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Aggravated Felonies § 5.23 ; Criminal Defense of Immigrants § 19.41, § 22.25, Appendix ; Safe Havens § 7.153, § 7.51, Appendix :
AGGRAVATED FELONY " CRIME OF VIOLENCE " 16(b) " ORDINARY CASE ANALYSIS UNCONSTITUTIONALLY VOID FOR VAGUENESS
Linus Chan, in The ordinary cases demise in criminal sentencing & its implications for immigration law, at Crimmigration.com, summarized the impact of Johnson v. United States as follows: After the Supreme Court announced the ordinary case method in James, the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), and a couple of federal circuit courts began to adopt it in immigration cases when deciding whether someone has committed a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. 16(b). Section 16(b)s language is not an exact match to ACCAs residual clause, but isnt far off. Section 16(b) defines a crime of violence as a felony which, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense. Like the ACCAs residual clause, 16(b) requires an examination of risk, and also looks at whether force is used in the course of committing the offense. Two circuit courts called the phrases virtually identical. See Roberts v. Holder, 745 F.3d 928, 930 (8th Cir. 2014); Lopez-Cardona v. Holder, 662 F.3d 1110, 1113 (9th Cir. 2011). Moreover, the Ninth and Fifth Circuits applied the ordinary case from James to 16(b) cases. Rodriguez-Castellon v. Holder, 733 F.3d 847, 854 (9th Cir. 2013); Perez-Munoz v. Keisler, 507 F.3d 357, 363 (5th Cir. 2007). The BIA had begun applying the ordinary case method to 16(b) cases in 2011, see Matter of Ramon Martinez, 25 I&N Dec. 571 (BIA 2011), and just a few weeks before Johnson reiterated its support for the ordinary case method in Matter of Francisco-Alonzo, 26 I&N Dec 594 (BIA 2015) (analyzed on this blog here). In Francisco-Alonzo, the BIA relied heavily on the fact that James had not been overruled, and it saw no reason to question the rule when examining risk based definitions. The James ordinary method, it seemed, had become embedded in immigration law. The reliance on James as good precedent proved to be ill timed. On June 26, 2015, just three weeks after Francisco-Alonzo the United States Supreme Court not only overruled James in Johnson but also found that the residual clause of the ACCA and the ordinary case method unconstitutionally vague under the Due Process clause of the Fifth Amendment. The Court specifically criticized the ordinary case rule. It ties the judicial assessment of the risk to a judicially imagined ordinary case of a crime, not to real-world facts for statutory elements, the Court concluded. Johnson, No. 13-7120, slip op at 5. The Court wrote that such an exercise was too speculative and too unreliable to give guidance to either defendants or judges. The Court explained that other risk-assessment statutes did their work by gauging the riskiness of conduct in which an individual defendant engages on a particular occasion. As a general matter, we do not doubt the constitutionality of laws that call for an application of a qualitative standard such as substantive risk to real-word conduct Id. at 12. Ultimately the residual clause was vague because it requires application of the serious potential risk standard to an idealized ordinary case of the crime. Because the elements necessary to determine the imaginary ideal are uncertain both in nature and degree of effect, the Court concluded, this abstract inquiry offers significantly less predictability than one [t]hat deals with the actual, not with an imaginary condition other than the facts. Id. (quoting International Harvester Co. of America v. Kentucky, 234 U. S. 216, 223 (1914)).
