonzalez-Tamariz , 310 F.3d 1168 (9th Cir.... under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)); accord, United States v. Pacheco , 225 F.3d 148, 149 (2d Cir. Aug. 29, 2000); United States v. Marin-Navarette , 244 F.3d 1284, 1286-87 (11th Cir. Mar. 23, 2001); United States v. Saenz-Mendoza , 287 F.3d 1011, 1014 (10th Cir. Apr. 26, 2002), quoting United States v. Graham , 169 F.3d 787, 792 (3d Cir. Mar. 5, 1999); United States v. Urias-Escobar , 281 F.3d 165, 168 (5th... VIOLENCE – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE Cuevas-Diaz v. Ashcroft , 37 Fed.Appx. 935 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – BURGLARY United States v. Sandoval-Venegas , 292 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – FELONY ENDANGERMENT United States v. Hernandez-Castellanos , 287 F.3d 876 (9th Cir.... VIOLENCE – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE Montiel-Barraza v. INS , 275 F.3d 1178 (9th Cir.... – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE United States v. Portillo-Mendoza , 273 F.3d 1224, 1226 (9th... – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE United States v. Trinidad-Aquino , 259 F.3d 1140 (9th Cir.... – CORPORAL INJURY ON SPOUSE United States v. Jimenez , 258 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir.... VIOLENCE – ASSAULT WITH DEADLY WEAPON Ocampo-Duran v. Ashcroft , 254 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER Park v. INS , 252 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – STALKING United States v. Jones , 231 F.3d 508, 519-520 (9th... ATTEMPTED ASSAULT WITH DEADLY WEAPON United States v. Ceron-Sanchez , 222 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – SOLICITATION United States v. Cornelio-Pena , 435 F.3d 1279 (10th Cir.... – AGGRAVATED BATTERY AGAINST OFFICER United States v. Treto-Martinez , 421 F.3d 1156 (10th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – ASSAULT United States v. Perez-Vargas , 414 F.3d 1282 (10th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – ATTEMPTED RIOT United States v. Hernandez-Rodriguez , 388 F.3d 779 (10th Cir.... – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE United States v. Torres-Ruiz , 387 F.3d 1179 (10th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – FELONY TRESPASS United States v. Venegas-Onelas , 348 F.3d 1273 (10th Cir.... – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE United States v. Lucio-Lucio , 347 F.3d 1202 (10th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – BURGLARY United States v. Soto-Ornelas , 312 F.3d 1167 (10th Cir.... VIOLENCE – CRUELTY TO CHILD United States v. Saenz-Mendoza , 287 F.3d 1011 (10th Cir.... VIOLENCE – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE Tapia-Garcia v. INS , 237 F.3d 1216 (10th Cir.... – SEX OFFENSE WITH CHILD United States v. Coronado-Cervantes , 154 F.3d 1242 (10th Cir.... – SEX OFFENSE OF CHILD United States v. Reyes-Castro , 13 F.3d 377 (10th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – BURGLARY United States v. Frias-Trujillo , 9 F.3d 875 (10th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – ASSAULT United States v. Holguin-Enriquez , 120 F.Supp.2d 969 (D.Kan. Oct.... – POSSESSION OF SAWED-OFF SHOTGUN United States v. Villanueva-Gaxiola , 119 F.Supp.2d 1185 (D.Kan. Sept.... ENGAGE IN UNLAWFUL SEXUAL ACTIVITY United States v. Searcy , 418 F.3d 1193 (11th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – STATUTORY RAPE Chavarria-Mejia v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 1249 (11th Cir. Apr. 29, 2004) ( per curiam ) (Kentucky conviction of statutory rape, in violation of... – DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE United States v. Rubio , 317 F.3d 1240 (11th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – MENACING United States v. Drummond , 240 F.3d 1333 (11th Cir.... VIOLENCE – BURGLARY OF DWELLING United States v. Fuentes-Rivera , 323 F.3d 869 (11th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – FALSE IMPRISONMENT Brooks v. Ashcroft , 283 F.3d 1268, 1273 n.5... DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE WITH INJURY Le v. U.S. Atty. Gen ., 196 F.3d 1352... – LEWD ASSAULT OF MINOR United States v. Rutherford , 175 F.3d 899 (11th Cir.... OF VIOLENCE – ATTEMPTED LEWD ASSAULT Ramsey v. INS , 55 F.3d 580 (11th Cir.... under 18 U.S.C. § 16(b)); see Chery v. Ashcroft , 347 F.3d 404 (2d Cir. Oct. 17, 2003); Dickson v. Ashcroft , 346 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. Sept. 9, 2003); Chrzanoski v. Ashcroft , 327 F.3d 188 (2d Cir. Apr. 22, 2003); but see Jobson v. Ashcroft , 326 F.3d 367 (2d Cir.... (BIA July 3, 2001) (under United States v. Chapa-Garza , 243 F.3d 921 (5th Cir. Mar. 1, 2001) and United States v. Hernandez-Avalos , 251 F.3d 505 (5th Cir.... ensure the child’s compliance), distinguished by Xiong v. INS , 173 F.3d 601 (7th Cir.... DECEIT – MISAPPLICATION OF BANK FUNDS Valansi v. Ashcroft , 203 F.3d 203 (3d Cir.... DOCUMENT FRAUD – FALSELY MAKING DOCUMENT Pena-Rosario v. Reno , 83 F.Supp.2d 349, 366 n.12... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Clase-Espinal , 115 F.3d 1054 (1st Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SECOND POSSESSION United States v. Cuevas , 75 F.3d 778 (1st Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Restrepo-Aguila r, 74 F.3d 361 (1st Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Smith , 36 F.3d 128 (1st Cir.... TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION FOR SALE United States v. Rodriguez , 26 F.3d 4 (1st Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SECOND POSSESSION United States v. Forbes , 16 F.3d 1294 (1st Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – THIRD POSSESSION Amaral v. INS , 977 F.2d 33 (1st Cir.... Circuit DRUG TRAFFICKING – DISTRIBUTION Fernandez-Santander v. Thornburgh , 751 F.Supp. 1007 (D.Me. Nov.... Second Circuit DRUG TRAFFICKING Durant v. ICE , 393 F.3d 113 (2d Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SALE OF HALLUCINOGEN/NARCOTIC Gousse v. Ashcroft , 339 F.3d 91 (2d Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Simpson , 319 F.3d 81 (2d Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Pornes-Garcia , 171 F.3d 142 (2d Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SALE United States v. Paredes-Batista , 140 F.3d 367 (2d Cir.... conviction). DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION Aguirre v. INS , 79 F.3d 315 (2d Cir.... 1101(a)(43)(B), for purposes of deportation), overruling Jenkins v. INS , 32 F.3d 11 (2d Cir. 1994). DRUG TRAFFICKING – SALE United States v. Polanco , 29 F.3d 35 (2d Cir.... 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)). DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION Jenkins v. INS , 32 F.3d 11 (2d Cir.... automatic stay of deportation), overruled by Aguirre v. INS , 79 F.3d 315 (2d Cir.... TRAFFICKING – MISDEMEANOR SALE OF MARIJUANA Copeland v. Ashcroft , 246 F.Supp.2d 183 (W.D.N.Y. Feb.... Second Circuit, as expressed in United States v. Simpson , 319 F.3d 81 (2d Cir. 2002)). DRUG TRAFFICKING – SALE Manzueta v. Ashcroft , 206 F.Supp.2d 386 (W.D.N.Y. Mar.... 1101(a)(43)(B)). DRUG TRAFFICKING – SALE Romero v. Reno , 198 F.Supp.2d 276 (W.D.N.Y. Sept.... TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION FOR SALE United States v. Gomez-Ortiz , 62 F.Supp.2d 508 (D.R.I. Aug.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SALE United States v. Graham , 927 F.Supp. 619 (W.D.N.Y. June... DRUG TRAFFICKING – ATTEMPTED SALE United States v. Jimenez , 921 F.Supp. 1054 (S.D.N.Y. Nov.... departure). DRUG TRAFFICKING – SALE Mejia-Ruiz v. INS , 871 F.Supp. 159 (E.D.N.Y. Dec.... law). DRUG TRAFFICKING – DISTRIBUTION Kellman v. District Director , U.S. INS , 750... DRUG TRAFFICKING – ATTEMPTED SALE Leader v. Blackman , 744 F.Supp. 500 (S.D.N.Y. Aug.... OF MARIJUANA WITH INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE Wilson v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 377 (3d Cir.... – POSSESSION FOR DISTRIBUTION NOT SALE Gerbier v. Holmes , 280 F.3d 297 (3d Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SECOND POSSESSION Steele v. Blackman , 236 F.3d 130 (3d Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SIMPLE POSSESSION United States v. Amaya-Portillo , 423 F.3d 427 (4th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SIMPLE POSSESSION United States v. Wilson , 316 F.3d 506 (4th Cir.... controlled substance, a felony under state law, Va.Code § 18.2-250(a), constituted an aggravated felony, for... TO MANUFACTURE A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE United States v. Arizaga-Acosta , 436 F.3d 506 (5th Cir.... TRAFFICKING – PURCHASE FOR SALE United States v. Palacios-Quinonez , 431 F.3d 471 (5th Cir.... for sentencing purposes). DRUG TRAFFICKING Salazar-Regino v. Trominski , 415 F.3d 436 (5th Cir.... in federal court). DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Garza-Lopez , 410 F.3d 268 (5th Cir.... – SOLICITATION TO TRANSPORT FOR SALE Peters v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 302 (5th Cir.... TRAFFICKING – TRAVEL ACT CONVICTION United States v. Rodriguez-Duberney , 326 F.3d 613 (5th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Caicedo-Cuero , 312 F.3d 697 (5th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Rivera , 265 F.3d 310 (5th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Hernandez-Avalos , 251 F.3d 505 (5th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Hinojosa-Lopez , 130 F.3d 691 (5th Cir.... by statute as stated in United States v. Sanchez , 179 F.Supp.2d 689 (W.D.Tex. Dec.... TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION FOR DISTRIBUTION United States v. Trevino-Martinez , 86 F.3d 65 (5th Cir.... – CONSPIRACY TO POSSESS FOR SALE Martins v. INS , 972 F.2d 657 (5th Cir.... – POSSESSION FOR PERSONAL USE United States v. Sanchez , 179 F.Supp.2d 689 (W.D.Tex. Dec.... felonies or not), vacated by United States v. Balderas-Sanchez , 57 Fed.Appx. 212 (5th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION OF HEROIN Liao v. Rabbett , 398 F.3d 389 (6th Cir.... TRAFFICKING – IMPORTATION OF COCAINE United States v. Murillo-Iniguez , 318 F.3d 709 (6th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION FOR SALE Pulice v. INS , 218 F.3d 505 (6th Cir.... purposes). DRUG TRAFFICKING – DELIVERY Nakhleh v. INS , 38 F.3d 829 (6th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – DISTRIBUTION OF MARIJUANA Ali v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 722 (7th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION FOR SALE Jideonwo v. INS , 224 F.3d 692 (7th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – CONSPIRACY TO DISTRIBUTE Turkhan v. INS , 123 F.3d 487, 488 (7th... purposes), overruled on other grounds by LaGuerre v. Reno , 164 F.3d 1035 (7th Cir.... TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION FOR SALE United States v. Samaniego-Rodriguez , 32 F.3d 242, 243 n.3... TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION FOR SALE United States v. Galvan-Zermeno , 52 F.Supp.2d 922 (C.D.Ill. May... Circuit DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION Tostado v. Carlson , 437 F.3d 706 (8th Cir.... either state or federal law.”), citing Lopez v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 934, 936 (8th Cir. 2005), and quoting United States v. Briones-Mata, 116 F.3d 308, 309 (8th Cir. 1997). DRUG TRAFFICKING – SIMPLE POSSESSION Lopez v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 934 (8th Cir.... – AIDING POSSESSION FOR SALE United States v. Baca-Valenzuela , 118 F.3d 1223 (8th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – BUYING MARIJUANA United States v. Briones-Mata , 116 F.3d 308 (8th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Haggerty , 85 F.3d 403 (8th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – DELIVERY United States v. Martinez-Amaya , 67 F.3d 678, 682 (8th... OF COCAINE BASE FOR SALE United States v. Morales-Perez , 438 F.3d 971 (9th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SECOND POSSESSION Ferreira v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 1045 (9th Cir.... court noted that contrary case, United States v. Garcia-Olmedo , 112 F.3d 399 (9th Cir. 1997), had been overruled by en banc decision United States v. Corona-Sanchez , 291 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir.... TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION FOR SALE United States v. Benitez-Perez , 367 F.3d 1200 (9th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Rios-Beltran , 361 F.3d 1204 ( 9th... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SIMPLE POSSESSION Cazarez-Gutierrez v. Ashcroft , 356 F.3d 1015 (9th Cir.... SALE OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE United States v. Hernandez-Valdovinos , 352 F.3d 1243 (9th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – MONEY LAUNDERING Lara-Chacon v. Ashcroft , 345 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... IMPORTATION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE United States v. Cabaccang , 332 F.3d 622 (9th Cir.... airspace). DRUG TRAFFICKING – MANUFACTURE Olivera-Garcia v. INS , 328 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir.... DELIVERY OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE United States v. Chavaria-Angel , 323 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir.... POSSESSION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE United States v. Soberanes , 318 F.3d 959 (9th Cir.... – SECOND POSSESSION OF MARIJUANA United States v. Ballesteros-Ruiz , 319 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir.... considered for that purpose under United States v. Corona-Sanchez , 291 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Arellano-Torres , 303 F.3d 1173 (9th Cir.... – SALE, TRANSPORTATION, OR SOLICITATION United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 247 F.3d 905 (9th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Ibarra-Galindo , 206 F.3d 1337 (9th Cir.... – SOLICITATION TO POSSESS FOR SALE Leyva-Licea v. INS , 187 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir.... TRAFFICKING – SOLICITATION TO POSSESS United States v. Meza-Corrales , 183 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir.... under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)), distinguishing Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir. 1997). DRUG TRAFFICKING – SALE OR FURNISHING United States v. Lara-Aceves , 183 F.3d 1007 (9th Cir.... TRAFFICKING – TRANSPORTATION OF DRUGS United States v. Casarez-Bravo , 181 F.3d 1074, 1077 (9th... for personal use). DRUG TRAFFICKING Ortiz v. INS , 179 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – FURNISHING United States v. Estrada-Torres , 179 F.3d 776 (9th Cir.... TRAFFICKING – SALE OR TRANSPORTATION United States v. Estrada-Torres , 179 F.3d 776 (9th Cir.... U.S. 864 (2000), overruled by United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 247 F.3d 905 (9th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SECOND POSSESSION United States v. Zarate-Martinez , 133 F.3d 1194 (9th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SOLICITATION TO POSSESS Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir.... an aggravated felony); but cf. United States v. Meza-Corrales , 183 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – SECOND POSSESSION United States v. Garcia-Olmedo , 112 F.3d 399 (9th Cir.... TRAFFICKING – SALE OR TRANSPORTATION United States v. Arzate-Nunez , 18 F.3d 730 (9th Cir.... re-entry). DRUG TRAFFICKING – SALE Urbina-Mauricio v. INS , 989 F.2d 1085 (9th Cir.... 1101(a)(43)(B)). DRUG TRAFFICKING – SALE Arthurs v. INS , 959 F.2d 142 (9th Cir.... Circuit DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION Diaz-Zaldierna v. Fasano , 43 F.Supp.2d 1114, 1115 n.2... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Herrera-Roldan , 414 F.3d 1238 (10th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Castro-Rocha , 323 F.3d 846 (10th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – ATTEMPTED POSSESSION United States v. Lugo , 170 F.3d 996 (10th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Valenzuela-Escalante , 130 F.3d 944 (10th Cir.... TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION FOR SALE United States v. Guerrero-Hernandez , 95 F.3d 983 (10th Cir.... re-entry). DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Cabrera-Sosa , 81 F.3d 998 (10th Cir.... SALE OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE United States v. Phillips , 413 F.3d 1288 (11th Cir.... sentencing purposes). DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Madera-Madera , 333 F.3d 1228 (11th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION FOR SALE Fequiere v. Ashcroft , 279 F.3d 1325, 1326 n.3... DRUG TRAFFICKING – POSSESSION United States v. Simon , 168 F.3d 1271 (11th Cir.... the Second Circuit test of United States v. Pornes-Garcia , 171 F.3d 142 (2d Cir.... FAILURE TO APPEAR TO FACE CHARGES Barnaby v. Reno , 142 F.Supp.2d 277 (D.Conn. May... – POSSESSION OF UNREGISTERED FIREARM United States v. Diaz-Diaz , 327 F.3d 410 (5th Cir.... POSSESSION OF FIREARM BY ALIEN United States v. Reyna-Espinosa , 117 F.3d 826 (5th Cir.... POSSESSION OF FIREARM BY FELON United States v. Castillo-Rivera , 244 F.3d 1020 (9th Cir.... POSSESSION OF FIREARM BY ALIEN United States v. Sandoval-Barajas , 206 F.3d 853 (9th Cir.... – POSSESSION OF SAWED-OFF SHOTGUN United States v. Villanueva-Gaxiola , 119 F.Supp.2d 1185 (D.Kan. Sept.... the listed federal offense), following United States v. Sandoval-Barajas , 206 F.3d 853 (9th Cir.... – CONSPIRACY TO EXPORT WITHOUT LICENSE Kuhali v. Reno , 266 F.3d 93 (2d Cir.... Seventh Circuit FIREARMS TRAFFICKING United States v. Gonzalez , 112 F.3d 1325, 1327 n.1... A.23 First Circuit FORGERY United States v. Johnstone , 251 F.3d 281 (1st Cir.... FORGERY – POSSESSION OF FORGED DOCUMENT Richards v. Ashcroft , 400 F.3d 125 (2d Cir.... 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii)). Third Circuit FORGERY Drakes v. Zimski , 240 F.3d 246 (3d Cir.... OFFENSE – POSSESSION OF COUNTERFEIT SECURITIES Sui v. INS , 250 F.3d 105 (2d Cir.... FRAUD OFFENSE – THEFT BY DECEPTION Nugent v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 162 (3d Cir.... removal). FRAUD OFFENSE – THEFT Munroe v. Ashcroft , 353 F.3d 225 (3d Cir.... amount). FRAUD OFFENSE – EMBEZZLEMENT Valansi v. Ashcroft , 278 F.3d 203 (3d Cir.... FRAUD OFFENSE – BANK FRAUD Sulaiman v. Attorney General, Immigration and Naturalization Service ,... – FALSE STATEMENT ON LOAN APPLICATION Sharma v. Ashcroft , 158 F.Supp.2d 519, 521 (E.D.Pa.... FRAUD OFFENSE – BANK FRAUD Sharma v. Ashcroft , 158 F.Supp.2d 519, 521 (E.D.Pa.... CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT BANK FRAUD United States v. Ogembe , 41 F.Supp.2d 567 (E.D.Pa. Mar.... A CREDIT CARD TO OBTAIN PROPERTY Soliman v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 276 (4th Cir.... OFFENSE – TRANSPORTATION OF STOLEN PROPERTY Omari v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 303 (5th Cir.... CONSPIRACY TO POSSESS STOLEN MOTOR VEHICLES Iysheh v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 613 (7th Cir.... FRAUD OFFENSE – BANK FRAUD Knutsen v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 733 (7th Cir.... of fraudulent scheme exceeded $10,000), distinguishing Khalayleh v. INS , 287 F.3d 978 (10th Cir.... FRAUD OFFENSE – WELFARE FRAUD Ferreira v. Ashcroft , 390 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir.... FALSE CLAIM AGAINST THE UNITED STATES Li v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 892, 897 (9th... – FALSE STATEMENT TO GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL Li v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 892 (9th Cir.... CONSPIRACY TO DEFRAUD THE UNITED STATES Li v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 892 (9th Cir.... FRAUD OFFENSE – BANK FRAUD Chang v. INS , 307 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir.... FRAUD OFFENSE – FALSE TAX RETURN Abreu-Reyes v. INS , 292 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir.... FRAUD OFFENSE – WELFARE FRAUD Danh v. Demore , 59 F.Supp.2d 994 (N.D.Cal. May... FRAUD OFFENSE – BANK FRAUD Khalayleh v. INS , 287 F.3d 978, 980 (10th... Circuit FRAUD OFFENSE – EMBEZZLEMENT Balogun v. U.S. Attorney Gen ., 425 F.3d 1356... – CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT BANK FRAUD Bejacmar v. Ashcroft , 291 F.3d 735 (11th Cir.... OFFENSE – MISAPPLICATION OF BANK FUNDS Moore v. Ashcroft , 251 F.3d 919 (11th Cir.... ILLEGAL RE-ENTRY – ILLEGAL ENTRY Rivera-Sanchez v. Reno , 198 F.3d 545 (5th Cir.... Circuit KIDNAPPING – EXTORTION United States v. Anderson, 989 F.2d 310 (9th Cir. 1993)... A.28 Ninth Circuit MONEY LAUNDERING Chowdhury v. INS , 249 F.3d 970, 972-974 (9th... MURDER – ATTEMPTED MURDER United States v. Morgan , 380 F.3d 698 (2d Cir.... conviction). Ninth Circuit MURDER Castiglia v. INS , 108 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir.... 1101(a)(43)(A)). Eleventh Circuit MURDER Lettman v. Reno , 207 F.3d 1368 (11th Cir.... OF JUSTICE – CONTEMPT OF COURT Alwan v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 507 (5th Cir.... Eleventh Circuit OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE Oguejiofor v. Attorney General of U.S. , 277 F.3d... A.34 Ninth Circuit RAPE United States v. Yanez Saucedo , 295 F.3d 991 (9th... generic definition of rape). RAPE Castro-Baez v. Reno , 217 F.3d 1057 (9th Cir.... STOLEN PROPERTY – CONCEALMENT OF MERCHANDISE Ramtulla v. Ashcroft , 301 F.3d 202 (4th Cir.... of concealment of merchandise, in violation of Va.Code Ann. § 18.2-103, constitutes a “theft offense”... PROPERTY – POSSESSION OF STOLEN VEHICLE Hernandez-Mancilla v. INS , 246 F.3d 1002 (7th Cir.... TO RETURN LOST MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.... PROPERTY – POSSESSION OF STOLEN VEHICLE Huerta-Guevara v. Ashcroft , 321 F.3d 883 (9th Cir.... RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY – AUTO United States v. Vasquez-Flores , 265 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir.... A.37 Fifth Circuit RICO OFFENSES Alfarache v. Cravener , 203 F.3d 381, 384 (5th... – LEWD ASSAULT ON CHILD United States v. Londono-Quintero , 289 F.3d 147 (1st Cir.... – INDECENT ASSAULT ON A CHILD Emile v. INS , 244 F.3d 