Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants

One conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude, committed within five years of admission, with a maximum of one year in custody, will trigger deportation.[48]  Normally, reduction of an alternative felony-misdemeanor to a misdemeanor will reduce the maximum term of imprisonment to one year.  Unfortunately, a one-year maximum sentence is great enough to trigger removal under this ground.

            If, however, a defendant pleads to an attempt to commit a felony, and the conviction is later reduced to a misdemeanor under Penal Code § 17(b)(3), there is an argument that the maximum sentence for the reduced offense would be no more than six months. 

The normal punishment for an attempt is one-half the maximum for the substantive offense.[49]  Where the felony originally carried a potential three-year sentence, a conviction of attempting to commit that offense carried only a potential 18-month sentence.  When the alternative felony-misdemeanor conviction is reduced to a one-year maximum misdemeanor, the maximum punishment for a conviction of attempt to commit it would be reduced to a maximum six-month sentence.[50]  This new six-month maximum sentence for the crime of moral turpitude conviction is too small for this conviction to trigger deportation under the single CMT conviction ground of deportation, since it is less than the one-year potential sentence required.[51] 

            Therefore, if counsel encounters a conviction of attempting to commit an alternative felony-misdemeanor, a successful reduction of the conviction to a misdemeanor would offer immigration a strong argument that the single conviction is now insufficient to trigger removal.

            If a conviction has been vacated, counsel should consider negotiating a plea to an attempt to commit a “wobbler” wherever it is necessary to avoid a one-year maximum sentence in order to avoid the adverse immigration consequences of the plea.  Then, when the felony is later reduced to a misdemeanor, it is possible to argue that the maximum possible sentence for the offense of conviction is now only six months.  Deportation can be avoided by this means where the client is otherwise deportable for one conviction of a crime of moral turpitude, committed within five years of last admission, with a maximum potential sentence of one year.[52]

[48] 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i).

[49] Penal Code § 664(a).

[50] Penal Code § 664(b).

[51] 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i).

[52] Ibid.