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 7.51:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " FAILURE TO ADVISE OR DEFEND IF BASED ON MISTAKEN BELIEF IN LEGAL CONCLUSION THAT DEFENDANT WAS A U.S. CITIZEN
Hinton v. Alabama, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 1081, 1089, 188 L.Ed.2d 1 (Feb. 24, 2014) (per curiam) (An attorney's ignorance of a point of law that is fundamental to his case combined with his failure to perform basic research on that point is a quintessential example of unreasonable performance under Strickland.). In Hinton v. Alabama, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 1081, 1085, 188 L.Ed.2d 1 (Feb. 24, 2014) (per curiam), the Supreme Court held counsel was ineffective for failing to seek funds to hire an expert where that failure was based on a mistaken belief that available funding was capped at $1,000. The attorney failed to do so because he was himself unaware that Alabama law no longer imposed a specific limit and instead allowed reimbursement for any expenses reasonably incurred. This decision may provide authority for a broader rule that counsel renders ineffective assistance where the failure to take necessary action occurred because of counsels mistaken belief concerning a matter of law. This can provide authority for a claim based on defense counsels failure to investigate the defendants immigration status, which led to counsels failure to investigate the immigration consequences of a plea, failure to advise the defendant concerning them, and failure to defend the client against them. The court held: The first prong"constitutional deficiency"is necessarily linked to the practice and expectations of the legal community: The proper measure of attorney performance remains simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. Padilla, supra, at 366, 130 S.Ct. 1473 (quoting Strickland, supra, at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052). In any case presenting an ineffectiveness claim, the performance inquiry must be whether counsel's assistance was reasonable considering all the circumstances. Strickland, supra, at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052 Under that standard, it was unreasonable for Hinton's lawyer to fail to seek additional funds to hire an expert where that failure was based not on any strategic choice but on a mistaken belief that available funding was capped at $1,000. (Id. at 1088.) The court continued: An attorney's ignorance of a point of law that is fundamental to his case combined with his failure to perform basic research on that point is a quintessential example of unreasonable performance under Strickland. See, e.g., Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 395, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000) (finding deficient performance where counsel failed to conduct an investigation that would have uncovered extensive records [that could be used for death penalty mitigation purposes], not because of any strategic calculation but because they incorrectly thought that state law barred access to such records); Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 385, 106 S.Ct. 2574, 91 L.Ed.2d 305 (1986) (finding deficient performance where counsel failed to conduct pretrial discovery and that failure was not based on strategy, but on counsel's mistaken belie[f] that the State was obliged to take the initiative and turn over all of its inculpatory evidence to the defense). (Id. at 1089.)
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 7.51:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " FAILURE TO ADVISE OR DEFEND IF BASED ON MISTAKEN BELIEF IN LEGAL CONCLUSION THAT DEFENDANT WAS A U.S. CITIZEN
Hinton v. Alabama, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 1081, 1089, 188 L.Ed.2d 1 (Feb. 24, 2014) (per curiam) (An attorney's ignorance of a point of law that is fundamental to his case combined with his failure to perform basic research on that point is a quintessential example of unreasonable performance under Strickland.). In Hinton v. Alabama, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 1081, 1085, 188 L.Ed.2d 1 (Feb. 24, 2014) (per curiam), the Supreme Court held counsel was ineffective for failing to seek funds to hire an expert where that failure was based on a mistaken belief that available funding was capped at $1,000. The attorney failed to do so because he was himself unaware that Alabama law no longer imposed a specific limit and instead allowed reimbursement for any expenses reasonably incurred. This decision may provide authority for a broader rule that counsel renders ineffective assistance where the failure to take necessary action occurred because of counsels mistaken belief concerning a matter of law. This can provide authority for a claim based on defense counsels failure to investigate the defendants immigration status, which led to counsels failure to investigate the immigration consequences of a plea, failure to advise the defendant concerning them, and failure to defend the client against them. The court held: The first prong"constitutional deficiency"is necessarily linked to the practice and expectations of the legal community: The proper measure of attorney performance remains simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. Padilla, supra, at 366, 130 S.Ct. 1473 (quoting Strickland, supra, at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052). In any case presenting an ineffectiveness claim, the performance inquiry must be whether counsel's assistance was reasonable considering all the circumstances. Strickland, supra, at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052 Under that standard, it was unreasonable for Hinton's lawyer to fail to seek additional funds to hire an expert where that failure was based not on any strategic choice but on a mistaken belief that available funding was capped at $1,000. (Id. at 1088.) The court continued: An attorney's ignorance of a point of law that is fundamental to his case combined with his failure to perform basic research on that point is a quintessential example of unreasonable performance under Strickland. See, e.g., Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 395, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000) (finding deficient performance where counsel failed to conduct an investigation that would have uncovered extensive records [that could be used for death penalty mitigation purposes], not because of any strategic calculation but because they incorrectly thought that state law barred access to such records); Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 385, 106 S.Ct. 2574, 91 L.Ed.2d 305 (1986) (finding deficient performance where counsel failed to conduct pretrial discovery and that failure was not based on strategy, but on counsel's mistaken belie[f] that the State was obliged to take the initiative and turn over all of its inculpatory evidence to the defense). (Id. at 1089.)