183 (1st Cir.... MINOR – RAPE OF A CHILD Sango-Dema v. District Director, INS , 122 F.Supp.2d 213... A MINOR – RISK OF INJURY Santapaola v. Ashcroft , 249 F.Supp.2d 181 (D.Conn. Mar.... A MINOR – UNLAWFUL SEXUAL CONTACT Singh v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 144 (3d Cir.... INDECENT LIBERTIES WITH A CHILD United States v. Izaguirre-Flores , 405 F.3d 270 (5th Cir.... INDECENCY WITH CHILD BY EXPOSURE United States v. Zavala-Sustaita , 214 F.3d 601 (5th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Gonzales-Vela , 276 F.3d 763 (6th Cir. Nov. 21, 2001) (Kentucky misdemeanor conviction for sexual abuse of minor,... – INDECENT SOLICITATION OF A CHILD Hernandez-Alvarez v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 763 (7th Cir.... – SOLICITATION OF A SEXUAL ACT Gattem v. Gonzalez , 412 F.3d 758 (7th Cir.... A MINOR – SEXUAL ASSAULT United States v. Martinez-Carillo , 250 F.3d 1101 (7th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Lara-Ruiz v. INS , 241 F.3d 934 (7th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Guerrero-Perez v. INS , 242 F.3d 727 (7th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Guadarrama v. Perryman , 48 F.Supp.2d 782 (N.D.Ill. May... SEXUAL ASSAULT OF A MINOR United States v. Mendez-Morales , 384 F.3d 927 (8th Cir.... COMMUNICATION WITH MINOR FOR IMMORAL PURPOSES Parrilla v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir.... – UNLAWFUL SEX WITH A MINOR Valencia v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir.... OF MINOR – SEXUAL SEDUCTION United States v. Alvarez-Gutierrez , 394 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir.... A MINOR – ANNOY MOLEST United States v. Pallares-Galan , 359 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir.... – LEWD ACT WITH A CHILD Cedano-Viera v. Ashcroft , 324 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Mendoza-Iribe , 198 F.3d 742 (9th Cir.... LEWD ACT WITH A CHILD United States v. Baron-Medina , 187 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Santiago v. U.S. INS , 134 F.Supp.2d 1102 (N.D.Cal.... MINOR – INDECENT ASSAULT ON MINOR Chuang v. U.S. Attorney General , 382 F.3d 1299... OF A MINOR – INDECENT LIBERTIES Bahar v. Ashcroft , 264 F.3d 1309 (11th Cir.... – LEWD ACT ON CHILD United States v. Padilla-Reyes , 247 F.3d 1158 (11th Cir. Apr.... A MINOR – CHILD MOLESTATION United States v. Marin-Navarette , 244 F.3d 1284 (11th Cir.... SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Liranzo, 944 F.2d 73, 78-79 (2d Cir.... SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Garza-Lopez , 410 F.3d 268 (5th Cir.... falling within the enhancement); but see Peters v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 302 (5th Cir.... SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Dolt , 27 F.3d 235, 239-240 (6th... – INDECENT SOLICITATION OF A CHILD Hernandez-Alvarez v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 763 (7th Cir.... – SOLICITATION OF A SEXUAL ACT Gattem v. Gonzalez , 412 F.3d 758 (7th Cir.... SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Shumate, 329 F.3d 1026, 1030-1031 (9th Cir.... SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 247 F.3d 905 (9th Cir.... offense). SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Leyva-Licea v. INS , 187 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir.... SOLICITATION – POSSESSION OF DRUGS United States v. Meza-Corrales , 183 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir.... under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)), distinguishing Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir. 1997). SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Estrada-Torres , 179 F.3d 776 (9th Cir.... U.S. 864 (2000), overruled by United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 247 F.3d 905 (9th Cir. Apr. 18, 2001). SOLICITATION –POSSESSION OF DRUGS Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir.... an aggravated felony); but cf. United States v. Meza-Corrales , 183 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir.... SOLICITATION – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Cornelio-Pena , 435 F.3d 1279 (10th Cir.... STATUTORY RAPE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Chery v. Ashcroft , 347 F.3d 404 (2d Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Mugalli v. Ashcroft , 258 F.3d 52 (2d Cir.... STATUTORY RAPE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Xiong v. INS , 173 F.3d 601 (7th Cir.... MIINOR – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Gomez-Hernandez , 300 F.3d 974 (8th Cir.... RAPE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Bauer , 990 F.2d 373 (8th Cir.... – UNLAWFUL SEX WITH A MINOR Valencia v. Gonzales , 439 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir.... A MINOR – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Valencia v. Gonzales , 431 F.3d 673 (9th Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Valencia v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir.... STATUTORY RAPE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Valencia v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir.... STATUTORY RAPE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Valencia v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF MINOR United States v. Alvarez-Gutierrez , 394 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir.... OLD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Pereira-Salmeron , 337 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... STATUTORY RAPE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Chavarria-Mejia v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 1249 (11th Cir. Apr. 29, 2004) ( per curiam ) (Kentucky conviction of statutory rape, in violation of... A.41 Second Circuit TAX EVASION Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 359 F.3d 145 (2d Cir.... Circuit TAX EVASION – ATTEMPT Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 232 F.Supp.2d 30 (E.D.N.Y. Nov.... purposes). TAX EVASION – CONSIRACY Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 204 F.Supp.2d 405, 406 (E.D.N.Y.... EVASION – FILING FALSE TAX RETURNS Lee v. United States , 368 F.3d 218 (3d... THEFT OFFENSE – ATTEMPTED THEFT Vieira-Garcia v. INS , 239 F.3d 409 (1st Cir.... Circuit THEFT OFFENSE – LARCENY Abimbola v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 173 (2d Cir.... 1101(a)(43)(G)). THEFT OFFENSE – ROBBERY Perez v. Greiner , 296 F.3d 123, 126 n.5... THEFT OFFENSE – PETTY THEFT United States v. Pacheco , 225 F.3d 148 (2d Cir.... THEFT OFFENSE – PETTY THEFT Jaafar v. INS , 77 F.Supp.2d 360 (W.D.N.Y. Nov.... THEFT OFFENSE – THEFT OF SERVICES Ilchuk v. Attorney General , 434 F.3d 618 (3d... THEFT OFFENSE – THEFT BY DECEPTION Nugent v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 162 (3d Cir.... THEFT OFFENSE – PETTY THEFT United States v. Graham , 169 F.3d 787 (3d Cir.... A CREDIT CARD TO OBTAIN PROPERTY Soliman v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 276 (4th Cir.... TO ENGAGE IN CHECK FRAUD United States v. Dabeit , 231 F.3d 979 (5th Cir.... THEFT OFFENSE – IDENTITY THEFT United States v. Mejia-Barba , 327 F.3d 678 (8th Cir.... OFFENSE – TAKING OF VEHICLE United States v. Vidal , 426 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir.... an illegal re-entry sentence). THEFT OFFENSE Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 431 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir.... – THEFT OF MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION Penuliar v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir.... them as well). THEFT OFFENSE Martinez-Perez v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir.... – CONTROLLING STOLEN MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.... UNAUTHORIZED USE OF MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.... – UNLAWFUL USE OF VEHICLE United States v. Perez-Corona , 295 F.3d 996 (9th Cir.... THEFT OFFENSE – SHOPLIFTING United States v. Sanchez-Sanchez , 333 F.3d 1065 (9th Cir.... INA § 101(a)(43)(G), in light of Corona-Sanchez v. INS , 291 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir.... OFFENSE – POSSESSION OF STOLEN MAIL Randhawa v. Ashcroft , 298 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... – PETTY THEFT WITH PRIOR United States v. Corona-Sanchez , 291 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir.... THEFT OFFENSE – PETTY THEFT United States v. Esparza-Ponce , 7 F.Supp.2d 1084 (S.D.Cal. May... THEFT OFFENSE – ARMED ROBBERY Hernandez-Gonzalez v. Moyer , 907 F.Supp. 1224, 1227 (N.D.Ill.... THEFT OFFENSE – GRAND THEFT Jaggerneuth v. U.S. Atty General , 432 F.3d 1346... THEFT OFFENSE – PETTY THEFT United States v. Christopher , 239 F.3d 1191 (11th Cir.
Safe Havens: Authorities
Table of Authorities FEDERAL CASES Abimbola v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. Aug. 5, 2004) ................ 75-79, 262, 263, 509 Ablett v. Brownell , 240 F.2d 625 (D.C. Cir. 1957) ............................ 49, 246, 256, 540, 787 Abreu-Reyes v. INS , 292 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir.... 2003) 451, 505, 506, 715 Abudu v. INS , 802 F.2d 1096 (9th Cir. 1986) .................................................................. 557 Acosta v. Ashcroft , 341 F.3d 218 (3d Cir. August 15, 2003) .......................................... 112 Adams v. United States , 299 F.2d 327 (9th Cir. 1962) .................................................... 291 Adefemi v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 828 (11th Cir.... en banc ) ................................................................................. 177, 179 Adefemi v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 1022 (11th Cir.... en banc ) ........ 29, 246 Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS , 516 F.2d 565 (6th Cir.... 30, 77, 83, 84, 121, 220 Aguirre v. INS , 79 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 1996) .................................................... 335, 668, 807 Ahmed v. INS , 92 F.3d 1196 (10th Cir. 1996) ................................................................. 291 Alaska v. Lying , 797 F.2d 1479 (9th Cir. 1986) .............................................................. 242 Alberto-Gonzalez v. INS , 215 F.3d 906 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................. 343 Albillo-Figueroa v. INS , 221 F.3d 1070 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................. 382 Almendarez-Torres v. United States , 523 U.S. 224 (1998) .............................. 209, 253, 348 Alwan v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 507 (5th Cir. Oct. 18, 2004) ............................................... 467 Andreacchi v. Curran , 38 F.2d 498 (S.D.N.Y. 1926) ............................................. 673, 751 Angeles v. District Director, INS , 729 F. Supp. 479 (D. Md. 1990) ................................ 635 Animashaun v. INS , 990 F.2d 234 (5th Cir.... F.Supp. 407 (D.Cal. 1948) ...................................................... 775 Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466 (2000)... 144, 210, 239, 274, 544, 806 Aquino-Encarnacion v. INS , 296 F.3d 56 (1st Cir. 2002) ............................................... 546 Argaw v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 521 (4th Cir. Jan 31, 2005) ................................................ 794 Asemani v. Iran , 266 F.Supp.2d 24 (D.D.C. April 23, 2003) ............................................ 61 Ashcroft v. ACLU , 124 S.Ct. 2783 (June 29, 2004) ................................................. 380, 778 Avila-Murrieta v. INS , 762 F.2d 733 (9th Cir. 1985) ................................................... 29, 30 Aybar-Alejo v. INS , 230 F.3d 487 (1st Cir. 2000) ........................................................... 600 Babouris v. Esperdy , 269 F.2d 621 (2d Cir. 1959) .............................................. 72, 73, 550 Balogun v. INS , 31 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 1994) ............................................................... 552, 554 Bank of Utah v. Commercial Security Bank , 369 F.2d 19 (10th Cir. 1966) .................... 840 Barber v. Gonzalez , 347 U.S. 637 (1954) ........................ 175, 181, 257, 458, 469, 568, 585 Barnaby v. Reno , 127 F.Supp.2d 322 (D. Conn. 2001) .................................................. 698 Barnaby v. Reno , 142 F.Supp.2d 277 (D. Conn. 2001) .......................................... 432, 698 Barrese v. Ryan , 203 F.Supp. 880 (D. Conn. 1962) ................................................ 551, 552 Bayudan v. Ashcroft , 298 F.3d 799 (9th Cir. 2002) ........................................................ 353 Bazan-Reyes v. INS , 256 F.3d 600 (7th Cir. 2001) .......................... 253, 348, 586, 757, 759 Beier v. City of Lewiston , 354 F.3d 1058 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................ 592 Bell v. Wolfish , 441 U.S. 520, 99 S.Ct. 1861 (1979) ....................................................... 253 Beltran-Leon v. INS , 134 F.3d 1379 (9th Cir. 1998) ....................................................... 124 Beltran-Tirado v. INS , 213 F.3d 1179 (9th Cir. 2000) ............ 311, 312, 529, 706, 730, 744 Benny v. U.S. Parole Comm’ n , 295 F.3d 977 (9th Cir. 2002) ......................................... 45 Bisaillon v. Hogan , 257 F.2d 435 (9th Cir.),... (1958) .............. 49, ................................................................................................................................. 246, 827 Bisaillon v. Sureck , 358 U.S. 872 (1958) ................................................................... 49, 246 Bittaker v. Woodford , 331 F.3d 715 (9th Cir. 2003) ........................................................ 172 Blakely v. Washington , ___ U.S. ___, 124 S.... 210, ................................................................................................................. 239, 274, 433, 544 Bonetti v. Rogers , 356 U.S. 691 (1958) ................................................................... 175, 257 Bovkun v. Ashcroft , 283 F.3d 166 (3d Cir. 2002) .................................................... 343, 346 Braden v. United States , 365 U.S. 431, 81 S.Ct. 584 (1961) ........................................... 534 Braun v. INS , 992 F.2d 1016 (9th Cir. 1993) .................................................................. 774 Brett v. INS , 386 F.2d 439 (2d Cir. 1967) ....................................................................... 343 Brice v. Pickett , 515 F.2d 153 (9th Cir. 1975) ................................................................. 137 Bronsztein v. INS , 526 F.2d 1290 (2d Cir. 1975) ............................................................ 557 Bufalino v. Holland , 277 F.2d 270 (3d Cir. 1960) ........................................................... 612 Bufalino v. INS , 473 F.2d 728 (3d Cir. 1973) .................................................................. 612 Buffalino v. Irvine , 103 F.2d 830 (10th Cir. 1939) .......................................................... 291 Burr v. Edgar , 292 F.2d 593 (9th Cir. 1961) ................................................................... 344 Burr v. INS , 350 F.2d 87 (9th Cir. 1965) ................................................................... 49, 246 Burrell v. United States , 384 F.3d 22 (2d Cir. Sept. 14, 2004) .......................................... 75 Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193 (1st Cir. 1994) ..................................................................... 296 Caiozzo v. District Director , 158 F. Supp. 872 (S.D.N.Y. 1958) .................................... 612 Callanan v. United States , 364 U.S. 587 (1961) .............................................................. 527 Canciamilla v. Haff , 64 F.2d 875 (9th Cir. 1933) .................................................... 624, 625 Cardenas-Uriarte v. INS , 227 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir.... ................................................................................................... 109, 174, 565, 797, 809 Carr v. INS , 86 F.3d 949 (9th Cir. 1996) ........................................................................ 683 Carreon-Hernandez v. Levi , 543 F.2d 637 (8th Cir. 1976) ............................................... 61 Carty v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. Jan. 19, 2005) ............................................... 716 Castaneda De Esper v. INS , 557 F.2d 79 (6th Cir. 1977) ....................... 296, 297, 303, 830 Castle v. INS , 541 F.2d 1064 (4th Cir. 1976) .......................................................... 236, 531 Castro-Baez v. Reno , 217 F.3d 1057 (9th Cir. 2000) ...................................................... 471 Castro-Espinosa v. Ashcroft , 257 F.3d 1130 (9th Cir. 2001) .......................... 319, 361, 366 Cazarez-Gutierrez v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 905 (9th Cir. Aug. 24, 2004) ........................... 335 Cedano-Viera v. Ashcroft , 324 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir. 2003) ...................................... 482, 490 Cerujo v. INS , 570 F.2d 1323 (7th Cir. 1978) ................................................................... 91 Chang v. INS , 307 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir.... 258, 260, 276, 453, 704, 727 Chanmouny v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 810 (8th Cir. July 16, 2004) .............................. 257, 271 Chaunt v. United States , 364 U.S. 350, 81 S.Ct. 147 (1960) ................................... 528, 712 Cheng Fan Kwok v. INS , 392 U.S. 206, 88 S.Ct. 1970 (1968) ....................................... 774 Chery v. Ashcroft , 347 F.3d 404 (2d Cir. 2003) .............................................................. 322 Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Counsel , 467 U.S. 837 (1984) .......... 798, 800 Chiaramonte v. INS , 626 F.2d 1093 (2d Cir. 1980) ........................................ 133, 236, 249 Chowdhury v. INS , 249 F.3d 970 (9th Cir. May 14, 2001) ..................................... 464, 700 Chrzanoski v. Ashcroft , 327 F.3d 188 (2d Cir.... 578, 677, 679 Ciambelli ex rel. Maranci v. Johnson , 12 F.2d 465 (D.Mass. 1926) ............................... 681 Collins v. Youngblood , 497 U.S. 37, 111 L.Ed.2d 30 (1990) .......................................... 207 Consola v. Karnuth , 108 F.2d 178 (2d Cir. 1939) ................................................... 100, 139 Cool v. United States , 409 U.S. 100 (1972) ..................................................................... 111 Copeland v. Ashcroft , 246 F.Supp.2d 183 (W.D.N.Y. 2003) .......................................... 325 Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir.... 562, 563, 675, 761, 767, 812-814 Cortez-Acosta v. INS , 234 F.3d 476 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................ 176, 177 Costello v. INS , 311 F.2d 343 (2d Cir.... U.S. 20 (1964) 551, 553, 554 Costello v. INS , 376 U.S. 120 (1964) ....................................................... 140, 551, 553, 554 Coykendall v. Skrmetta , 22 F.2d 120 (5th Cir. 1927) .............................................. 525, 712 Cruz-Garza v. Ashcroft , 396 F.3d 1125 (10th Cir. Feb. 2, 2005) ............ 120, 175, 176, 177 Cuevas-Cuevas v. INS , 523 F.2d 883 (9th Cir. 1975) ..................................................... 627 Dallo v. INS , 765 F.2d 581 (6th Cir. 1985) ..................................................................... 618 Dalton v. Ashcroft , 257 F.3d 200 (2d Cir. 2001) ............................................. 253, 348, 756 Dashto v. INS , 59 F.3d 697 (7th Cir. 1995) ............................................................. 179, 180 De Faria v. INS , 13 F.3d 422 (1st Cir. 1994) .................................................... 87, 122, 353 De La Cruz v. INS , 951 F.2d 226 (9th Cir. 1991) ............................................................. 30 De Leon-Reynoso v. Ashcroft , 294 F.3d 1143 (3d Cir. 2002) ................................. 538, 735 De Lucia v. Flagg , 297 F.2d 58 (7th Cir. 1961) ................................ 49, 133, 136, 246, 249 Dean v. Trans World Airlines, Inc. , 924 F.2d 805 (9th Cir. 1991) .................................... 45 Delgadillo v. Carmichael , 332 U.S. 388, 68 S.Ct. 10, 92 L.Ed. 17 (1947) ..................... 181 DeLuca v. O’Rourke , 213 F.2d 759 (8th Cir. 1954) ........................................................ 808 Dentico v. Esperdy , 280 F.2d 71 (2d Cir. 1960) .............................................................. 343 DeRobles v. INS , 58 F.3d 1355 (9th Cir. 1995) ................................. 66, 298, 482, 504, 798 Diaz v. Haig , 594 F.Supp. 1 (D.Wyo. 1981) ................................................................... 741 Diaz-Zaldierna v. Fasano , 43 F.Supp.2d 1114 (S.D.Cal. Mar. 16, 1999) ....................... 669 Dickerson v. New Banner Institute, Inc. , 460 U.S. 103, 103 S.Ct. 986 (1983) ................ 373 Dickhoff v. Shaughnessy , 142 F.Supp. 535 (D.N.Y. 1956) ............................................. 775 Dickson v. Ashcroft , 346 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. September 9, 2003) ............................... 272, 685 Dillingham v. INS , 267 F.3d 996 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................... 100, 112, 138, 139 Drax v. Ashcroft , 178 F.Supp.2d 296 (E.D.N.Y. 2001) .......................................... 295, 609 Durfee v. Duke , 375 U.S. 106 (1963) .............................................................................. 118 Efe v. Ashcroft , 293 F.3d 899 (5th Cir. June 20, 2002) ................................................... 401 Emile v. INS , 244 F.3d 183 (1st Cir. 2001) ............................................. 269, 479, 480, 489 Erewele v. Reno , 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11765 (N.D. Ill. 2000) .................................. 327 Estrada-Rosales v. INS , 645 F.2d 819 (9th Cir. 1981) .............................................. 30, 123 Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 232 F.Supp.2d 30 (E.D.N.Y. November... Cir. 2004), cert. denied, sub nom. Evangelista v. Gonzales ___ U.S. ___, 25 S.Ct. 1294 (2005) 505, 714 Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 359 F.3d 145 (2d Cir. 2004), cert. denied, sub nom. Evangelista v. Gonzales ___ U.S. ___, 25 S.Ct. 1294... Fed. 1014 (S.D.N.Y. 1908) ...................................................... 129 Eyoum v. INS , 125 F.3d 889 (5th Cir.... January 25, 2002) .................................... 29, 246 Ferreira v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 1045 (9th Cir.... 335, ..... ................................................................................................................... 669, 670, 807 Ferreira v. Ashcroft , 390 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir. Dec. 1, 2004) ........................... 275, 449, 453 Fierro v. INS , 66 F.Supp.2d 229 (D. Mass. 1999) ........................................................... 153 Fitzgerald ex rel. Miceli v. Landon , 238 F.2d 864 (1st Cir. 1956) ........................... 553, 554 Flores v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 666 (7th Cir.... ................................................................................................... 391, 566, 570, 578, 678 Flores-Arellano v. INS , 5 F.3d 360 (9th Cir. 1993) ......................................................... 565 Flynt v. Ohio , 451 U.S. 619, 101 S.Ct. 1958 (1981) ....................................................... 221 Foley ex rel. Schenck v. Ward , 13 F. Supp. 915 (D. Mass. 1936) ............................ 624, 625 Fong Haw Tan v. Phelan , 333 U.S. 6 (1948) .................. 175, 181, 257, 458, 469, 568, 585 Fong v. INS , 308 F.2d 191 (9th Cir. 1962) ...................................................................... 755 Forbes v. Brownell , 149 F.Supp. 848 (D.D.C. 1957) ...................................... 135, 532, 774 Francis v. Reno , 269 F.3d 162 (3d Cir. 2001) ................................................. 323, 409, 759 Franklin v. INS , 72 F.3d 571 (8th Cir. 1995) .......................................................... 314, 523 Gallegos-Covarrubias v. Del Guercio , 251 F.2d 519 (9th Cir. 1958) ............................. 612 Garberding v. INS , 30 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 1994) ....................................................... 66, 96 Garcia v. Ashcroft , 394 F.3d 487 (7th Cir. Jan. 6, 2005) ........................................ 334, 807 Garcia v. INS , 31 F.3d 441 (7th Cir. 1994) ............................................................. 180, 617 Garcia-Gonzales v. INS , 344 F.2d 804 (9th Cir. 1965) ................................... 181, 568, 585 Garcia-Lopez v. Ashcroft , 334 F.3d 840 (9th Cir. June 26, 2003) ........... 338, 352, 354, 545 Gavilan-Cuate v. Yetter , 276 F.3d 418 (8th Cir. 2002) ........................................... 319, 364 Gavilan-Cuate v. Yetter , 94 F.Supp.2d 1039 (D.C.Minn. 2000)... (8th Cir. 2002) ........................................................................................................................... 319, 364 Gegiow v. Uhl , 239 U.S. 3 (1915) ................................................................................... 622 Gerbier v. Holmes , 280 F.3d 297 (3d Cir.... 329, 335, 423, 668, 803, 807 Giammario v. Hurney , 311 F.2d 285 (3d Cir. 1962) ................................... 49, 50, 246, 291 Giannoulias v. Landon , 226 F.2d 356 (9th Cir. 1955) .................................................... 617 Gill v. Ashcroft , 335 F.3d 574 (7th Cir. July 8, 2003) ..................................................... 112 Glaros v. INS , 434 F.2d 685 (5th Cir. 1970) ................................................................... 554 Goldeshtein v. INS , 8 F.3d 645 (9th Cir. 1993) ....................................... 299, 530, 701, 840 Gonzalez-Alvarado v. INS , 39 F.3d 245 (9th Cir. 1994) ......................................... 532, 569 Gonzalez-Martinez v. Landon , 203 F.2d 196 (9th Cir. 1952) .......................................... 296 Gonzalez-Sandoval v. INS , 910 F.2d 614 (9th Cir. 1990) ....................................... 552, 553 Gousse v. Ashcroft , 339 F.3d 91 (2d Cir. 2003) ...................................... 798, 799, 800, 802 Grageda v. INS , 12 F.3d 919 (9th Cir. 1993) .......................................................... 538, 569 Graham v. Richardson , 403 U.S. 365 (1971) .................................................................. 624 Griffiths v. INS , 243 F.3d 45 (1st Cir. 2001) .............................................. 83, 112, 220, 265 Griffo v. McCandless , 28 F.2d 287 (E.D.Pa. 1928) ......................................................... 682 Guarino v. Uhl , 107 F.2d 399 (2d Cir. 1939) .................................................. 723, 769, 835 Guarneri v. Kessler , 98 F.2d 580 (5th Cir. 1938) .................................................... 381, 764 Gubbels v. Del Guercio , 152 F.Supp. 277 (S.D. Cal. 1957) ............................................ 553 Gubbels v. Hoy , 261 F.2d 952 (9th Cir. 1958) .......................................................... 90, 138 Guerrero de Nodahl v. INS , 407 F.2d 1405 (9th Cir. 1969) .............................. 49, 246, 532 Guerrero-Perez v. INS , 256 F.3d 546 (7th Cir. 2001) ............................. 481, 496, 498, 504 Gutierrez v. INS , 323 F.2d 593 (9th Cir. 1963) ............................................................... 548 Hall v. INS , 167 F.3d 852 (4th Cir. 1999) ....................................................................... 600 Haller v. Esperdy , 397 F.2d 211 (2d Cir. 1968) ................................................................ 91 Hamdan v. INS , 98 F.3d 183 (5th Cir.... 234, 237, 252, 496, 686, 833 Henry v. INS , 74 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 1997) ........................................................................... 269 Hernandez-Casillas v. INS , 983 F.2d 231 (5th Cir. 1993) ............................................... 750 Hernandez-Mancilla v. INS , 246 F.3d 1002 (7th Cir. 2001) ................... 508, 509, 736, 739 Hernandez-Martinez v. Ashcroft , 329 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir. May 27, 2003) ...................... 758 Hernandez-Martinez v. Ashcroft , 343 F.3d 1075 (9th Cir. September 11, 2003) ............ 271 Herrera-Inirio v. INS , 208 F.3d 299 (1st Cir. 2000) ........................................................ 112 Hirsch v. INS , 308 F.2d 562 (9th Cir.... 249, 467, 744, 765, 827, 833 Holzapfel v. Wyrsch , 157 F.Supp. 43 (D.N.J. 1957), aff’d, 259 F.2d 890 (3d Cir. 1958) 344, 548 Holzapfel v. Wyrsch , 259 F.2d 890 (3d Cir. 1958) .......................................... 344, 548, 784 Houvardas v. Wixon , 169 F.2d 980 (9th Cir. 1949) .......................................................... 94 Hoy v. Mendoza-Rivera , 267 F.2d 451 (9th Cir. 1959) ................................................... 796 Hudson v. Esperdy , 290 F.2d 879 (2d Cir. 1961) ............................................................ 784 Huerta-Guevara v. Ashcroft , 321 F.3d 883 (9th Cir.... 300, 511, 516, 584, 735, 738 Hughes v. Ashcroft , 255 F.3d 752 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................. 61 Humanitarian Law Project v. U.S. Dept. of Justice , 352 F.3d... In re N , 233 F.Supp. 50 (D.Va. 1964) ............................................................................. 775 In re Tran ,... 397 U.S. 358 (1970) ................................................................................. 111 INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre , 526 U.S. 415 (1999) .................................................................. 401 INS v. St. Cyr , 533 U.S. 289 (2001)... 76, 295, 424, 445, 608, 609 Iorio v. Day , 34 F.2d 920 (2d Cir. 1929) ......................................................................... 712 Iredia v. INS , 981 F.2d 847 (5th Cir. 1993) ..................................................... 552, 553, 554 Itani v. Ashcroft , 298 F.3d 1213 (11th Cir.... 307, 527, 561, 562, 812, 830 Jaafar v. INS , 77 F.Supp.2d 360 (W.D.N.Y. 1999) ........................................................ 327 Jaffe v. Accredited Surety and Casualty Co., Inc. , 294 F.3d 584 (4th Cir. 2002) ............ 120 Janvier v. United States , 793 F.2d 449 (2d Cir. 1986) ................................................ 89, 92 Jenkins v. INS , 32 F.3d 11 (2d Cir.1994) ........................................................................ 668 Jeronimo v. Murff , 157 F.Supp. 808 (S.D.N.Y. 1957) ............................................ 551, 552 Jew Ten v. INS , 307 F.2d 832 (9th Cir. 1962) ................................................................... 90 Jobson v. Ashcroft , 326 F.3d 367 (2d Cir. 2003) ..................................................... 408, 687 Johnson v. INS , 2003 WL 151381 (D.Conn. Jan. 21, 2003) ............................................. 84 Jones v. United States , 526 U.S. 227, 119 S. Ct. 1215 (1999) ........................................ 209 Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223 (1951)... 586, 654, 715, 795, 808, 827 Kabongo v. INS , 837 F.2d 753 (6th Cir. 1988) ................................................................. 85 Kahn v. INS , 37 F.3d 1412 (9th Cir. 1994) ..................................................................... 514 Kairys v. INS , 981 F.2d 937 (7th Cir. 1992) .................................................................... 647 Kalejs v. INS , 10 F.3d 441 (7th Cir. 1993) ...................................................................... 647 Kamagate v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. 2004) ............................................... 382, 383 Kankamalage v. INS , 335 F.3d 858 (9th Cir. July 8, 2003) .............................................. 92 Khalaf v. INS , 361 F.2d 208 (7th Cir. 1966) ..................................................................... 63 Khalayleh v. INS , 287 F.3d 978 (10th Cir. April 23, 2002) ............................................. 453 Khan v. Barber , 253 F.2d 547 (9th Cir. 1958) ........................................ 130, 293, 550, 553 Kiobge v. Day , 42 F.2d 716 (S.D.N.Y. 1929) ................................................................. 344 Klonis v. Davis , 13 F.2d 630 (2d Cir. 1926) ...................................................................... 91 Knapik v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 84 (3d Cir. Sept. 17, 2004) ....................... 368, 537, 684, 763 Kremer v. Chemical Const. Co. , 456 U.S. 461 (1982) .................................................... 118 Kuhali v. Reno , 266 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2001) ............................................................ 436, 600 LaFarga v. INS , 170 F.3d 1213 (9th Cir.... 201, 328, 338, 352, 354, 545 Lagandaon v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 983 (9th Cir. Sept. 9, 2004) ....................................... 344 Laipenieks v. INS , 750 F.2d 1427 (9th Cir. 1985) ................................................... 646, 647 Lara-Chacon v. Ashcroft , 345 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... ............................... 482, 496, 497, 499, 587 Laredo-Miranda v. INS , 555 F.2d 1242 (5th Cir. 1977) .................................................. 627 Lawrence v. Texas , 539 U.S. 558, 123 S.Ct. 2472 (June 26, 2003) ........................ 779, 782 Lazarescu v. United States , 199 F.2d 898 (4th Cir. 1952) ............................................... 634 Lee v. United States , 368 F.3d 218 (3d Cir. May 19, 2004) ............................ 505, 507, 714 Lehmann v. Carson , 353 U.S. 685 (1957) ......................................................................... 98 Lemus-Rodriguez v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 652 (7th Cir. 2003) ........... 424, 437, 604, 605, 803 Lennon v. INS , 527 F.2d 187 (2d Cir. 1975) ........................................... 133, 175, 249, 257 Leocal v. Ashcroft , ___ U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct.... 398-400, 404, 408, 755, 756, 823 Leon-Hernandez v. INS , 926 F.2d 902 (9th Cir. 1990) ................................................... 554 Lettman v. Reno , 168 F.3d 463 (11th Cir. 1999) ..................................................... 362, 363 Lewis v. Frick , 189 F. 146 (D.Mich. 1911) ...................................................................... 697 Leyva-Licea v. INS , 187 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir.... 562, 563, 675, 767, 813, 814 Li v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 892 (9th Cir.... 454, 455, 458, 704, 727, 828 Liao v. Rabbett , 398 F.3d 389 (6th Cir. Feb. 7, 2005) ............................. 325, 335, 668, 807 Londono-Gomez v. INS , 699 F.2d 475 (9th Cir. 1983) ........................................... 300, 301 Longoria-Casteneda v. INS , 548 F.2d 233 (8th Cir. 1977) ............................................. 627 Lopez-Amaro v. INS , 25 F.3d 986 (11th Cir. 1994) ........................................................ 609 Lopez-Elias v. Reno , 209 F.3d 788 (5th Cir.... 345, 488, 509, 515, 721, 737 Lopez-Molina v. Ashcroft , 368 F.3d 1206 (9th Cir. June 2, 2004) ................................... 811 Lujan-Armendarez v. INS , 222 F.3d 728 (9th Cir.... 174, 263, 672, 797, 809, 810 Luu-Le v. INS , 224 F.3d 911 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................... 301, 422, 563, 797-800, 814 Lynd v. Rusk , 389 F.2d 940 (D.C. Cir. 1967) .................................................................. 828 Macapagal v. INS , 68 Fed. Appx. 109, 2003 WL 21418375 (9th Cir. June 19, 2003) ... 513 Madriz-Alvarado v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 321 (5th Cir. Aug. 27, 2004) ............................... 76 Maghsoudi v. INS , 181 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 1999) ................................................................. 575 Maikovskis v. INS , 773 F.2d 435 (2d Cir. 1985) .............................................................. 647 Mannerfrid v. Brownell , 238 F.2d 32 (D.C. Cir. 1956) ................................................... 634 Mansoori v. INS , 32 F.3d 1020 (7th Cir. 1994) ............................................................... 265 Manzella v. Zimmerman , 71 F.Supp. 534 (E.D. Pa. 1947) .............................................. 247 Marciano v. INS , 450 F.2d 1022 (8th Cir. 1971) ....................................... 50, 236, 532, 789 Marin v. INS , 438 F.2d 932 (9th Cir. 1971) ...................................................................... 91 Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686 (2d Cir.... 84, 85, 99, 100, 139, 140 Martinez-Montoya v. INS , 904 F.2d 1018 (5th Cir. 1990) ................................................. 84 Martinez-Perez v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004) ...................... 302, 517 Marty v. Nagle , 44 F.2d 695 (9th Cir. 1930) ................................................................... 635 Massieu v. Reno , 915 F. Supp. 681 (D.N.J. 1996) ................................................... 644, 645 Matsuk v. INS , 247 F.3d 999 (9th Cir.... 206 (BIA 1967) ......................................................... 72 Matter of V , 1 I. & N. Dec. 293 (BIA 1942) ................................................................... 673 Matter of V , 2 I. & N. Dec. 78 (BIA 1944) ..................................................................... 623 Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 242 (BIA 1956) ............................................. 85, 113, 121, 291 Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 363 (BIA 1956) ................................................................... 635 Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 460 (BIA 1957) ........................................................... 617, 618 Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 577 (BIA 1957) ................................................................... 548 Matter of V , 8 I. & N. Dec. 360... 1 (BIA 1966) ....................................................... 551 Matter of VS , 2 I. & N. Dec. 703 (BIA 1946) ................................................................. 717 Matter of VT , 2 I. & N. Dec. 213... Dec. 22 (BIA 1981) ........................................................ 731 McCandless v. Murphy , 47 F.2d 1072 (3d Cir. 1931) ..................................................... 635 McDonald v. Gonzales , 400 F.3d 684 (9th Cir. March 2, 2005) ..................................... 630 McNaughton v. INS , 612 F.2d 457 (9th Cir. 1980) ................................................. 381, 764 Medina v. United States , 259 F.3d 220 (4th Cir. 2001) ................................... 523, 569, 682 Medina-Luna v. INS , 547 F.2d 1171 (7th Cir. 1977) ....................................................... 536 Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 737 (7th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004) .......................................... 532, 541 Mendez v. INS , 563 F.2d 956 (9th Cir. 1977) ............................................................ 30, 123 Mendez-Morales v. INS , 119 F.3d 738 (8th Cir. 1997) .................................................... 482 Mendoza-Rivera v. Del Guercio , 161 F.Supp.473 (Cal. 1958) ........................................ 796 Mercer v. Lence , 96 F.2d 122 (10th Cir.... 90, 100, 135, 137-139, 381, 764 Michel v. INS , 206 F.3d 253 (2d Cir. 2000) .................................... 531, 538, 553, 798, 800 Milbin v. Ashcroft , 293 F.Supp.2d 158 (D.Conn. 2003) .......................................... 387, 678 Miller v. Aderhold , 288 U.S. 206, 53 S.Ct. 325 (1933) ................................................... 221 Molina-Amecua v. INS , 6 F.3d 646 (9th Cir. 1993) ......................................................... 555 Montenegro v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1035 (7th Cir. Jan. 22, 2004) .................................... 265 Montero-Ubri v. INS , 229 F.3d 319 (1st Cir.... 705, 729, 761 Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Federal Trade Commission , 691 F. 2d 1322 (9th Cir. 1982) 425 Montiel-Barraza v. INS , 275 F. 3d 1178 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................. 253, 348, 757 Moore v. Ashcroft , 251 F.3d 919 (11th Cir. 2001) .......................................................... 448 Moosa v. INS , 171 F.3d 994 (5th Cir. 1999) ............................................... 76, 84, 112, 265 Morales-Alvarado v. INS , 655 F.2d 172 (9th Cir. 1981) ........................................... 84, 121 Morasch v. INS , 363 F.2d 30 (9th Cir.... 52 (2d Cir. 2001) ............................................................... 480 Mullaney v. Wilbur , 421 U.S. 684 (1975) ........................................................................ 111 Mullen-Cofee v. INS , 976 F.2d 1375 (11th Cir. 1992) ............................................. 100, 139 Munroe v. Ashcroft , 353 F.3d 225 (3d Cir. Dec. 16, 2003) ............................. 126, 275, 459 Murillo-Espinoza v. INS , 261 F.3d 771 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................... 112, 128, 174 Murphy v. INS , 54 F.3d 605 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................................... 176 Mylius v. Uhl , 210 F. 860 (2d Cir. 1914) ......................................................................... 686 Nason v. INS , 370 F.2d 865 (2d Cir. 1967) ..................................................................... 554 Nason v. INS , 394 F.2d 223 (2d Cir. 1968) ............................................................. 551, 553 Neder v. United States , 527 U.S. 1 (1999) ....................................................................... 124 Nehme v. INS , 252 F.3d 415 (5th Cir. 2001) ..................................................................... 61 Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir. April 16, 2003) ................. 512, 513, 738 Ng Fung Ho v. White , 259 U.S. 276 (1922) .................................................................... 153 Nguyen v. INS , 53 F.3d 310 (10th Cir. 1995) .................................................................. 343 Nguyen v. INS , 991 F.2d 621 (10th Cir. 1993) ................................................ 552, 553, 554 NLRB v. Bell Aerospace Co. , 416 U.S. 267 (1974) ......................................................... 425 Nocchi v. Johnson , 6 F.2d 1 (1st Cir. 1925) .................................................................... 624 North Carolina v. Alford , 400 U.S. 25 (1970) ................................................... 75, 186, 263 Nugent v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 162 (3d Cir.... 360, 451, 703, 724, 726, 739 Nwandu v. Crocetti , 8 Fed.Appx. 162, 2001 WL 401484 (4th Cir. 2001) .............. 112, 138 Ocampo-Duran v. Ashcroft , 254 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................... 131, 132 Ocon-Perez v. INS , 550 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1977) ..................................................... 29, 30 Okabe v. INS , 671 F.2d 863 (5th Cir. 1982) .............................................................. 84, 121 Okoro v. INS , 125 F.3d 920 (5th Cir. 1997) ...................................................................... 50 Oliver v. INS , 517 F.2d 426 (2d Cir. 1975) ....................................................................... 61 Omar v. INS , 298 F.3d 710 (8th Cir. 2002) ..................................................................... 322 Orabona v. Clark , 53 F.2d 101 (D.R.I. 1931) ................................................................... 63 Orlando v. Robinson , 262 F.2d 850 (7th Cir. 1959) .......................................................... 63 O’Rourke v. U.S. Department of Justice , 684 F. Supp. 716 (D.D.C. 1988) .................... 159 Pacheco v. INS , 546 F.2d 448 (1st Cir. 1976) ......................................................... 553, 554 Palatian v. INS , 502 F.2d 1091 (9th Cir. 1974) ............................................................... 627 Palermo v. Smith , 17 F.2d 534 (2d Cir. 1927) ........................................................ 