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " AFFIRMATIVE MISADVICE CONCERNING IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES " STATE OF THE LAW PRIOR TO PADILLA
In Chaidez v. United States, 133 S.Ct. 1103 (Feb. 20, 2013), the court stated: True enough, three federal circuits (and a handful of state courts) held before Padilla that misstatements about deportation could support an ineffective assistance claim. But those decisions reasoned only that a lawyer may not affirmatively misrepresent his expertise or otherwise actively mislead his client on any important matter, however related to a criminal prosecution. See, e.g., United States v. Kwan, 407 F.3d 1005, 1015"1017 (C.A.9 2005). They co-existed happily with precedent, from the same jurisdictions (and almost all others), holding that deportation is not so unique as to warrant an exception to the general rule that a defendant need not be advised of the [collateral] consequences of a guilty plea. United States v. Campbell, 778 F.2d 764, 769 (C.A.11 1985).FN14 So at most, Chaidez has shown that a minority of courts recognized a separate rule for material misrepresentations, regardless whether they concerned deportation or another collateral matter. That limited rule does not apply to Chaidez's case. And because it lived in harmony with the exclusion of claims like hers from the Sixth Amendment, it does not establish what she needs to"that all reasonable judges, prior to Padilla, thought they were living in a Padilla-like world. . . . Nor, finally, does St. Cyr have any relevance here. That decision stated what is common sense (and what we again recognized in Padilla ): A reasonably competent lawyer will tell a non-citizen client about a guilty plea's deportation consequences because [p]reserving the client's right to remain in the United States may be more important to the client than any potential jail sentence. Padilla, 559 U.S., at """", 130 S.Ct., at 1483 (quoting St. Cyr, 533 U.S., at 322, 121 S.Ct. 2271). But in saying that much, St. Cyr did not determine that the Sixth Amendment requires a lawyer to provide such information. (Chaidez, supra, at ___.)
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " APPLICABILITY OF CHAIDEZ TO REVIEW OF STATE CONVICTIONS
In Chaidez v. United States, 133 S.Ct. 1103 (Feb. 20, 2013), the court held Padilla did not apply to a post-conviction challenge to a federal conviction on grounds that counsel failed to advise the defendant concerning the immigration consequences of a plea in a case already final when Padilla was decided on March 31, 2010. Chaidez does not technically apply to review of state convictions in state court. It held merely that Padilla does not apply to cases already final on March 31, 2010, when it was decided. Favorable state authority, on independent state grounds, decided prior to Padilla holding defense counsels failure to advise, or affirmative misadvice, concerning adverse immigration consequences of a plea such as that in California, remains intact. This is particularly important in California, where state authority condemned failure to advise as ineffective assistance of counsel has existed since 1987. This prior authority does not depend on Padilla, and so remains useful even though Padilla itself does not apply to cases already final when it was decided.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " AFFIRMATIVE MISADVICE OF IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES " CHAIDEZ DOES NOT APPLY TO REVIEW OF FEDERAL OR STATE CLAIMS OF AFFIRMATIVE MISADVICE
In Chaidez v. United States, 133 S.Ct. 1103 (Feb. 20, 2013), the court held Padilla did not apply to a post-conviction challenge to a federal conviction in a case already final when Padilla was decided on March 31, 2010 on grounds that counsel failed to advise the defendant concerning the immigration consequences of a plea. Chaidez involved a claim of failure to advise, rather than affirmative misadvice. Its holding therefore does not pertain in cases involving affirmative misadvice. Chaidez made this clear: [T]hree federal circuits (and a handful of state courts) held before Padilla that misstatements about deportation could support an ineffective assistance claim. But those decisions reasoned only that a lawyer may not affirmatively misrepresent his expertise or otherwise actively mislead his client on any important matter, however related to a criminal prosecution. See, e.g., United States v. Kwan, 407 F.3d 1005, 1015"1017 (C.A.9 2005). They co-existed happily with precedent, from the same jurisdictions (and almost all others), holding that deportation is not so unique as to warrant an exception to the general rule that a defendant need not be advised of the [collateral] consequences of a guilty plea. United States v. Campbell, 778 F.2d 764, 769 (C.A.11 1985). So at most, Chaidez has shown that a minority of courts recognized a separate rule for material misrepresentations, regardless whether they concerned deportation or another collateral matter. That limited rule does not apply to Chaidez's case. And because it lived in harmony with the exclusion