100, 139 Park v. INS , 252 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................ 398, 399 Parr v. United States , 351 U.S. 513, 76 S.Ct. 912 (1956) ................................... 77, 83, 221 Pasquini v. INS , 557 F.2d 536 (5th Cir. 1977) ................................................................ 137 Patel v. Ashcroft , 294 F.3d 465 (3d Cir. 2002) ........................................................ 319, 366 Penuliar v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir.... ........................................................................................... 397, 399, 400, 517, 736, 760 Perdomo-Padilla v. Ashcroft , 333 F.3d 964 (9th Cir. June 23, 2003) ............................... 62 Perez-Enriquez v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 994 (9th Cir. Sept. 9, 2004) ................................. 132 Perez-Oropeza v. INS , 56 F.3d 43 (9thCir. 1995) ........................................................... 626 Persaud v. McElroy , 225 F. Supp. 2d 420 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2002) ............................... 679 Peters v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 302 (5th Cir.... F.Supp. 657 (D.N.Y. 1957) ........................................... 700 Petkiewytsch v. INS , 945 F.2d 871 (6th Cir. 1991) .......................................................... 647 Petsche v. Clingan , 273 F.2d 688 (10th Cir. 1960) ......................................................... 344 Pillisz v. Smith , 46 F.2d 769 (7th Cir. 1931) .................................................................... 135 Pillsbury Co. Et. Al. V. Conboy , 459 U.S. 248 (1983) .................................................... 840 Pino v. Landon , 349 U.S. 901 (1955) ........................................ 50, 77, 83, 84, 86, 265, 741 Pino v. Nicolls , 215 F.2d 237 (1st Cir. 1954) .................................................................... 50 Ponzi v. Ward , 7 F.Supp. 736 (D. Mass. 1934) ............................................................... 291 Probert v. United States , 737 F.Supp. 1010 (E.D. Mich. 1989) .................................. 89, 90 Quilodran-Brau v. Holland , 232 F.2d 183 (3d Cir. 1956) .............................................. 741 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul , 505... ....... 66, 298, 482, 504, 798 Ramirez-Castro v. INS , 287 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir. April 24, 2002) .................................... 105 Ramirez-Juarez v. INS , 633 F.2d 174 (9th Cir. 1980) ....................................................... 30 Randhawa v. Ashcroft , 298 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. Aug. 13, 2002) ............................. 513, 835 Rasmussen v. Robinson , 163 F.2d 732 (3d Cir. 1947) ...................................................... 94 Rassano v. INS , 377 F.2d 971 (7th Cir. 1966) ................................................... 49, 246, 270 Ratzlaf v. United States , 510 U.S. 135, 114 S.Ct. 655 (1994) ................. 530, 701, 840, 841 Renteria-Gonzalez v. INS , 322 F.3d 804 (5th Cir.... 126 Retail, Wholesale & Dep’t Store Union v. NLRB , 466 F. 2d 380 (D.C. Cir. 1972) ......... 425 Review v. Loyd , 205 F.Supp. 441 ( W.D. La. 1962) ......................................................... 118 Reyes v. Neely , 228 F.2d 609 (5th Cir. 1956) .................................................................. 625 Rivas v. INS , ___ F.Supp.2d ___, 2003 WL 192556 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 27, 2003) ................ 84 Rivera-Sanchez v. Reno , 198 F.3d 545 (5th Cir. Dec. 30, 1999) ..................... 753, 814, 816 Roccaforte v. Mulcahey , 169 F.Supp. 360 (D. Mass. 1958) .................................... 100, 139 Rodriguez v. Campbell , 8 F.2d 983 (5th Cir. 1925) ........................................................ 753 Rodriguez v. INS , 204 F.3d 25 (1st Cir. 2000) ................................................................ 616 Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , 52 F.3d 238 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................. 532, 540, 734 Roe v. Flores-Ortega , 528 U.S. 470, 120 S.Ct. 1029 (2000) ............................................ 87 Rosenberg v. Fleuti , 374 U.S. 449 (1963) ....................................................... 175, 257, 627 Rosendo-Ramirez v. INS , 32 F.3d 1085 (7th Cir.1994) ................................................... 180 Ruiz-Romero v. Reno , 205 F.3d 837 (5th Cir. 2000) ............................................... 319, 364 Rust v. Sullivan , 500 U.S. 173 (1991) .............................................................................. 571 Rusz v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 1182 (9th Cir. Aug. 2, 2004) ................ 239, 247, 273, 274, 545 Sadeghi v. INS , 40 F.3d 1139 (10th Cir. 1994) ............................................................... 135 Salazar v. U.S. Air Force , 849 F.2d 1542 (5th Cir. 1988) ............................................... 118 Saleres v. INS , 2001 WL 1526405 (9th Cir.... 426, ..... ................................................................................................................... 427, 675, 816 Sanchez-Marquez v. INS , 725 F.2d 61 (7th Cir. 1984) .................................................... 627 Sandoval v. INS , 240 F.3d 577 (7th Cir. 2001) ....................................... 120, 123, 176, 177 Sanroman-Hernandez v. INS , 51 F.3d 273 (6th Cir. 1995) ............................................. 616 Santiago v. INS , 526 F.2d 488 (9th Cir. 1975) ................................................................ 635 Sawkow v. INS , 314 F.2d 34 (3d Cir. 1963) .................................................... 122, 353, 554 Schellong v. INS , 805 F.2d 655 (7th Cir. 1986) ............................................................... 647 Schick v. Reed , 419 U.S. 256 (1974) ................................................................................. 98 Schware v. Board of Bar Examiners of State of... 752 (1957) 709 Securities Industry Ass’n v. Board of Governors , 468 U.S. 137, 104 S.Ct. 2979 (1989) 429 Sharma v. Ashcroft , 2003 U.S. App. LEXIS 3642 (3d Cir. Feb. 27, 2003) .................... 449 Shepard v. United States , ___ U.S. ___, 125... 251, 257, 269, 480, 489, 570 Sideropoulos v. INS , 357 F.2d 642 (6th Cir. 1966) ......................................................... 618 Sierra-Reyes v. INS , 585 F.2d 762 (5th Cir. 1978) .................................................. 269, 270 Sinclair v. United States , 279 U.S. 263, 49 S.Ct. 268 (1929) .......................................... 534 Singh v. Ashcroft , 2003 WL 1873624 (E.D.N.Y. April 11, 2003) (unpublished) ............ 335 Singh v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 144 (3d Cir.... ................................................................................................... 456, 480, 492, 691, 776 Singh v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 1228 (9th Cir. Oct. 21, 2004) ...................................... 393, 691 Siniscalchi v. Thomas , 195 F. 701 (6th Cir. 1912) ........................................................... 135 Small v. INS , 438 F.2d 1125 (2d Cir. 1971) .................................................................... 618 Smalley v. Ashcroft , 354 F.3d 332 (5th Cir. Dec. 15, 2003) ............ 527, 701, 714, 830, 840 Solorzano-Patlan v. INS , 207 F.3d 869 (7th Cir. 2000) .................. 377, 389, 390, 719, 834 Sousa v. INS , 226 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 2000) ....................................................................... 345 Sovich v. Esperdy , 319 F.2d 21 (2d Cir. 1963) ................................................................ 402 Squires v. INS , 689 F.2d 1276 (6th Cir. 1982) .......................................................... 73, 135 St. John v. Ashcroft , 43 Fed.Appx. 281 (10th Cir. 2002) ................................................ 458 Stack v. Boyle , 342 U.S. 1 (1951) .................................................................................... 111 Steele v. Blackman , 236 F.3d 130 (3d Cir.... ................................................................................................... 670, 674, 805, 806, 814 Stogner v. California , 539 U.S. 607 (June 26, 2003) ....................................................... 775 Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 (1984) ............................................................... 355 Sui v. INS , 250 F.3d 105 (2d Cir.... 368, 383, 695, 703, 726, 763 Sutherland v. Reno , 228 F.3d 171 (2d Cir. 2000) .... 234, 566, 570, 574-576, 580, 581, 583 Talavera v. Pederson , 334 F.2d 52 (6th Cir. 1964) ......................................................... 774 Tapia Garcia v. INS , 237 F.3d 1216 (10th Cir. 2001) ............................................. 253, 348 Taran v. United States , 266 F.2d 561 (8th Cir. 1959) ................................................. 94, 97 Taylor v. United States , 231 F.2d 856 (5th Cir. 1956) ....................... 97, 239, 250, 251, 274 Taylor v. United States , 495 U.S. 575 (1990)... 514, 581-583, 718, 720, 721, 831-834 Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060 (1989) .................................................... 221 The Home Indemnity Co. v. Miller , 43 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................. 172 Tillinghast v. Edmead , 31 F.2d 81 (1st Cir. 1929) ....................................... 50, 73, 236, 539 Tokatly v. Ashcroft , 371 F.3d 613 (9th Cir.... 250, 487, 497, 566, 570, 581-584 Toutounjian v. INS , 959 F.Supp. 598 (W.D.N.Y. 1997)... 782 Towers, Perrin, Forster & Crosby, Inc. v. Brown , 732 F.2d 345 (3d Cir. 1984) ............ 118 Trop v. Dulles , 356 U.S. 86 (1957) .................................................................................. 153 Tseung Chu v. Cornell , 247 F.2d 929 (9th Cir. 1957) ............................... 49, 246, 248, 715 Turnbow v. Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co. , 934 F.2d 1100 (9th Cir. 1991) ............................ 118 Tutrone v. Shaughnessy , 160 F.Supp. 433 (D.N.Y. 1958) .................. 64, 70, 523, 688, 769 United State v. Turley , 352 U.S. 407, 77 S. Ct. 397 (1957) ............................................. 373 United States ex rel. Amato v. Commissioner of Immigration , 18 F.Supp. 480 (D.N.Y. 1937) 50 United States ex rel. Arcara v. Flynn , 11 F.2d 899 (W.D.N.Y. 1926 ) .............................. 91 United States ex rel. Berlandi v. Reimer , 113 F.2d 429 (2d Cir. 1940) ........................... 711 United States ex rel. Casimano v. Comm’r , 15 F.2d 555 (2d Cir. 1926) ......................... 625 United States ex rel. Cerami v. Uhl , 78 F.2d 698 (2d Cir. 1935) ...................................... 64 United States ex rel. Chartrand v. Karnuth , 31 F.Supp. 799 (D.N.Y. 1940) ................... 135 United States ex rel. Ciarello v. Reimer , 32 F.Supp. 797 (D.N.Y. 1940) ................ 135, 683 United States ex rel. Circella v. Sahli , 216 F.2d 33 (7th Cir. 1954) ................................... 63 United States ex rel. Cumberbatch v. Shaughnessy , 117 F.Supp. 152 (D.N.Y. 1953) .... 135 United States ex rel. De George v. Jordan , 183 F.2d 768 (7th Cir. 1950) ...................... 525 United States ex rel. Dentico v. Esperdy , 280 F.2d 71 (2d Cir. 1960) ............................. 808 United States ex rel. Donatello v. Comm’r , 4 F.2d 808 (E.D.N.Y. 1925) ....................... 624 United States ex rel. Fells v. Garfinkel , 158 F.Supp. 524 (W.D. Pa.... 347, 548 United States ex rel. Fontan v. Uhl , 16 F.Supp. 428 (S.D.N.Y. 1936)... 690, 730 United States ex rel. Giglio v. Neelly , 208 F.2d 337 (7th Cir.... 246, 696 United States ex rel. Guarino v. Uhl , 107 F.2d 399 (2d Cir.... 235, 236 United States ex rel. Huber v. Sibray , 178 F. 144 (C.C.Pa. 1910)... 135, 780 United States ex rel. Manzella v. Zimmerman , 71 F.Supp. 534 (D.Pa. 1947) .................. 699 United States ex rel. Mayer v. Day , 54 F.2d 336 (2d Cir. 1931) ..................................... 531 United States ex rel. McKenzie v. Savoretti , 200 F.2d 546 (5th Cir.... 136, 246 United States ex rel. Meyer v. Day , 54 F.2d 336 (2d Cir.... 50, 246 United States ex rel. Mongiovi v. Karnuth , 30 F.2d 825 (D.N.Y. 1929) ......... 232, 246, 689 United States ex rel. Morlacci v. Smith , 8 F.2d 663 (D.N.Y. 1925)... 63, 682 United States ex rel. Mylius v. Uhl , 203 Fed. 152 (S.D.N.Y. 1913) ................................ 533 United States ex rel. Pellegrino v. Karnuth , 23 F.Supp. 688 (D.N.Y. 1938) ................... 232 United States ex rel. Piperkoff v. Esperdy , 267 F.2d 72 (2d Cir. 1959) ............................. 92 United States ex rel. Powlowec v. Day , 33 F.2d 267 (2d Cir. 1929) ............................... 625 United States ex rel. Robinson v. Day , 51 F.2d 1022 (2d Cir.... 50, 246 United States ex rel. Schreiber v. Reimer , 19 F.Supp. 719 (D.N.Y. 1937) .............. 135, 232 United States ex rel. Sirtie v. Commissioner of Immigration , 6 F.2d 233 (D.N.Y. 1925) .. 63 United States ex rel. Sollazzo v. Esperdy , 285 F.2d 341 (2d Cir.... 49, 246 United States ex rel. Teper v. Miller , 87 F.Supp. 285 (D.N.Y. 1949)... 135, 232 United States ex rel. Ulrich v. Kellogg , 58 App. D.C. 360, 30... 1929) 135 United States ex rel. Valenti v. Karnuth , 1 F.Supp. 370 (N. D.... 235, 682 United States ex rel. Ventura v. Shaughnessy , 219 F.2d 249 (2d Cir. 1955) ................... 135 United States ex rel. Zaffarano v. Corsi , 63 F.2d 757 (2d Cir.... ........................................................................................................... 252, 260, 273, 681 United States v. Acuna-Cuadros , 385 F.3d 875 (5th Cir. Sept. 21, 2004) ....... 247, 387, 691 United States v. Aguilar , 515 U.S. 593, 115 S.Ct. 2357 (1995) ...................................... 298 United States v. Allen , 282 F.3d 339 (5th Cir. 2002) ....................................................... 269 United States v. Alvarez , 972 F.2d 1000 (9th Cir. 1992) ......................................... 260, 454 United States v. Alvarez-Gutierrez , 394 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir. Jan. 14, 2005) .... 327, 484, 789 United States v. Alvarez-Martinez , 286 F.3d 470 (7th Cir. 2002) .................................... 272 United States v. Amaya-Benitez , 69 F.3d 1243 (2d Cir. 1995) ........................................ 343 United States v. Amlani , 169 F.3d 1189 (9th Cir. March 3, 1999) .................................. 171 United States v. Anderson , 989 F.2d 310 (9th Cir. 1993) ................................................ 429 United States v. Arellano-Torres , 303 F.3d 1173 (9th Cir. 2002) .... 204, 322, 331, 350, 671 United States v. Arzate-Nunez , 18 F.3d 730 (9th Cir. 1994) ............................................ 816 United States v. Ayala-Gomez , 255 F.3d 1314 (11th Cir. 2001) ............................... 76, 346 United States v. Baker , 10 F.3d 1374 (9th Cir. 1993) ........................................................ 67 United States v. Ballesteros-Ruiz , 319 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2003) ................... 332, 349, 670 United States v. Banda-Zamora , 178 F.3d 728 (5th Cir. 1999) ............................... 344, 345 United States v. Baron-Medina , 187 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir.... 494, 496-499, 501, 502, 514 United States v. Becker , 919 F.2d 568 (9th Cir. 1990) .................................................... 832 United States v. Belless , 338 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir.... 391-394, 566, 579, 585, 822 United States v. Benitez-Perez , 367 F.3d 1200 (9th Cir. May 20, 2004) ......................... 343 United States v. Bonanno , 852 F2d. 434 (9th Cir. 1988) ................................................. 244 United States v. Bonilla-Montenegro , 331 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. June 9, 2003) ... 29, 242, 246 United States v. Booker , ___ U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 738 (Jan. 12, 2005) .................... 209, 210 United States v. Brewster , 506 F.2d 62 (D.C. Cir. 1974) ................................................ 838 United States v. Briones-Mata , 116 F.3d 308 (8th Cir. May 12, 1997) ........................... 334 United States v. Broce , 488 U.S. 563 (1988) ................................................................... 376 United States v. Burridge , 191 F.3d 1297 (10th Cir. 1999) ............................................. 459 United States v. Cabaccang , 332 F.3d 622 (9th Cir. June 6, 2003) ................. 428, 675, 815 United States v. Cabrera-Sosa , 81 F.3d 998 (10th Cir. April 16, 1996) .......................... 334 United States v. Caicedo-Cuero , 312 F.3d 697 (5th Cir. Nov. 14, 2002) ........................ 204 United States v. Calderon-Pena , 339 F.3d 320 (5th Cir. July 17, 2003) ......................... 683 United States v. Calderon-Pena , 383 F.3d 254 (5th Cir.... 247, 248, 387, 691, 770 United States v. Campbell , 167 F.3d 94 (2d Cir.1999) .................................................... 112 United States v. Campos-Fuerte , 357 F.3d 956 (9th Cir. Feb. 4, 2004) ................... 398-400 United States v. Campos-Serrano , 404 U.S. 293 (1971) ................................................. 414 United States v. Carrillo-Lopez , 313 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir. Dec. 20, 2002) ....................... 348 United States v. Carrollo , 30 F.Supp. 3 (D.Mo. 1939) .... 232, 525, 528, 533, 708, 713, 716 United States v. Casarez-Bravo , 181 F.3d 1074 (9th Cir.... ........................................................................................................... 418, 427, 676, 816 United States v. Castillo-Rivera , 244 F.3d 1021 (9th Cir. 2001) ..................................... 445 United States v. Castro , 26 F.3d 557 (5th Cir. 1994) ...................................................... 538 United States v. Castro-Rocha , 323 F.3d 846 (10th Cir. March 25, 2003) ...................... 334 United States v. Ceja-Prado , 333 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. June 25, 2003) ................ 30, 64, 128 United States v. Ceron-Sanchez , 222 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. Dec. 10, 2004) ...................... 398 United States v. Cervantes-Nava , 281 F.3d 501 (5th Cir. Feb. 4, 2002) ......................... 757 United States v. Chapa-Garza , 243 F.3d 921 (5th Cir.... ........................................................................................................... 391, 408, 756, 757 United States v. Charles , 301 F.3d 309 (5th Cir. 2002) ................................................... 720 United States v. Christopher , 239 F.3d 1191 (11th Cir. 2001) ................................ 327, 345 United States v. Chu Kong Yin , 935 F.2d 990 (9th Cir. 1991) ................................ 692, 707 United States v. Comm’r of Immigration at Port of New York , 5 F.2d 162 (2d Cir. 1924) 99, 144 United States v. Compian-Torres , 320 F.3d 514 (5th Cir. January 29, 2003) ................. 347 United States v. Continential Group, Inc. , 603 F.2d 444 (3d Cir. 1979) ......................... 840 United States v. Contreras-Salas , 387 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. Nov. 3, 2004) .............. 395, 771 United States v. Cooper , 121 F.3d 130 (3d Cir. 1997) .................................................... 421 United States v. Cordova-Beraud , 90 F.3d 215 (7th Cir. 1996) ...................................... 343 United States v. Corona-Sanchez , 234 F.3d 449 (9th Cir.... banc ) .................................................................................................................. 510, 511 United States v. Corona-Sanchez , 291 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir.... 517, 599, 671, 735, 737-740 United States v. Costello , 255 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1958) .................................................. 835 United States v. Cox , 536 F.2d 65 (5th Cir. 1976) ........................................................... 256 United States v. Crittenden , 372 F.3d 706 (5th Cir. Tex. 2004) ...................................... 422 United States v. Cruz-Guerrero , 194 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir. 1999) ............................. 349, 351 United States v. Curnew , 788 F.2d 1335 (8th Cir. 1986) .................................................. 62 United States v. Dabeit , 231 F.3d 979 (5th Cir. 2000) .................................... 509, 510, 727 United States v. Damerville , 27 F.3d 254 (3d Cir. 2001) ................................................ 806 United States v. Damon , 127 F.3d 139 (1997) ................................................................ 255 United States v. David H. , 29 F.3d 489 (9th Cir. 1994) ............................................ 67, 384 United States v. Dhingra , 371 F.3d 557 (9th Cir. June 8, 2004) ..................................... 777 United States v. Diaz-Diaz , 327 F.3d 410 (5th Cir. April 3, 2003) .......................... 444, 749 United States v. Doe , 374 F.3d 851 (9th Cir. July 6, 2004) ............................. 458, 704, 727 United States v. Dominguez-Hernandez , 98 Fed.Appx. 331 (5th Cir. May 21, 2004) (Vernon 2003) 395 United States v. Dominguez-Ochoa , 386 F.3d 639 (5th Cir. Sept. 22, 2004) .................. 687 United States v. Douglas , 974 F. 2d. 1046 (9th Cir. 1992) .......................................... 77, 83 United States v. Drummond , 240 F.3d 1333 (11th Cir. 2001) ................................. 197, 342 United States v. Dunn , 946 F.2d 615 (9th Cir. 1991) .............................................. 379, 833 United States v. Dupas , 14 M.J. 28 (1982) ...................................................................... 172 United States v. Echavarria-Escobar , 270 F.3d 1265 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................. 345 United States v. Elder , 601 F.Supp. 1574 (S.D. Tx. 1985) .............................................. 365 United States v. Esparza-Ponce , 7 F.Supp.2d 1084 (S.D.Cal. May 18, 1998) ................ 737 United States v. Estrada-Torres , 179 F.3d 776 (9th Cir. 1999) ....................................... 309 United States v. ex rel. Freislinger on Behalf of Kappel v. Smith , 41 F.2d 707 (7th Cir. 1930) 122, 123, 353 United States v. Faulkner , 952 F.2d 1066 (9th Cir.... 66, 298, 482, 504, 798 United States v. Fernandez-Antonia , 278 F.3d 150 (2d Cir. 2002) ................................. 368 United States v. Fish , 368 F.3d 1200 (9th Cir. May 28, 2004) ........................ 409, 455, 749 United States v. Flores-Rodriquez , 237 F.2d 405 (2d Cir. 1956) ...................................... 72 United States v. Foster , 227 F.3d 1096 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................................... 474, 735 United States v. Francioso , 164 F.2d 163 (2d Cir. 1947) ................................................ 774 United States v. Franklin , 235 F.3d 1165 (9th Cir.... 376, 379, 455, 583, 833 United States v. Frazier , 418 F.2d 854 (4th Cir. 1969) ................................................... 709 United States v. Frazier , 89 F.3d 1501 (11th Cir. 1996) ................................................. 422 United States v. Frias , 338 F.3d 206 (3d Cir. July 30, 2003) .......................................... 344 United States v. Galbraith , 20 F.3d 1054 (10th Cir. 1994) .............................................. 459 United States v. Galicia-Delgado , 130 F.3d 518 (2d Cir. 1997) ..................................... 343 United States v. Galindo-Gallegos , 244 F.3d 728 (9th Cir. 2001) ................... 319, 362, 366 United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir. July 1, 2004) ........... 84, 85, 87 United States v. Garcia-Olmedo , 112 F.3d 399 (9th Cir. 1997) .............................. 331, 332 United States v. Gecas , 50 F.3d 1549 (11th Cir. 1995) ................................................... 647 United States v. George , 534 F.Supp. 570 (S.D.N.Y. 1982) ............................................. 90 United States v. Gibbens , 25 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 1994) ...................................................... 702 United States v. Gloria , 494 F.2d 477 (5th Cir. 1974) ..................................................... 753 United States v. Gomez-Ortiz , 62 F.Supp.2d 508 (D.R.I. Aug. 4, 1999) ........................ 672 United States v. Gonzales-Vela , 276 F.3d 763 (6th Cir. 2001) ........................................ 481 United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez , 911 F.2d 542 (11th Cir. 1990) .............................. 68, 384 United States v. Gonzalez-Tamariz , 310 F.3d 1168 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................ 327 United States v. Gottlieb , 817 F. 2d 475 (8th Cir. 1987) ..................................... 77, 83, 221 United States v. Gracia-Cantu , 302 F.3d 308 (5th Cir. Aug. 9, 2002) ............................ 770 United States v. Graham , 169 F.3d 787 (3d Cir.... 205, 327, 343, 345, 346 United States v. Graham , 927 F.Supp. 619 (W.D.N.Y. 1996) ........................................ 327 United States v. Grajeda-Ramirez , 348 F.3d 1123 (9th Cir. November 12, 2003) .......... 398 United States v. Granbois , 376 F.3d 993 (9th Cir.... 483, 484, 493, 494, 502 United States v. Green , 515 F.Supp. 517 (D. Md. 1981) ................................................. 603 United States v. Gutierrez-Alba , 128 F.3d 1324 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................... 30, 128 United States v. Guzman-Bera , 216 F.3d 1019 (11th Cir. 2000) ............. 197, 342, 343, 344 United States v. Harris , 108 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. 1997) ................................................... 376 United States v. Harris , 964 F.2d 1234 (1st Cir. 1994) ........................................... 480, 489 United States v. Hernandez-Avalos , 251 F.3d 505 (5th Cir. 2001) .................. 331, 334, 756 United States v. Hernandez-Castellanos , 287 F.3d 876 (9th Cir. 2002) .................. 398, 684 United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez , 374 F.3d 808 (9th Cir. 2004) ................... 260, 771 United States v. Herrera-Solorzano , 114 F.3d 48 (5th Cir. 1997) ........................... 345, 346 United States v. Herron , 45 F.3d 340 (9th Cir. 1995) ................................................. 93, 97 United States v. Hester , 917 F.2d 1083 (8th Cir. 1990) ................................................... 422 United States v. Hickey , 367 F.3d 888 (9th Cir. April 30, 2004) ............................. 458, 727 United States v. Hicks , 217 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................... 456 United States v. Hidalgo-Macias , 300 F.3d 281 (2d Cir. 2002) ...................................... 347 United States v. Hinojosa-Lopez , 130 F.3d 691 (5th Cir. 1997) .............................. 331, 334 United States v. Holguin-Enriquez , 120 F.Supp.2d 969 (D.Kan. 2000) .......................... 327 United States v. Holiusa , 13 F.3d 1043 (7th Cir. 1994) ................................................... 459 United States v. Houston , 364 F.3d 243 (5th Cir. 2004) .......................................... 406, 691 United States v. Ibarra-Galindo , 206 F.3d 1337 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................. 332-334 United States v. Innie , 7 F.3d 840 (9th Cir. 1993) ........................................................... 296 United States v. Insaulgarat , 378 F.3d 456 (5th Cir. July 19, 2004) ....... 269, 387, 406, 690 United States v. Jimenez , 258 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................ 347 United States v. Johnson , 114 F.3d 476 (4th Cir. 1997) .................................................. 592 United States v. Johnson , 735 F.2d 373 (9th Cir. 1984) .................................................. 829 United States v. Johnstone , 251 F.3d 281 (1st Cir. 2001) ................................................ 446 United States v. Jones , 231 F.3d 508 (9th Cir. 2000) .............................................. 394, 407 United States v. Juvenile Male , 118 F.2d 1344 (9th Cir. 1997) ......................................... 67 United States v. Karaouni , 379 F.3d 1139 (9th Cir. Aug. 24, 2004) ............................... 241 United States v. Kelly , 62 F.3d 1215 (9th Cir. 1995) ....................................................... 258 United States v. Kiang , 175 F.Supp.2d 942 (E.D.Mich. 2001) ........................................ 268 United States v. Klisser , 190 F.3d 34 (2d Cir. 1999) ....................................................... 459 United States v. Ko , 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19369 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) .................... 125, 354 United States v. Kovac , 367 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir. May 12, 2004) ..................................... 271 United States v. Landeros-Arreola , 260 F.3d 407 (5th Cir. 2001) ... 346, 353, 354, 545, 692 United States v. Landeros-Gonzales , 262 F.3d 424 (5th Cir. Aug. 14, 2001) ................. 732 United States v. Lara-Aceves , 183 F.3d 1007 (9th Cir. 1999) ......................................... 309 United States v. Laroche , 723 F.2d 1541 (11th Cir. 1984) .............................................. 603 United States v. Lee , 310 F.3d 787 (5th Cir. Oct. 28, 2002) ........................................... 385 United States v. Leiva-Deras , 359 F.3d 183 (2d Cir. Feb. 17, 2004) .............................. 347 United States v. Lewis , 936 F. Supp. 1093 (D.R.I. 1996) ................................................ 592 United States v. Lomas , 30 F.3d 1191 (9th Cir. 1994) ............................................ 309, 816 United States v. Londono-Quintero , 289 F.3d 147 (1st Cir. 2002) .......................... 271, 437 United States v. Lowe , 143 F.Supp.2d 613 (S.D. W. Va. 2000) ...................................... 806 United States v. Lucio-Lucio , 347 F.3d 1202 (10th Cir. 2003) ................ 389, 578, 678, 758 United States v. Maldonado-Ramirez , 216 F.3d 940 (11th Cir. 2000) .................... 197, 342 United States v. Manley , 632 F.2d 978 (2d Cir. 1980) .................................................... 368 United States v. Marquez-Gallegos , 217 F.3d 1267 (10th Cir.),... S.Ct. 246 (2000) ......................................................................................................................... 345 United States v. Martinez-Candejas , 347 F.3d 853 (10th Cir. 2003) ............................... 361 United States v. Martinez-Garcia , 268 F.3d 460 (7th Cir. 2001) ..... 367, 377, 509, 719, 738 United States v. Martinez-Mata , 393 F.3d 625 (5th Cir. Dec. 10, 2004) ......... 404, 678, 691 United States v. Martinez-Paramo , 380 F.3d 799 (5th Cir. Aug. 4, 2004) ...... 240, 387, 692 United States v. Martinez-Villalva , 232 F.3d 1329 (10th Cir. 2000) ................................ 344 United States v. Matthews , 374 F.3d 872 (9th Cir. July 7, 2004) ............................ 720, 832 United States v. Matthews , 833 F.2d 161 (9th Cir. 1987) ........................................ 258, 376 United States v. McCoy , 323 F.3d 1114 (9th Cir. March 20, 2003) ................................ 380 United States v. MCE , 232 F.3d 1252 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................. 67, 68 United States v. Medina-Anicacio , 325 F.3d 638 (5th Cir. 2003) .................... 408, 749, 825 United States v. Mejia-Barba , 327 F.3d 678 (8th Cir. May 5, 2003) ............................... 510 United States v. Meldish , 722 F.2d 26 (2d Cir. 1983) ...................................................... 607 United States v. Mendoza-Lopez , 481 U.S. 828 (1987) ................................................... 592 United States v. Merkt , 794 F.2d 950 (5th Cir. 1986) ...................................................... 365 United States v. Meza-Corrales , 183 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir. 1999) ............................. 675, 767 United States v. Monjaras-Castaneda , 190 F.3d 326 (5th Cir. 1999) ...................... 319, 364 United States v. Moreno-Cisneros , 319 F.3d 456 (9th Cir. Jan. 31, 2003) ...................... 347 United States v. Morgan , 376 F.3d 1002 (9th Cir. July 23, 2004) ................... 458, 704, 727 United States v. Morgan , 380 F.3d 698 (2d Cir. Aug. 19, 2004) .................................... 465 United States v. Morin , 80 F.3d 124 (4th Cir. 1996) ......................................................... 61 United States v. Morris , 904 F.2d 518 (9th Cir. 1990) .................................................... 607 United States v. Nason , 269 F.3d 10 (1st Cir. 2001) ....................................................... 822 United States v. Navidad-Marcos , 367 F.3d 903 (9th Cir. May 5, 2004) ........................ 274 United States v. Nichols , 229 F.3d 975 (10th Cir. 2000) ................................................. 458 United States v. O’Neal , 937 F.2d 1369 (9th Cir. 1991) ......................................... 379, 833 United States v. Orellana-Blanco , 294 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. June 26, 2002) .................... 270 United States v. Orozco , 590 F.2d 789 (9th Cir. 1979) ................................................... 270 United States v. Ortiz-Gutierrez , 36 F.3d 80 (9th Cir. 1994) ........................... 347, 349, 351 United States v. Pacheco , 225 F.3d 148 (2d Cir. 2000) .......................... 327, 343, 345, 509 United States v. Pacheco-Zepeda , 234 F.3d 411 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................... 258 United States v. Padilla-Reyes , 247 F.3d 1158 (11th Cir. 2001) ............................. 484, 491 United States v. Pallares-Galan , 359 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir.... 490-496, 588, 777, 798, 821 United States v. Pantin , 155 F.3d 91 (2d Cir. 1998) ........................................................ 461 United States v. Parker , 5 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir.... 261, 376, 455, 720, 832 United States v. Parson , 955 F.2d 858 (3d Cir. 1992) ..................................................... 409 United States v. Pena-Gutierrez , 222 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. 2000) ..................................... 271 United States v. Pereira-Salmeron , 337 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 2003) ................. 483, 494, 502 United States v. Perez-Corona , 295 F.3d 996 (9th Cir. July 8, 2002) ..................... 514, 739 United States v. Peters , 215 F.3d 861 (8th Cir. 2000) ..................................................... 422 United States v. Pimental-Flores , 339 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. 2003) ............... 29, 246, 395, 679 United States v. Pomponio , 429 U.S. 10 (1976) .............................................................. 841 United States v. Pornes-Garcia , 171 F.3d 142 (2d Cir. 1999) ........................ 331, 334, 670 United States v. Portillo-Mendoza , 273 F.3d 1224 (9th Cir. 2001) ......................... 253, 348 United States v. Qadeer , 953 F.Supp. 1570 (S.D.Ga. 1997) ........................................... 546 United States v. Quinonez-Terrazas , 86 F.3d 382 (5th Cir. 1996) ................................... 343 United States v. Quintana , 914 F.2d 1409 (10th Cir. 1990) .............................................. 90 United States v. Ramirez , 344 F.3d 247 (2d Cir. 2003) ................................................... 334 United States v. Restrepo-Aguilar , 74 F.3d 361 (1st Cir. 1996) .............................. 333, 334 United States v. Reve , 241 F.Supp.2d 470 (D.N.J. January 31, 2003) ..................... 385, 777 United States v. Reyes-Castro , 13 F.3d 377 (10th Cir. 1993) .......................................... 575 United States v. Reyna-Espinosa , 117 F.3d 826 (5th Cir. July 11, 1997) ........................ 749 United States v. Rios-Beltran , 361 F.3d 1204 (9th Cir. March 24, 2004) ........................ 544 United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 247 F.3d 905 (9th Cir.... 607, 674, 767, 813, 814 United States v. Robles-Rodriguez , 281 F.3d 900 (9th Cir. 2002) ........... 203, 327, 336, 337 United States v. Rodriguez-Lopez , 51 Fed. Appx. 664 (9th Cir. 2002) ................... 516, 737 United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 323 F.3d 317 (5th Cir. Feb. 27, 2003) ....... 720, 759 United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 393 F.3d 849 (9th Cir Jan. 5, 2005) ................... 376 United States v. Rodriquez-Rodriguez , 388 F.3d 466 (5th Cir. 2004) ............. 387, 720, 759 United States v. Sahakian , 965 F.2d 740 (9th Cir. 1992) ........................................ 379, 833 United States v. Salas-Mendoza , 237 F.3d 1246 (10th Cir. 2001) ................................... 319 United States v. Sanchez , 179 F.Supp.2d 689 (W.D.Tex. Dec. 26, 2001) ....................... 669 United States v. Sanchez-Guzman , 744 F.Supp. 997 (E.D.Wash. 1990) ........................... 91 United States v. Sanchez-Sanchez , 333 F.3d 1065 (9th Cir. 2003) .......... 273, 332, 349, 740 United States v. Sandoval , 390 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. Aug. 19, 2004) ....................... 394, 678 United States v. Sandoval-Barajas , 206 F.3d 853 (9th Cir. 2000) ................... 445, 749, 750 United States v. Sarbia , 362 F.3d 558 (9th Cir. March 22, 2004) ................................... 294 United States v. Sarmiento-Funes , 374 F.3d 336 (5th Cir. June 21, 2004) .............. 678, 776 United States v. Shaibu , 957 F.2d 662 (9th Cir. 1992) ...................................................... 92 United States v. Shannon , 110 F.3d 382 (7th Cir. 1997) ......................................... 437, 491 United States v. Shepard , 231 F.3d 56 (1st Cir. 2000) ............................................ 480, 489 United States v. Simon , 168 F.3d 1271 (11th Cir. March 4, 1999) .................................. 334 United States v. Simpson , 319 F.3d 81 (2d Cir. 2002) ............................................. 325, 331 United States v. Smith , 420 F.2d 428 (5th Cir. 1970) ...................................... 523, 529, 712 United States v. Smith , 685 F.Supp. 1523 (D. Ore. 1988) ............................................... 603 United States v. Smith , 981 F.2d 887 (6th Cir. 1992) ...................................................... 603 United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. , 310 U.S. 150 (1940) ...................................... 840 United States v. Solis-Campozano , 312 F.3d 164 (5th Cir. Nov. 12, 2002) .................... 366 United States v. Sotelo , 109 F.3d 1446 (9th Cir. 1997) ..................................................... 61 United States v. Springfield , 829 F.2d 860 (9th Cir. 1987) ...................................... 398, 399 United States v. Strand , 574 F.2d 993 (9th Cir. 1978) ............................................. 370, 838 United States v. Studevent , 116 F.3d 1559 (D.C.Cir. 1997) ............................................ 459 United States v. Sucki , 748 F. Supp. 66 (E.D.N.Y. 1990) ....................................... 752, 754 United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers , 526 U.S. 398 (1999) ............................... 370, 838 United States v. Tarallo , 380 F.3d 1174 (9th Cir. Aug. 20, 2004) .......................... 449, 702 United States v. Taylor , 322 F.3d 1209 (9th Cir. March 20, 2003) ................. 302, 361, 373 United States v. Taylor , 495 U.S. 575 (1990) .................................................................. 798 United States v. Tejeda-Perez , 199 F.3d 981 (8th Cir. 1999) .......................................... 345 United States v. Thompson/Center Arms Co. , 504 U.S. 505 (1992) ................................ 180 United States v. Torres-Ruiz , 113 Fed.Appx. 801 (10th Cir. 2004) ................................. 758 United States v. Trinidad-Aquino , 259 F.3d 1140 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................... 398, 757 United States v. Ubaldo-Figueroa , 364 F.3d 1042 (9th Cir. Apr. 7, 2004) ............... 76, 289 United States v. Uhl , 210 Fed. 860 (2d Cir. 1914) .......................................................... 533 United States v. Valenzuela-Escalante , 130 F.3d 944 (10th Cir. Dec. 5, 1997) .............. 334 United States v. Vargas-Duran , 356 F.3d 598 (5th Cir. 2004) ........................ 248, 395, 679 United States v. Vasquez-Balandran , 76 F.3d 648 (5th Cir. 1996) .......................... 343, 346 United States v. Vasquez-Flores , 265 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir. Sept. 13, 2001) ... 474, 513, 734 United States v. Velasco-Medina , 305 F.3d 839 (9th Cir.... 379, 386, 718, 831, 833 United States v. Venegas-Onelas , 348 F.3d 1273 (10th Cir. November 14, 2003) ......... 391 United States v. Villanueva-Gaxiola , 119 F. Supp.2d 1185 (D.... ..... ................................................................................................................... 404, 444, 750 United States v. Vroman , 975 F.2d 669 (9th Cir.... 66, 298, 482, 504, 798 United States v. Washington , 17 F.3d 230 (8th Cir. 1994) .............................................. 603 United States v. Wenner , 351 F.3d 969 (9th Cir.... 373, 377, 438, 605, 720 United States v. Williams , 47 F.3d 993 (9th Cir. 1995) ........................................... 379, 833 United States v. Wilson , 316 F.3d 506 (4th Cir. Jan. 16, 2003) ....................................... 334 United States v. Wood , 52 F.3d 272 (9th Cir. 1995) ................................................ 405, 406 United States v. Yacoubian , 24 F.3d 1 (9th Cir. 1994) .......................................... 89, 90, 92 United States v. Zamudio , 314 F.3d 517 (10th Cir.... 79, 110, 111, 121, 123 United States v. Zarate-Martinez , 133 F.3d 1194 (9th Cir. 1998) ................................... 332 United States v. Zavala-Sustaita , 214 F.3d 601 (5th Cir. 2000) ...... 479, 481, 488, 503, 776 Urbina-Mauricio v. INS , 989 F.2d 1085 (9th Cir. 1993) ................................................... 29 Vajta v. Watkins , 179 F.2d 137 (2d Cir. 1950) ................................................................ 634 Valansi v. Ashcroft , 278 F.3d 203 (3d Cir.... 242, 243, 448-451, 703, 724, 727 Valdez-Camacho v. Ashcroft , 110 Fed.Appx. 808, 2004 WL 2203948 (9th Cir. Sept. 29, 2004) 327, 504 Valerio-Ochoa v. INS , 241 F.3d 1092 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................... 438, 600, 606 Vasquez-Mondragon v. INS , 560 F.2d 1225 (5th Cir. 1977) ................................... 616, 618 Velez-Lozano v. INS , 150 App. D.C. 214, 463... 49, ..... ..................................................................................................................... 91, 246, 347 Vermiglio v. Butterfield , 223 F.2d 804 (6th Cir. 1955) ...................................................... 94 Vidal y Planas v. Landon , 104 F.Supp. 384 (S. D.Cal. 1952) ......... 100, 136, 139, 274, 688 Vieira-Garcia v. INS , 239 F.3d 409 (1st Cir. 2001) .............................................. 63, 66, 69 Voorhees v. Jackson , 35 U.S. 449 (1836) ................................................................ 118, 138 Vue v. INS , 92 F.3d 696 (8th Cir. 1996) .......................................................... 249, 252, 834 Wadman v. INS , 329 F.2d 812 (9th Cir. 1964) ............................................ 49, 50, 246, 250 Weedin v. Hempel , 28 F.2d 603 (9th Cir. 1928) ...................................................... 100, 139 Weinbrand v. Prentis , 4 F.2d 778 (6th Cir. 1925) ..................................................... 30, 129 Whitty v. Weedin , 68 F.2d 127 (9th Cir. 1933) ................................................................ 135 Wiedersperg v. INS , 896 F.2d 1179 (9th Cir. 1990) ........................................................ 123 Will v. INS , 447 F.2d 529 (7th Cir. 1971) .................................................................. 85, 265 Wilson v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 377 (3d Cir.... 424, 671, 674, 803, 806, 807 Wing v. United States , 46 F.2d 755 (7th Cir. 1931) ............................................. 30, 50, 523 Witter v. INS , 113 F.3d 549 (5th Cir. 1997) ..................................................................... 617 Wood v. Hoy , 266 F.2d 825 (9th Cir. 1959) .................................................... 551, 552, 554 Woodby v. INS , 385 U.S. 276 (1966) ....................................... 120, 175, 179, 180, 615, 805 Wyngaard v. Kennedy , 295 F.2d 184 (D.C. Cir. 1961) ............................................. 72, 550 Xiong v. INS , 173 F.3d 601 (7th Cir.1999)... 391, 406, 491, 498, 499, 776 Yanez-Garcia v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 280 (7th Cir.... 417, 423, 424, 548, 668, 803 Ye v. INS , 214 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir.... 389, 718, 719, 721, 831, 834 Yousefi v. INS , 260 F.3d 318 (4th Cir. 2001) ................................................................... 254 Zabanazad v. Rosenberg , 306 F.2d 861 (9th Cir. 1962) ................................................. 291 Zaidi v. Ashcroft , 374 F.3d 357 (5th Cir. June 21, 2004) ........................................ 405, 788 Zaitona v. INS , 9 F.3d 432 (6th Cir. 1993) ........................................................................ 91 Zamora-Morel v. INS , 905 F.2d 833 (5th Cir. 1990) ......................................................... 84 Zgodda v. Holland , 184 F.Supp. 847 (D. Pa. 1960) .................................. 50, 100, 139, 236 Zito v. Moutal , 174 F.Supp. 531 (N.D. Ill.... 554 STATE CASES Attorney Grievance Commission v. Brewster , 374 A.2d 602 ( Md. 1977) ....................... 838 Barner v. Lees , 24 Cal.4th 676 (2000) ............................................................................. 171 Benge v. Superior Court , 131 Cal.App.3d 336 (1982) .................................................... 172 Bui v. Ashcroft , 2003 WL 251929 (N.D. Tex. 2003) ....................................................... 121 Carlson, Collins, Gordon & Bold v. Banducci , 257 Cal.App.2d 212 (1967) .................. 171 Commonwealth v. Lavigne , 676 N.E.2d 1170 (Mass. App. Ct. 1997) ............................ 575 Coscia v. McKenna & Cuneo , 25 Cal.4th 1194 (2001) ................................................... 171 Finch v. State Bar , 28 Cal.3d 659, 170 Cal.Rptr. 629 (1981) ......................................... 169 Holliman v. State , 692 S.W.2d 120 ( Tex. App. 1985) ..................................................... 420 Houston v. State , 528 N.E. 2d 818 (Ind.... 221 Cal.Rptr. 645 (1985) ........................................... 163 Kallen v. Delug , 157 Cal.App.3d 940, 203 Cal.Rptr. 879 (1984) ................................... 169 Lynch v. Warwick , 95 Cal.App.4th 267, 115 Cal. Rptr. 391 (2002) ................................ 171 O’Kane v. Irvine , 47 Cal.App.4th 207 (1996) ................................................................. 580 People v. Alonzo , 13 Cal.App.4th 535, 16 Cal.Rptr.2d 656 (Cal.App.1993) .......... 438, 606 People v. Barocio , 216 Cal.App.3d 99 (1989) ................................................................ 355 People v. Borrelli , 77 Cal.App.4th 703 (2000) ................................................................ 407 People v. Britz , 95 Cal.Rptr. 823 (1968) .......................................................................... 515 People v. Bussel , 97 Cal.App.4th Supp. 1 (January 17, 2002) ........................................ 534 People v. Clem , 78 Cal.App.4th 346, 92 Cal.Rptr.2d 727 (Cal.App.2000) ............ 438, 606 People v. Coffey , 67 Cal.2d 204 (1967) ........................................................................... 164 People v. Correa , 485 N.E.2d 307 ( Ill. 1985) ................................................................. 123 People v. Dennis , 177 Cal.App.3d 863 (1986) ................................................................ 173 People v. Diaz , 49 Cal.Rptr.2d 252 (1996) ..................................................................... 495 People v. Diequez , 107 Cal.Rptr.2d 160, 89 Ca.App.4th 266 (2001) ............................. 827 People v. Eastman , 13 Cal.App.4th 668, 16 Cal.Rptr.2d 608 (1993) ..................... 427, 816 People v. Guerrero , 47 Cal.App.3d 441 (1975) .............................................................. 170 People v. Holmes , 32 Cal.4th 432, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 678 (2004) ................................. 185, 268 People v. Imler , 9 Cal.App.4th 1178, 11 Cal.Rptr.2d 915 (1992) ................................... 495 People v. Jackson , 187 Cal.App.3d 499, 231 Cal.Rptr. 889 (1986) ................................ 170 People v. Ledemai , 43 Cal.3d 171, 233 Cal.Rptr. 404 (1987) ......................................... 168 People v. Lopez , 19 Cal.4th 282 (1998) ................................................................... 492, 495 People v. Luna , 570 N.E.2d 404 (Ill.App.Ct. 1991) ....................................................... 123 People v. Martinez , 11 Cal.4th 434, 45 Cal.Rptr.2d 905, 903 P.2d 1037 (1995) ............ 494 People v. Morris , 20 Cal.App.3d 659 (1971) .................................................................. 171 People v. Ormiston , 105 Cal.App.4th 676, 129 Cal.Rptr.2d 567 (2003) ........ 418, 426, 815 People v. Pallares , 112 Cal.App.2d Supp. 895 (1952) .................................................... 492 People v. Percelle , 126 Cal.App.4th 164 (2005) ............................................................. 276 People v. Pope , 23 Cal.3d 412 (1979) ............................................................................. 172 People v. Rocha , 3 Cal.3d 893 (1971) ..................................................................... 393, 822 People v. Rogers , 5 Cal.3d 129, 95 Cal.Rptr. 601 (1971) ............................... 418, 427, 816 People v. Sharp , 36 Cal.Rptr.2d 117 (1994) ................................................................... 495 People v. Shelley , 156 Cal.App.3d 521, 202 Cal.Rptr. 874 (1984) ................................. 168 People v. Silver , 212 Cal.Rptr. 153 (1975) ...................................................................... 515 People v. Sumstine , 36 Cal.3d 909 (1984) ....................................................................... 164 People v. Trepanier , 84 A.D.2d 374 (N.Y.App.Div. 1982) .................... 368, 537, 684, 763 People v. Turner , 267 Cal.App.2d 440, 73 Cal.Rptr. 263 (1968) ........................... 515, 724 People v. Vallejo , 1 Cal.App.4th 760 (1991) ................................................................... 164 People v. West , 3 Cal.3d 595, 91 Cal.Rptr. 385 (1970) ........................................... 186, 263 Ramos v. State , 928 S.W.2d 160 ( Tex. App. 1996) ......................................................... 420 Smith v. Lewis , 13 Cal.3d 349, 118 Cal.Rptr. 621 (1975) ............................................... 169 State v. Davis , 60 Wash. App. 813 (1991) ....................................................... 329, 381, 394 Wright v. Fitzgibbons , 198 Miss. 471, 21 So.2d 709 (1945) ............................................ 589 DOCKETED CASES Gonzalez-Gonzalez v. Weber , Case No. 03-RB-0678 (MJW) (D.... (January 4, 1944) ........................................................................ 746 Matter of VG , No. A92 593 325 (BIA 3/22/99)... § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv) ............................................................................................ 653 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(vi) ............................................................................................ 653 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(V)(aa) ........................................................................ 307, 308 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(C)(ii)... § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iv) ........................................................................................... 621 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(v) .......................................................................... 94, 95, 97, 621 8 U.S.C.... INA § 212(a)(3)(B)(iv) .................................................................................................... 653 INA § 212(a)(3)(B)(vi) .................................................................................................... 653 INA § 212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(V)(aa) ................................................................................. 307, 308 INA § 212(a)(3)(C)(ii) ........................................................................................................ INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(iv) .................................................................................................... 621 INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(v) ................................................................................... 94, 95, 97, 621 INA §... INA § 274(a)(1)(A) ......................................................................................................... 302 INA § 274(a)(1)(A)(v)(II) ............................................................................................... 365 INA § 274A(b) ................................................................................................................ 620
Aggravated Felonies: Appendix B
POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Clase-Espinal , 115 F.3d 1054 (1st Cir.... SECOND POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Cuevas , 75 F.3d 778 (1st Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Restrepo-Aguila r, 74 F.3d 361 (1st Cir.... 2L1.2(b)(2)). POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Smith , 36 F.3d 128 (1st Cir.... SECOND POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Forbes , 16 F.3d 1294 (1st Cir.... THIRD POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Amaral v. INS , 977 F.2d 33 (1st Cir.... SECOND POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Durant v. ICE , 393 F.3d 113 (2d Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Simpson , 319 F.3d 81 (2d Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Pornes-Garcia , 171 F.3d 142 (2d Cir.... court). POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Aguirre v. INS , 79 F.3d 315 (2d Cir.... 1101(a)(43)(B), for purposes of deportation), overruling Jenkins v. INS , 32 F.3d 11 (2d Cir. 1994). POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Jenkins v. INS , 32 F.3d 11 (2d Cir.... automatic stay of deportation), overruled by Aguirre v. INS , 79 F.3d 315 (2d Cir.... INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Wilson v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 377 (3d Cir.... DISTRIBUTION NOT SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Gerbier v. Holmes , 280 F.3d 297 (3d Cir.... SECOND POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Steele v. Blackman , 236 F.3d 130 (3d Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Amaya-Portillo , 423 F.3d 427 (4th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Wilson , 316 F.3d 506 (4th Cir.... controlled substance, a felony under state law, Va.Code § 18.2-250(a), constituted an aggravated felony, for... TO MANUFACTURE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Arizaga-Acosta , 436 F.3d 506 (5th Cir.... 2L1.2). POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Salazar-Regino v. Trominski , 415 F.3d 436 (5th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Caicedo-Cuero , 312 F.3d 697 (5th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Rivera , 265 F.3d 310 (5th Cir.... sentence). POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Hernandez-Avalos , 251 F.3d 505 (5th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Hinojosa-Lopez , 130 F.3d 691 (5th Cir.... by statute as stated in United States v. Sanchez , 179 F.Supp.2d 689 (W.D.Tex. Dec.... PERSONAL USE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Sanchez , 179 F.Supp.2d 689 (W.D.Tex. Dec.... felonies or not), vacated by United States v. Balderas-Sanchez , 57 Fed.Appx. 212 (5th Cir.... POSSESSION OF HEROIN – DRUG TRAFFICKING Liao v. Rabbett , 398 F.3d 389 (6th Cir.... DISTRIBUTION OF MARIJUANA – DRUG TRAFFICKING Ali v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 722 (7th Cir.... Circuit POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Tostado v. Carlson , 437 F.3d 706 (8th Cir.... either state or federal law.”), citing Lopez v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 934, 936 (8th Cir. 2005), and quoting United States v. Briones-Mata, 116 F.3d 308, 309 (8th Cir. 1997). POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Lopez v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 934 (8th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Haggerty , 85 F.3d 403 (8th Cir.... SECOND POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Ferreira v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 1045 (9th Cir.... court noted that contrary case, United States v. Garcia-Olmedo , 112 F.3d 399 (9th Cir. 1997), had been overruled by en banc decision United States v. Corona-Sanchez , 291 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir. 2002)). POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Rios-Beltran , 361 F.3d 1204 ( 9th... days). POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Cazarez-Gutierrez v. Ashcroft , 356 F.3d 1015 (9th Cir.... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Soberanes , 318 F.3d 959 (9th Cir.... OF MARIJUANA – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Ballesteros-Ruiz , 319 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir.... considered for that purpose under United States v. Corona-Sanchez , 291 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Arellano-Torres , 303 F.3d 1173 (9th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Ibarra-Galindo , 206 F.3d 1337 (9th Cir.... TO POSSESS – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Meza-Corrales , 183 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir.... under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)), distinguishing Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir.... OF DRUGS – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Casarez-Bravo , 181 F.3d 1074, 1077 (9th... SECOND POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Zarate-Martinez , 133 F.3d 1194 (9th Cir.... SOLICITATION TO POSSESS – DRUG TRAFFICKING Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir.... an aggravated felony); but cf. United States v. Meza-Corrales , 183 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir.... SECOND POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Garcia-Olmedo , 112 F.3d 399 (9th Cir.... Circuit POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Diaz-Zaldierna v. Fasano , 43 F.Supp.2d 1114, 1115 n.2... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Herrera-Roldan , 414 F.3d 1238 (10th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Castro-Rocha , 323 F.3d 846 (10th Cir.... ATTEMPTED POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Lugo , 170 F.3d 996 (10th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Valenzuela-Escalante , 130 F.3d 944 (10th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Cabrera-Sosa , 81 F.3d 998 (10th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Madera-Madera , 333 F.3d 1228 (11th Cir.... POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Simon , 168 F.3d 1271 (11th Cir.... the Second Circuit test of United States v. Pornes-Garcia , 171 F.3d 142 (2d Cir.... FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Rodriguez , 26 F.3d 4 (1st Cir.... Circuit DISTRIBUTION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Fernandez-Santander v. Thornburgh , 751 F.Supp. 1007 (D.Me. Nov.... SALE OF HALLUCINOGEN/NARCOTIC – DRUG TRAFFICKING Gousse v. Ashcroft , 339 F.3d 91 (2d Cir.... SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Paredes-Batista , 140 F.3d 367 (2d Cir.... SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Polanco , 29 F.3d 35 (2d Cir.... FACILITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Liranzo, 944 F.2d 73, 78-79 (2d Cir.... SALE OF MARIJUANA – DRUG TRAFFICKING Copeland v. Ashcroft , 246 F.Supp.2d 183 (W.D.N.Y. Feb.... Second Circuit, as expressed in United States v. Simpson , 319 F.3d 81 (2d Cir. 2002)). SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Manzueta v. Ashcroft , 206 F.Supp.2d 386 (W.D.N.Y. Mar.... 1101(a)(43)(B)). SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Romero v. Reno , 198 F.Supp.2d 276 (W.D.N.Y. Sept.... FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Gomez-Ortiz , 62 F.Supp.2d 508 (D.R.I. Aug.... SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Graham , 927 F.Supp. 619 (W.D.N.Y. June... ATTEMPTED SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Jimenez , 921 F.Supp. 1054 (S.D.N.Y. Nov.... departure). SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Mejia-Ruiz v. INS , 871 F.Supp. 159 (E.D.N.Y. Dec.... law). DISTRIBUTION – DRUG TRAFFICKING Kellman v. District Director , U.S. INS , 750... ATTEMPTED – DRUG TRAFFICKING SALE Leader v. Blackman , 744 F.Supp. 500 (S.D.N.Y. Aug.... INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Wilson v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 377 (3d Cir.... DISTRIBUTION NOT SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Gerbier v. Holmes , 280 F.3d 297 (3d Cir.... FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Palacios-Quinonez , 431 F.3d 471 (5th Cir.... sentencing purposes). DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Garza-Lopez , 410 F.3d 268 (5th Cir.... TRANSPORT FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Peters v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 302 (5th Cir.... ACT CONVICTION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Rodriguez-Duberney , 326 F.3d 613 (5th Cir.... FOR DISTRIBUTION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Trevino-Martinez , 86 F.3d 65 (5th Cir.... WITH INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE – CONSPIRACY Martins v. INS , 972 F.2d 657 (5th Cir.... POSSESS FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Martins v. INS , 972 F.2d 657 (5th Cir.... OF COCAINE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Murillo-Iniguez , 318 F.3d 709 (6th Cir.... POSSESSION FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Pulice v. INS , 218 F.3d 505 (6th Cir.... purposes). DELIVERY – DRUG TRAFFICKING Nakhleh v. INS , 38 F.3d 829 (6th Cir.... DRUG TRAFFICKING – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Dolt, 27 F.3d 235, 239-240 (6th Cir.... DISTRIBUTION OF MARIJUANA – DRUG TRAFFICKING Ali v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 722 (7th Cir.... POSSESSION FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Jideonwo v. INS , 224 F.3d 692 (7th Cir.... CONSPIRACY TO DISTRIBUTE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Turkhan v. INS , 123 F.3d 487, 488 (7th... purposes), overruled on other grounds by LaGuerre v. Reno , 164 F.3d 1035 (7th Cir.... FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Samaniego-Rodriguez , 32 F.3d 242, 243 n.3... FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Galvan-Zermeno , 52 F.Supp.2d 922 (C.D.Ill. May... FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Baca-Valenzuela , 118 F.3d 1223 (8th Cir.... BUYING MARIJUANA – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Briones-Mata , 116 F.3d 308 (8th Cir.... DELIVERY – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Martinez-Amaya , 67 F.3d 678, 682 (8th... FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Morales-Perez , 438 F.3d 971 (9th Cir.... FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Benitez-Perez , 367 F.3d 1200 (9th Cir.... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Hernandez-Valdovinos , 352 F.3d 1243 (9th Cir.... MONEY LAUNDERING – DRUG TRAFFICKING Lara-Chacon v. Ashcroft , 345 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Cabaccang , 332 F.3d 622 (9th Cir.... SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Shumate, 329 F.3d 1026, 1030-1031 (9th Cir.... enhancement). MANUFACTURE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Olivera-Garcia v. INS , 328 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir.... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Chavaria-Angel , 323 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir.... OR SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 247 F.3d 905 (9th Cir.... POSSESS FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Leyva-Licea v. INS , 187 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir.... OR FURNISHING – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Lara-Aceves , 183 F.3d 1007 (9th Cir.... OF DRUGS – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Casarez-Bravo , 181 F.3d 1074, 1077 (9th... for personal use). DRUG TRAFFICKING Ortiz v. INS , 179 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... FURNISHING – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Estrada-Torres , 179 F.3d 776 (9th Cir.... OR TRANSPORTATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Estrada-Torres , 179 F.3d 776 (9th Cir.... U.S. 864 (2000), overruled by United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 247 F.3d 905 (9th Cir.... OR TRANSPORTATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Arzate-Nunez , 18 F.3d 730 (9th Cir.... re-entry). SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Urbina-Mauricio v. INS , 989 F.2d 1085 (9th Cir.... 1101(a)(43)(B)). SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Arthurs v. INS , 959 F.2d 142 (9th Cir.... FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Guerrero-Hernandez , 95 F.3d 983 (10th Cir.... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Phillips , 413 F.3d 1288 (11th Cir.... sentencing purposes). DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Madera-Madera , 333 F.3d 1228 (11th Cir.... POSSESSION FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Fequiere v. Ashcroft , 279 F.3d 1325, 1326 n.3... FACILITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Liranzo, 944 F.2d 73, 78-79 (2d Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Cordoza-Estrada , 385 F.3d 56 (1st Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Nason , 269 F.3d 10, 20 (1st... ON OFFICER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Rowe v. INS , 45 F.Supp.2d 144 (D.Mass. Apr.... SIMPLE ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Popal v. Gonzalez , 416 F.3d 249 (3d Cir.... DEGREE ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Chrzanoski v. Ashcroft , 327 F.3d 188 (2d Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Pacheco , 225 F.3d 148 (2d Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Milbin v. Ashcroft , 293 F.Supp.2d 158 (D.Conn. Dec.... deception, or even deliberate omission), following Chrzanoski v. Ashcroft , 327 F.3d 188 (2d Cir.... OF INJURY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Santapaola v. Ashcroft , 249 F.Supp.2d 181 (D.Conn. Mar.... WITH INJURY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Persaud v. McElroy , 225 F. Supp. 2d 420... SIMPLE ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Singh v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 533 (3d Cir.... WEAPON – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Gebele , 117 F.Supp.2d 540, 544 (W.D.Va. Oct. 13, 2000) (Massachusetts conviction of Assault... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Torres-Diaz , 438 F.3d 529 (5th Cir.... BATTERY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Gonzalez-Chavez , 432 F.3d 334 (5th Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Gonzalez-Garcia v. Gonzales , 431 F.3d 234 (5th Cir.... INJURY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Urias-Escobar , 281 F.3d 165 (5th Cir.... BATTERY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Arnold , 58 F.3d 1117, 1122 n.... BATTERY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Flores v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 666, 672 (9th... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Smith , 171 F.3d 617 (8th Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Sandoval , 390 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir.... MAYHEM – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Ruiz-Morales v. Ashcroft , 361 F.3d 1219 (9th Cir.... BATTERY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Belless , 338 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir.... ORDER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Pimental-Flores , 339 F.3d 959 (9th Cir.... INJURY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Gonzalez-Tamariz , 310 F.3d 1168 (9th Cir.... under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)); accord, United States v. Pacheco , 225 F.3d 148, 149 (2d Cir. Aug. 29, 2000); United States v. Marin-Navarette , 244 F.3d 1284, 1286-87 (11th Cir. Mar. 23, 2001); United States v. Saenz-Mendoza , 287 F.3d 1011, 1014 (10th Cir. Apr. 26, 2002), quoting United States v. Graham , 169 F.3d 787, 792 (3d Cir. Mar. 5, 1999); United States v. Urias-Escobar , 281 F.3d 165, 168 (5th... DEADLY WEAPON – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Ocampo-Duran v. Ashcroft , 254 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir.... WEAPON – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Ceron-Sanchez , 222 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir.... OFFICER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Treto-Martinez , 421 F.3d 1156 (10th Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Perez-Vargas , 414 F.3d 1282 (10th Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Holguin-Enriquez , 120 F.Supp.2d 969 (D.Kan. Oct.... RECKLESS ENDANGERMENT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Singh v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 533, 540-541 (3d... ENDANGERMENT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Calderon-Pena , 339 F.3d 320 (5th Cir.... ENDANGERMENT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Hernandez-Castellanos , 287 F.3d 876 (9th Cir.... UNLAWFUL IMPRISONMENT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Dickson v. Ashcroft , 346 F.3d 44 (2d Cir.... IMPRISONMENT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Stapleton , 440 F.3d 700 (5th Cir.... IMPRISONMENT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez , 431 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir.... IMPRISONMENT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez , 374 F.3d 808 (9th Cir.... FALSE IMPRISONMENT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Brooks v. Ashcroft , 283 F.3d 1268, 1273 n.5... KIDNAPPING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Choeum v. INS , 129 F.3d 29 (1st Cir.... DEGREE MANSLAUGHTER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Jobson v. Ashcroft , 326 F.3d 367 (2d Cir.... MANSLAUGHTER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Greenidge v. INS , 204 F.Supp.2d 594 (S.D.N.Y. Nov.... VEHICULAR HOMICIDE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Francis v. Reno , 269 F.3d 162 (3d Cir.... INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Bejarano-Urrutia v. Gonzales , 413 F.3d 444 (4th Cir.... for simple involuntary manslaughter, in violation of Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-36 (2004), which requires... the conclusion of the court in Leocal v. Ashcroft , 543 U.S. 1, 125 S.Ct.... HOMICIDE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Dominguez-Ochoa , 386 F.3d 639 (5th Cir.... BY INTOXICATION – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Bazan-Reyes v. INS , 256 F.3d 600 (7th Cir.... HOMICIDE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez , 335 F.3d 793 (8th Cir.... VEHICULAR HOMICIDE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Omar v. INS , 298 F.3d 710 (8th Cir.... MANSLAUGHTER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Moore , 38 F.3d 977 (8th Cir.... VEHICULAR MANSLAUGHTER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Lara-Cazares v. Gonzales , 408 F.3d 1217 (9th Cir.... not the same as recklessness), disapproving Park v. INS , 252 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir.... MANSLAUGHTER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Bonilla-Montenegro , 331 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir.... INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Park v. INS , 252 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir.... under 18 U.S.C. § 16(b)); see Chery v. Ashcroft , 347 F.3d 404 (2d Cir. Oct. 17, 2003); Dickson v. Ashcroft , 346 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. Sept. 9, 2003); Chrzanoski v. Ashcroft , 327 F.3d 188 (2d Cir. Apr. 22, 2003); but see Jobson v. Ashcroft , 326 F.3d 367 (2d Cir.... MURDER – ATTEMPTED MURDER United States v. Morgan , 380 F.3d 698 (2d Cir.... FOR HIRE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Ng v. Attorney General , 436 F.3d 392 (3d... be used upon another.”, citing United States v. Luskin , 926 F.3d 372, 379 (4th... constitutes a crime of violence); United States v. Cox , 74 F.3d 189, 190 (9th... another”). Ninth Circuit MURDER Castiglia v. INS , 108 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir.... 1101(a)(43)(A)). Eleventh Circuit MURDER Lettman v. Reno , 207 F.3d 1368 (11th Cir.... Circuit ROBBERY – THEFT OFFENSE Perez v. Greiner , 296 F.3d 123, 126 n.5... 1101(a)(43)(G)). ROBBERY – ATTEMPT United States v. Fernandez-Antonia , 278 F.3d 150 (2d Cir.... ROBBERY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Valladares , 304 F.3d 1300 (8th Cir.... ARMED ROBBERY – THEFT OFFENSE Hernandez-Gonzalez v. Moyer , 907 F.Supp. 1224, 1227 (N.D.Ill.... STALKING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Insaulgarat , 378 F.3d 456 (5th Cir.... STALKING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Jones , 231 F.3d 508, 519-520 (9th... TERRORISTIC THREATS – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Bovkun v. Ashcroft , 283 F.3d 166 (3d Cir.... THREATS – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Acuna-Cuadros , 385 F.3d 875 (5th Cir.... § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii), since the offense does not “ha[ve] as an element the use, attempted use,... THREATS – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Martinez-Paramo , 380 F.3d 799 (5th Cir.... MENACING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Landeros-Arreola , 260 F.3d 407 (5th Cir.... HARASSMENT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Szucz-Toldy v. Gonzalez , 400 F.3d 978 (7th Cir.... CALL – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Ladwig , 432 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir.... HARASSMENT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Singh v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 1228 (9th Cir.... CRIMINAL THREATS – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Rosales-Rosales v. Ashcroft , 347 F.3d 714 (9th Cir.... MENACING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Drummond , 240 F.3d 1333 (11th Cir.... RETALIATION – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Martinez-Mata , 393 F.3d 625 (5th Cir.... MISAPPLICATION OF BANK FUNDS – DECEIT Valansi v. Ashcroft , 203 F.3d 203 (3d Cir.... BANK FRAUD – FRAUD OFFENSE Sulaiman v. Attorney General, Immigration and Naturalization Service ,... BANK FRAUD – FRAUD OFFENSE Sharma v. Ashcroft , 158 F.Supp.2d 519, 521 (E.D.Pa.... BANK FRAUD – CONSPIRACY United States v. Ogembe , 41 F.Supp.2d 567 (E.D.Pa. Mar.... BANK FRAUD – FRAUD OFFENSE Knutsen v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 733 (7th Cir.... of fraudulent scheme exceeded $10,000), distinguishing Khalayleh v. INS , 287 F.3d 978 (10th Cir.... BANK FRAUD – FRAUD OFFENSE Chang v. INS , 307 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir.... BANK FRAUD – FRAUD OFFENSE Khalayleh v. INS , 287 F.3d 978, 980 (10th... COMMIT BANK FRAUD – FRAUD OFFENSE Bejacmar v. Ashcroft , 291 F.3d 735 (11th Cir.... OF BANK FUNDS – FRAUD OFFENSE Moore v. Ashcroft , 251 F.3d 919 (11th Cir.... OF COURT – OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE Alwan v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 507 (5th Cir.... Second Circuit SECURITIES – COUNTERFEITING Kamagate v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d 144 (2d Cir.... OF COUNTERFEIT SECURITIES – FRAUD OFFENSE Sui v. INS , 250 F.3d 105 (2d Cir.... POSSESSION OF COUNTERFEIT SECURITIES – ATTEMPT Sui v. INS , 250 F.3d 105 (2d Cir.... BAD CHECKS – CONSPIRACY United States v. Dabeit , 231 F.3d 979 (5th Cir.... Ninth Circuit OBLIGATIONS – COUNTERFEITING Albillo-Figueroa v. INS , 221 F.3d 1070 (9th Cir.... RIOT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Hernandez-Rodriguez , 388 F.3d 779 (10th Cir.... FAILURE TO APPEAR TO FACE CHARGES Barnaby v. Reno , 142 F.Supp.2d 277 (D.Conn. May... VEHICLE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Kelly , 422 F.3d 889 (9th Cir.... AN OFFICER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Penuliar v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir.... AN OFFICER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Reyes-Alcaraz v. Ashcroft , 363 F.3d 937 (9th Cir.... OFFICER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Campos-Fuerte , 357 F.3d 956 (9th Cir.... OFFICER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Treto-Martinez , 421 F.3d 1156 (10th Cir.... ON LOAN APPLICATION – FRAUD OFFENSE Sharma v. Ashcroft , 158 F.Supp.2d 519, 521 (E.D.Pa.... WELFARE FRAUD – FRAUD OFFENSE Ferreira v. Ashcroft , 390 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir.... THE UNITED STATES – FRAUD OFFENSE Li v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 892, 897 (9th... FALSE TAX RETURN – FRAUD OFFENSE Abreu-Reyes v. INS , 292 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir.... WELFARE FRAUD – FRAUD OFFENSE Danh v. Demore , 59 F.Supp.2d 994 (N.D.Cal. May... OF STOLEN MAIL – THEFT OFFENSE Randhawa v. Ashcroft , 298 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... MONEY LAUNDERING – DRUG TRAFFICKING Lara-Chacon v. Ashcroft , 345 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... pounds of marijuana). MONEY LAUNDERING Chowdhury v. INS , 249 F.3d 970, 972-974 (9th... OF COURT – OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE Alwan v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 507 (5th Cir.... Eleventh Circuit OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE Oguejiofor v. Attorney General of U.S. , 277 F.3d... ACT CONVICTION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Rodriguez-Duberney , 326 F.3d 613 (5th Cir.... for this purpose). RICO OFFENSES Alfarache v. Cravener , 203 F.3d 381, 384 (5th... B.33 Second Circuit TAX EVASION Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 359 F.3d 145 (2d Cir.... Circuit TAX EVASION – ATTEMPT Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 232 F.Supp.2d 30 (E.D.N.Y. Nov.... deportation purposes). TAX EVASION – CONSPIRACY Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 204 F.Supp.2d 405, 406 (E.D.N.Y.... EVASION – FILING FALSE TAX RETURNS Lee v. United States , 368 F.3d 218 (3d... FALSE TAX RETURN – FRAUD OFFENSE Abreu-Reyes v. INS , 292 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 388 F.3d 466 (5th Cir.... BUILDING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 323 F.3d 317 (5th Cir.... AUTO BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Santos v. Reno , 228 F.3d 591 (5th Cir.... deportation). AUTO BURGLARY – BURGLARY Lopez-Elias v. Reno , 209 F.3d 788 (5th Cir.... AUTO BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Lopez-Elias v. Reno , 209 F.3d 788 (5th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Ramos-Garcia , 95 F.3d 369 (5th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rodriguez-Guzman , 56 F.3d 18 (5th Cir.... re-entry after deportation), overruled by United States v. Turner , 305 F.3d 349 (5th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rodriguez-Guzman , 56 F.3d 18 (5th Cir.... re-entry after deportation), overruled by United States v. Turner , 305 F.3d 349 (5th Cir.... DWELLING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Guadardo , 40 F.3d 102 (5th Cir.... of the Fifth Circuit BURGLARY Rios-Delgado v. United States , 117 F.Supp.2d 581 (W.D.Tex.... under the soon-to-be-announced rule of United States v. Reyna-Espinosa , 117 F.3d 826 (5th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Alvarez-Martinez , 286 F.3d 470 (7th Cir.... ATTEMPTED AUTO BURGLARY – BURGLARY United States v. Martinez-Garcia , 268 F.3d 460 (7th Cir.... attempt). AUTO BURGLARY – BURGLARY Solorzano-Patlan v. INS , 207 F.3d 869 (7th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Guzman-Landeros , 207 F.3d 1034, 1035 (8th... DWELLING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Guerrero-Velasquez , 434 F.3d 1193 (9th Cir.... UNLAWFUL ENTRY – BURGLARY United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 393 F.3d 849 (9th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Matthews , 374 F.3d 872 (9th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 364 F.3d 1142 (9th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Wenner , 351 F.3d 969 (9th Cir.... although they are not structures under Taylor v. United States , 495 U.S. 575 (1990);... as immigration context). BURGLARY United States v. Velasco-Medina , 305 F.3d 839 (9th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Sandoval-Venegas , 292 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir.... dwelling). AUTO BURGLARY – BURGLARY Ye v. INS , 214 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir.... UNLAWFUL ENTRY – BURGLARY United States v. Parker , 5 F.3d 1322, 1325 (9th... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Cornelio-Pena , 435 F.3d 1279 (10th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Soto-Ornelas , 312 F.3d 1167 (10th Cir.... BURGLARY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Frias-Trujillo , 9 F.3d 875 (10th Cir.... DWELLING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Fuentes-Rivera , 323 F.3d 869 (11th Cir.... Circuit EMBEZZLEMENT – FRAUD OFFENSE Valansi v. Ashcroft , 278 F.3d 203 (3d Cir.... Circuit EMBEZZLEMENT – FRAUD OFFENSE Balogun v. U.S. Attorney Gen ., 425 F.3d 1356... Circuit EXTORTION – KIDNAPPING United States v. Anderson, 989 F.2d 310 (9th Cir. 1993)... OF COUNTERFEIT SECURITIES – FRAUD OFFENSE Sui v. INS , 250 F.3d 105 (2d Cir.... INTO INTERSTATE COMMERCE – FRAUD OFFENSE Zhang v. United States , 401 F.Supp.2d 233 (E.D.N.Y.... THEFT BY DECEPTION – FRAUD OFFENSE Nugent v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 162 (3d Cir.... removal). THEFT – FRAUD OFFENSE Munroe v. Ashcroft , 353 F.3d 225 (3d Cir.... TO OBTAIN PROPERTY – THEFT OFFENSE Soliman v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 276 (4th Cir.... CHECK FRAUD – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Dabeit , 231 F.3d 979 (5th Cir.... STOLEN MOTOR VEHICLES – FRAUD OFFENSE Iysheh v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 613 (7th Cir.... BAD CHECKS – CONSPIRACY United States v. Dabeit , 231 F.3d 979 (5th Cir.... ARSON – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Tran v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 464 (3d Cir.... MISCHIEF – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Landeros-Gonzales , 262 F.3d 424 (5th Cir.... STOLEN VEHICLE – RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY Huerta-Guevara v. Ashcroft , 321 F.3d 883 (9th Cir.... OF MERCHANDISE – RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY Ramtulla v. Ashcroft , 301 F.3d 202 (4th Cir.... of concealment of merchandise, in violation of Va.Code Ann. § 18.2-103, constitutes a “theft offense”... OF STOLEN PROPERTY – FRAUD OFFENSE Omari v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 303 (5th Cir.... AUTO – RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY United States v. Vasquez-Flores , 265 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir.... STOLEN VEHICLE – RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY Hernandez-Mancilla v. INS , 246 F.3d 1002 (7th Cir.... OF STOLEN MAIL – THEFT OFFENSE Randhawa v. Ashcroft , 298 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... OF STOLEN PROPERTY – ATTEMPT United States v. Vasquez-Flores , 265 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir.... ATTEMPTED THEFT – THEFT OFFENSE Vieira-Garcia v. INS , 239 F.3d 409 (1st Cir.... Circuit LARCENY – THEFT OFFENSE Abimbola v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 173 (2d Cir.... PETTY THEFT – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Pacheco , 225 F.3d 148 (2d Cir.... PETTY THEFT – THEFT OFFENSE Jaafar v. INS , 77 F.Supp.2d 360 (W.D.N.Y. Nov.... THEFT OF SERVICES – THEFT OFFENSE Ilchuk v. Attorney General , 434 F.3d 618 (3d... THEFT BY DECEPTION – THEFT OFFENSE Nugent v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 162 (3d Cir.... PETTY THEFT – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Graham , 169 F.3d 787 (3d Cir.... TO OBTAIN PROPERTY – THEFT OFFENSE Soliman v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 276 (4th Cir.... IDENTITY THEFT – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Mejia-Barba , 327 F.3d 678 (8th Cir.... OF VEHICLE – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Vidal , 426 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir.... illegal re-entry sentence). THEFT OFFENSE Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 431 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir.... MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION – THEFT OFFENSE Penuliar v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir.... them as well). THEFT OFFENSE Martinez-Perez v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir.... MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION – THEFT OFFENSE Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.... OF TRANSPORTATION – RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.... MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION – THEFT OFFENSE Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.... OF VEHICLE – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Perez-Corona , 295 F.3d 996 (9th Cir.... SHOPLIFTING – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Sanchez-Sanchez , 333 F.3d 1065 (9th Cir.... INA § 101(a)(43)(G), in light of Corona-Sanchez v. INS , 291 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir.... WITH PRIOR – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Corona-Sanchez , 291 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir.... PETTY THEFT – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Esparza-Ponce , 7 F.Supp.2d 1084 (S.D.Cal. May... GRAND THEFT – THEFT OFFENSE Jaggerneuth v. U.S. Atty General , 432 F.3d 1346... PETTY THEFT – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Christopher , 239 F.3d 1191 (11th Cir.... TRESPASS – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Delgado-Enriquez , 188 F.3d 592 (5th Cir.... TRESPASS – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Venegas-Onelas , 348 F.3d 1273 (10th Cir.... FALSE TAX RETURNS – TAX EVASION Lee v. United States , 368 F.3d 218 (3d... ON LOAN APPLICATION – FRAUD OFFENSE Sharma v. Ashcroft , 158 F.Supp.2d 519, 521 (E.D.Pa.... TO GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL – FRAUD OFFENSE Li v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 892 (9th Cir.... FALSE TAX RETURN – FRAUD OFFENSE Abreu-Reyes v. INS , 292 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir.... WELFARE FRAUD – FRAUD OFFENSE Danh v. Demore , 59 F.Supp.2d 994 (N.D.Cal. May... B.48 First Circuit FORGERY United States v. Johnstone , 251 F.3d 281 (1st Cir.... POSSESSION OF FORGED DOCUMENT – FORGERY Richards v. Ashcroft , 400 F.3d 125 (2d Cir.... 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii)). Third Circuit FORGERY Drakes v. Zimski , 240 F.3d 246 (3d Cir.... EXPORT WITHOUT LICENSE – FIREARMS TRAFFICKING Kuhali v. Reno , 266 F.3d 93 (2d Cir.... DWELLING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Alfaro , 408 F.3d 204 (5th Cir.... into an occupied dwelling, in violation of Va.Code § 18.202-79 (1993), did not constitute a... – FACILITATION – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Nguyen v. Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 386 (5th Cir.... SHOTGUN – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Diaz-Diaz , 327 F.3d 410 (5th Cir.... UNREGISTERED FIREARM – FIREARM OFFENSE United States v. Diaz-Diaz , 327 F.3d 410 (5th Cir.... WEAPON – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Medina-Anicacio , 325 F.3d 638 (5th Cir.... FIREARM – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Hernandez-Neave , 291 F.3d 296 (5th Cir.... SHOTGUN – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rivas-Palacios , 244 F.3d 396 (5th Cir.... illegal re-entry sentencing purposes), following United States v. Dunn , 946 F.2d 615, 620-21 (9th... BY ALIEN – FIREARMS OFFENSE United States v. Reyna-Espinosa , 117 F.3d 826 (5th Cir.... FIREARM – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Jaimes-Jaimes , 406 F.3d 845 (7th Cir.... of another). FIREARMS TRAFFICKING United States v. Gonzalez , 112 F.3d 1325, 1327 n.1... INTENT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Gomez-Hernandez , 300 F.3d 974 (8th Cir.... WEAPON – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Serna , 435 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir.... SHOTGUN – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Delaney , 427 F.3d 1224 (9th Cir.... BUILDING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Cortez-Arias , 415 F.3d 977 (9th Cir.... DEVICE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Fish , 368 F.3d 1200 (9th Cir.... FIREARMS – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Sarbia , 367 F.3d 1079 (9th Cir.... AN OFFICER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Reyes-Alcaraz v. Ashcroft , 363 F.3d 937 (9th Cir.... DEADLY WEAPON – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Ocampo-Duran v. Ashcroft , 254 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir.... BY FELON – FIREARMS OFFENSE United States v. Castillo-Rivera , 244 F.3d 1020 (9th Cir.... BY ALIEN – FIREARMS OFFENSE United States v. Sandoval-Barajas , 206 F.3d 853 (9th Cir.... SHOTGUN – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Villanueva-Gaxiola , 119 F.Supp.2d 1185 (D.Kan. Sept.... SAWED-OFF SHOTGUN – FIREARMS OFFENSE United States v. Villanueva-Gaxiola , 119 F.Supp.2d 1185 (D.Kan. Sept.... the listed federal offense), following United States v. Sandoval-Barajas , 206 F.3d 853 (9th Cir.... B.53 Third Circuit ALIEN HARBORING Patel v. Ashcroft, 294 F.3d 465 (3d Cir. June... Fifth Circuit ALIEN TRANSPORTATION United States v. Solis-Campozano , 312 F.3d 164 (5th Cir.... for illegal re-entry). ALIEN TRANSPORTATION Ruiz-Romero v. Reno , 205 F.3d 837 (5th Cir.... ILLEGAL ENTRY – ALIEN SMUGGLING Rivera-Sanchez v. Reno , 198 F.3d 545 (5th Cir.... immigration purposes). ALIEN TRANSPORTATION United States v. Monjaras-Castaneda , 190 F.3d 326 (5th Cir.... AIDING AND ABETTING – ALIEN SMUGGLING Tapucu v. Gonzales , 399 F.3d 736 (6th Cir.... Eighth Circuit ALIEN HARBORING Gavilan-Cuate v. Yetter , 276 F.3d 418 (8th Cir.... AND ABETTING – ALIEN SMUGGLING United States v. Garcia , 400 F.3d 816 (9th Cir.... the same offense). ALIEN HARBORING Castro-Espinosa v. Ashcroft , 257 F.3d 1130 (9th Cir.... removal purposes). ALIEN TRANSPORTATION United States v. Galindo-Gallegos , 244 F.3d 728 (9th Cir.... Tenth Circuit ALIEN TRANSPORTATION United States v. Martinez-Candejas , 347 F.3d 853 (10th Cir.... felony conviction). ALIEN TRANSPORTATION United States v. Salas-Mendoza , 237 F.3d 1246 (10th Cir.... ILLEGAL ENTRY – ILLEGAL RE-ENTRY Rivera-Sanchez v. Reno , 198 F.3d 545 (5th Cir.... ILLEGAL ENTRY – ALIEN SMUGGLING Rivera-Sanchez v. Reno , 198 F.3d 545 (5th Cir.... FALSELY MAKING DOCUMENT – DOCUMENT FRAUD Pena-Rosario v. Reno , 83 F.Supp.2d 349, 366 n.12... CAUSING INJURY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Leocal v. Ashcroft , 543 U.S. 1, 125 S.Ct.... THE INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Dalton v. Ashcroft , 257 F.3d 200 (2d Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Vargas-Duran , 356 F.3d 598 (5th Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Vargas-Duran , 319 F.3d 194 (5th Cir.... INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Cervantes-Nava , 281 F.3d 501 (5th Cir.... INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Chapa-Garza , 243 F.3d 921 (5th Cir.... INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. DeSantiago-Gonzalez , 207 F.3d 261 (5th Cir.... THE INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Camacho-Marroquin v. INS , 188 F.3d 649 (5th Cir.... purposes), opinion withdrawn, rehearing dismissed by Camacho-Marroquin v. INS , 222 F.3d 1040 (5th Cir.... THE INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Montiel-Barraza v. INS , 275 F.3d 1178 (9th Cir.... INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Portillo-Mendoza , 273 F.3d 1224, 1226 (9th... INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Trinidad-Aquino , 259 F.3d 1140 (9th Cir.... BY INTOXICATION – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Bazan-Reyes v. INS , 256 F.3d 600 (7th Cir.... THE INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Bazan-Reyes v. INS , 256 F.3d 600 (7th Cir.... THE INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Bazan-Reyes v. INS , 256 F.3d 600, 603 (7th... INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Torres-Ruiz , 387 F.3d 1179 (10th Cir.... INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Lucio-Lucio , 347 F.3d 1202 (10th Cir.... THE INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Tapia-Garcia v. INS , 237 F.3d 1216 (10th Cir.... INFLUENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rubio , 317 F.3d 1240 (11th Cir.... WITH INJURY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Le v. U.S. Atty. Gen ., 196 F.3d 1352... (BIA July 3, 2001) (under United States v. Chapa-Garza , 243 F.3d 921 (5th Cir. Mar. 1, 2001) and United States v. Hernandez-Avalos , 251 F.3d 505 (5th Cir.... VEHICULAR HOMICIDE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Francis v. Reno , 269 F.3d 162 (3d Cir.... JOYRIDING – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 388 F.3d 466 (5th Cir.... – FACILITATION – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Nguyen v. Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 386 (5th Cir.... VEHICLE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 323 F.3d 317 (5th Cir.... THEFT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Charles , 301 F.3d 309 (5th Cir.... Dec. 10, 2001), and overruling United States v. Jackson , 220 F.3d 635 (5th Cir.... THEFT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Charles , 275 F.3d 468 (5th Cir.... VEHICLE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Jackson , 220 F.3d 635 (5th Cir.... U.S.C. § 16), overruled by United States v. Charles , 301 F.3d 309 (5th Cir.... VEHICLE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Galvan-Rodriguez , 169 F.3d 217 (5th Cir.... BURGLARY – AUTO – ATTEMPT United States v. Martinez-Garcia , 268 F.3d 460 (7th Cir.... STOLEN VEHICLE – RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY Hernandez-Mancilla v. INS , 246 F.3d 1002 (7th Cir.... VEHICULAR MANSLAUGHTER – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Lara-Cazares v. Gonzales , 408 F.3d 1217 (9th Cir.... not the same as recklessness), disapproving Park v. INS , 252 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir.... HOMICIDE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez , 335 F.3d 793 (8th Cir.... VEHICULAR HOMICIDE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Omar v. INS , 298 F.3d 710 (8th Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Grajeda-Ramirez , 348 F.3d 1123 (9th Cir.... MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION – THEFT OFFENSE Penuliar v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir.... MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION – THEFT OFFENSE Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.... OF TRANSPORTATION – RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.... MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION – THEFT OFFENSE Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.... STOLEN VEHICLE – RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY Huerta-Guevara v. Ashcroft , 321 F.3d 883 (9th Cir.... OF VEHICLE – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Perez-Corona , 295 F.3d 996 (9th Cir.... OF STOLEN PROPERTY – ATTEMPT United States v. Vasquez-Flores , 265 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir.... FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Baca-Valenzuela , 118 F.3d 1223 (8th Cir.... OF VEHICLE – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Vidal , 426 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir.... an illegal re-entry sentence). THEFT OFFENSE Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 431 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir.... SMUGGLING – AIDING AND ABETTING United States v. Garcia , 400 F.3d 816 (9th Cir.... MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION – THEFT OFFENSE Penuliar v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir.... them as well). THEFT OFFENSE Martinez-Perez v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir.... ATTEMPTED THEFT – THEFT OFFENSE Vieira-Garcia v. INS , 239 F.3d 409 (1st Cir.... ATTEMPTED MURDER – MURDER United States v. Morgan , 380 F.3d 698 (2d Cir.... conviction). ROBBERY – ATTEMPT United States v. Fernandez-Antonia , 278 F.3d 150 (2d Cir.... POSSESSION OF COUNTERFEIT SECURITIES – ATTEMPT Sui v. INS , 250 F.3d 105 (2d Cir.... Circuit TAX EVASION – ATTEMPT Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 232 F.Supp.2d 30 (E.D.N.Y. Nov.... ATTEMPTED SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Jimenez , 921 F.Supp. 1054 (S.D.N.Y. Nov.... ATTEMPTED SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Leader v. Blackman , 744 F.Supp. 500 (S.D.N.Y. Aug.... AUTO BURGLARY – ATTEMPT United States v. Martinez-Garcia , 268 F.3d 460 (7th Cir.... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Hernandez-Valdovinos , 352 F.3d 1243 (9th Cir.... OF STOLEN PROPERTY – ATTEMPT United States v. Vasquez-Flores , 265 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir.... ATTEMPTED POSSESSION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Lugo , 170 F.3d 996 (10th Cir.... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Phillips , 413 F.3d 1288 (11th Cir.... Second Circuit COUNTERFEITING – CONSPIRACY Kamagate v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d 144 (2d Cir.... EXPORT FIREARMS WITHOUT LICENSE – CONSPIRACY Kuhali v. Reno , 266 F.3d 93 (2d Cir.... Circuit TAX EVASION – CONSPIRACY Evangelista v. Ashcroft , 204 F.Supp.2d 405, 406 (E.D.N.Y.... BANK FRAUD – CONSPIRACY United States v. Ogembe , 41 F.Supp.2d 567 (E.D.Pa. Mar.... CHECK FRAUD – THEFT OFFENSE United States v. Dabeit , 231 F.3d 979 (5th Cir.... 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)). RICO OFFENSES – CONSPIRACY Alfarache v. Cravener , 203 F.3d 381, 384 (5th... WITH INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE – CONSPIRACY Martins v. INS , 972 F.2d 657 (5th Cir.... STOLEN MOTOR VEHICLES – FRAUD OFFENSE Iysheh v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 613 (7th Cir.... WITH INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE – CONSPIRACY Jideonwo v. INS , 224 F.3d 692 (7th Cir.... DISTRIBUTE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE – CONSPIRACY Turkhan v. INS , 123 F.3d 487, 488 (7th... purposes), overruled on other grounds by LaGuerre v. Reno , 164 F.3d 1035 (7th Cir.... Circuit HARBOR ALIENS – CONSPIRACY Gavilan-Cuate v. Yetter , 276 F.3d 418 (8th Cir.... THE UNITED STATES – FRAUD OFFENSE Li v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 892 (9th Cir.... Circuit BANK FRAUD – CONSPIRACY Bejacmar v. Ashcroft , 291 F.3d 735 (11th Cir.... Fifth Circuit DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Garza-Lopez , 410 F.3d 268 (5th Cir.... TRANSPORT FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Peters v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 302 (5th Cir.... SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Liranzo, 944 F.2d 73, 78-79 (2d Cir.... SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Dolt, 27 F.3d 235, 239-240 (6th Cir.... SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Shumate, 329 F.3d 1026, 1030-1031 (9th Cir.... OR SOLICITATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 247 F.3d 905 (9th Cir.... POSSESS FOR SALE – DRUG TRAFFICKING Leyva-Licea v. INS , 187 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir.... TO POSSESS – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Meza-Corrales , 183 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir.... under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)), distinguishing Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir.... OR TRANSPORTATION – DRUG TRAFFICKING United States v. Estrada-Torres , 179 F.3d 776 (9th Cir.... U.S. 864 (2000), overruled by United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 247 F.3d 905 (9th Cir.... SOLICITATION TO POSSESS – DRUG TRAFFICKING Coronado-Durazo v. INS , 123 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir.... an aggravated felony); but cf. United States v. Meza-Corrales , 183 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir.... SOLICITATION – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Cornelio-Pena , 435 F.3d 1279 (10th Cir.... ACTIVITY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Searcy , 418 F.3d 1193 (11th Cir.... DRIVE-BY SHOOTING – AIDING AND ABETTING Nguyen v. Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 386 (5th Cir.... WITH INJURY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Mathews v. Reno , 52 F.Supp.2d 195 (D.Mass. May... CHILD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Gracia-Cantu , 302 F.3d 308 (5th Cir.... ABUSE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Contreras-Salas , 387 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir.... CHILD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Saenz-Mendoza , 287 F.3d 1011 (10th Cir.... DOMESTIC VIOLENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 410 F.3d 585 (9th Cir.... VIOLENCE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Nobriga , 408 F.3d 1178 (9th Cir.... SPOUSE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez , 374 F.3d 808 (9th Cir.... SPOUSE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Jimenez , 258 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Londono-Quintero , 289 F.3d 147 (1st Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Emile v. INS , 244 F.3d 183 (1st Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Sango-Dema v. District Director, INS , 122 F.Supp.2d 213... ON MINOR – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Sango-Dema v. District Director , INS, 122 F.Supp.2d 213... and accomplish the indecent touching. Sutherland v. Reno , 228 F.3d 171, 176 (2d... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Santapaola v. Ashcroft , 249 F.Supp.2d 181 (D.Conn. Mar.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Singh v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 144 (3d Cir.... MINOR – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Reve , 241 F.Supp.2d 470 (D.N.J. Jan.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Izaguirre-Flores , 405 F.3d 270 (5th Cir.... SEXUAL BATTERY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Zaidi v. Ashcroft , 374 F.3d 357 (5th Cir.... 14 – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rayo-Valdez , 302 F.3d 314 (5th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Zavala-Sustaita , 214 F.3d 601 (5th Cir.... CHILD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Velazquez-Overa , 100 F.3d 418 (5th Cir.... SEXUAL ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Patel v. Ashcroft , 401 F.3d 400 (6th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Gonzales-Vela , 276 F.3d 763 (6th Cir. Nov. 21, 2001) (Kentucky misdemeanor conviction for sexual abuse of minor,... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Hernandez-Alvarez v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 763 (7th Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Gattem v. Gonzalez , 412 F.3d 758 (7th Cir.... CHILD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Martinez-Carillo , 250 F.3d 1101 (7th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Martinez-Carillo , 250 F.3d 1101 (7th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Lara-Ruiz v. INS , 241 F.3d 934 (7th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Guerrero-Perez v. INS , 242 F.3d 727 (7th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Guadarrama v. Perryman , 48 F.Supp.2d 782 (N.D.Ill. May... CHILD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Garcia-Juarez , 421 F.3d 655 (8th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Mendez-Morales , 384 F.3d 927 (8th Cir.... CHILD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Alas-Castro , 184 F.3d 812 (8th Cir.... MINOR – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rodriguez , 979 F.2d 138 (8th Cir.... CHILD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Teeples , 432 F.3d 1110 (9th Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Parrilla v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir.... CONTACT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Granbois , 376 F.3d 993 (9th Cir.... Guideline, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1); see United States v. Pereira-Salmeron , 337 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Pallares-Galan , 359 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir.... CHILD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Medina-Maella , 351 F.3d 944 (9th Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Cedano-Viera v. Ashcroft , 324 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Mendoza-Iribe , 198 F.3d 742 (9th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Baron-Medina , 187 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Santiago v. U.S. INS , 134 F.Supp.2d 1102 (N.D.Cal.... CHILD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Coronado-Cervantes , 154 F.3d 1242 (10th Cir.... CHILD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Reyes-Castro , 13 F.3d 377 (10th Cir.... ACTIVITY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Searcy , 418 F.3d 1193 (11th Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Chuang v. U.S. Attorney General , 382 F.3d 1299... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Bahar v. Ashcroft , 264 F.3d 1309 (11th Cir.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Padilla-Reyes , 247 F.3d 1158 (11th Cir. Apr.... SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR United States v. Marin-Navarette , 244 F.3d 1284 (11th Cir.... MINOR – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Rutherford , 175 F.3d 899 (11th Cir.... the Second Circuit CHILD PORNOGRAPHY Gonzalez v. Ashcroft , 369 F.Supp.2d 442 (S.D.N.Y. Apr.... ACTIVITY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Searcy , 418 F.3d 1193 (11th Cir.... B.76 Ninth Circuit RAPE United States v. Yanez Saucedo , 295 F.3d 991 (9th... generic definition of rape). RAPE Castro-Baez v. Reno , 217 F.3d 1057 (9th Cir.... SEXUAL ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Aguiar v. Gonzales , 438 F.3d 86 (1st Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Remoi , 404 F.3d 789 (3d Cir.... SEXUAL BATTERY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Wireko v. Reno , 211 F.3d 833 (4th Cir.... of misdemeanor sexual battery, in violation of Va.Code 1950, § 18.2-67.4, was a crime of... of a removal order), distinguished by Guerrero-Perez v. INS , 242 F.3d 727 (7th Cir.... SEXUAL BATTERY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Zaidi v. Ashcroft , 374 F.3d 357 (5th Cir.... ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Sarmiento-Funes , 374 F.3d 336 (5th Cir.... SEXUAL ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Patel v. Ashcroft , 401 F.3d 400 (6th Cir.... BATTERY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Arnold , 58 F.3d 1117, 1122 n.... BATTERY – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Lopez-Montanez , 421 F.3d 926 (9th Cir.... 2L1.2, cmt. n. 1(B)(ii)); but see Lisbey v. Gonzales , 420 F.3d 930 (9th Cir.... CRIME OF VIOLENCE – SEXUAL BATTERY Lisbey v. Gonzales , 420 F.3d 930 (9th Cir.... U.S.C. § 16(b)); but see United States v. Lopez-Montanez , 421 F.3d 926 (9th Cir.... LEWD ASSAULT – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Ramsey v. INS , 55 F.3d 580 (11th Cir.... STATUTORY RAPE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Chery v. Ashcroft , 347 F.3d 404 (2d Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Mugalli v. Ashcroft , 258 F.3d 52 (2d Cir.... STATUTORY RAPE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Xiong v. INS , 173 F.3d 601 (7th Cir.... MINOR – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Gomez-Hernandez , 300 F.3d 974 (8th Cir.... RAPE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Bauer , 990 F.2d 373 (8th Cir.... A MINOR – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Valencia v. Gonzales , 439 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir.... A MINOR – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Valencia v. Gonzales , 431 F.3d 673 (9th Cir.... STATUTORY RAPE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Valencia v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir.... 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), following United States v. Granbois , 376 F.3d 993 (9th Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF MINOR United States v. Alvarez-Gutierrez , 394 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir.... OLD – CRIME OF VIOLENCE United States v. Pereira-Salmeron , 337 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir.... STATUTORY RAPE – CRIME OF VIOLENCE Chavarria-Mejia v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 1249 (11th Cir. Apr. 29, 2004) ( per curiam ) (Kentucky conviction of statutory rape, in violation of... ensure the child’s compliance), distinguished by Xiong v. INS , 173 F.3d 601 (7th Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Hernandez-Alvarez v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 763 (7th Cir.... – SEXUAL ABUSE OF A MINOR Gattem v. Gonzalez , 412 F.3d 758 (7th Cir.
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