of claims like hers from the Sixth Amendment, it does not establish what she needs to"that all reasonable judges, prior to Padilla, thought they were living in a Padilla-like world. (Id. at ___.) One of those state courts, though not mentioned in Chaidez, was the California Supreme Court. In 2001, ten years before Padilla was decided, that court held that the collateral consequences doctrine did not categorically bar a claim that affirmative misadvice concerning the adverse immigration consequences of a plea constituted reversible ineffective assistance of counsel if prejudice was shown. In re Resendiz, 25 Cal.4th 230, 248, 105 Cal.Rptr. 2d 431 (2001)(For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that neither the existence of section 1016.5 nor the collateral nature of immigration consequences constitutes a per se bar to an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on counsel's misadvice about the adverse immigration consequences of a guilty plea. Therefore, we may not in this case avoid the circumstance-specific reasonableness inquiry required by Strickland. ( Roe v. Flores"Ortega, supra, 528 U.S. at p. 478 [120 S.Ct. at p. 1035]; see also Hill, supra, 474 U.S. at pp. 57"58, 106 S.Ct. 366; U.S. v. Mora"Gomez, supra, 875 F.Supp. at p. 1213.) Accordingly, we shall proceed to apply Strickland 's familiar reasonableness standard to the circumstances of the instant case. ( Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052.)). In reaching that conclusion, the court reviewed the nationwide state of the law " state and federal -- concerning affirmative misadvice claims of ineffective assistance of counsel: Even among the federal and other courts cited by the Attorney General, the clear consensus is that an affirmative misstatement regarding deportation may constitute ineffective assistance. (U.S. v. Mora-Gomez, supra, 875 F.Supp. at p. 1212.) FN14 FN14. See also People v. Huynh (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 1067, 1083, 281 Cal.Rptr. 785; Ostrander v. Green (4th Cir.1995) 46 F.3d 347, 355, overruled on another point in O'Dell v. Netherland (4th Cir.1996) 95 F.3d 1214; U.S. v. Del Rosario, supra, 902 F.2d at page 59 and footnote 2; U.S. v. George (7th Cir.1989) 869 F.2d 333, 337; United States v. Campbell (11th Cir.1985) 778 F.2d 764, 768"769; Downs"Morgan v. United States (11th Cir.1985) 765 F.2d 1534, 1541; United States v. Santelises (2d Cir.1975) 509 F.2d 703, 703"704; United States v. Briscoe (D.C.Cir.1970) 432 F.2d 1351, 1353"1354; U.S. v. Corona-Maldonado (D.Kan.1999) 46 F.Supp.2d 1171, 1173; United States v. Nagaro-Garbin (E.D.Mich.1987) 653 F.Supp. 586, 590; People v. Pozo, supra, 746 P.2d at page 527, footnote 5; People v. Ford (1995) 86 N.Y.2d 397, 633 N.Y.S.2d 270, 657 N.E.2d 265, 268"269; People v. Correa (1985) 108 Ill.2d 541, 92 Ill.Dec. 496, 485 N.E.2d 307, 310"311. There are a very few cases suggesting an affirmative misrepresentation is constitutionally irremediable (see, e.g., United States v. Sambro (D.C.Cir.1971) 454 F.2d 918, 921 922; United States v. Parrino (2d Cir.1954) 212 F.2d 919, 921"922), but, as one court has remarked, we properly may regard those cases as aberrations (Strader v. Garrison (4th Cir.1979) 611 F.2d 61, 64). (Id. at 251, 105 Cal.Rptr. 2d 446.) See also, e.g., United States v. Couto, 311 F.3d 179, 187-88 (2d Cir. 2002); Commonwealth v. Tahmas, Nos. 105254, 105255, 2005 WL 2249587, at *3 (Va. Cir. Ct. July 26, 2005); Rollins v. State, 591 S.E.2d 796 (Ga. 2004). Further research will disclose additional favorable affirmative misadvice decisions handed down after Resendiz in 2001, but prior to Padilla in 1010. This national clear consensus was that affirmative misadvice concerning the adverse immigration consequences of a plea constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. The simplest conclusion, therefore, is that at least 10 years before Padilla was decided, prejudicial affirmative misadvice was a claim that could be used to invalidate a state or federal conviction as a matter of federal constitutional law. At a minimum, the law in the specific jurisdictions cited above, and any others in which the law was the same, could be used to invalidate convictions that became final after the date of decision in each jurisdiction holding that affirmative misadvice constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Failure to advise claims, in addition, remain alive prior to Padilla in those jurisdictions with decisions to that effect. These jurisdictions include at least California, Colorado, and New Mexico, which had already held that failure to advise claims constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Pozo, 746 P.2d 523, 527"529 (Colo.1987); State v. Paredez, 2004"NMSC"036, 17"19, 136 N.M. 533, 539, 101 P.3d 799, 805; People v. Soriano, 194 Cal.App.3d 1470 (1987). The fact that Padilla does not apply retroactively does not invalidate prior state decisions holding to the contrary. In California, the 1987 Soriano decision was based on both the state and federal constitutions. People v. Soriano, 194 Cal.App.3d 1470, 1479 (1987) (Both our federal and state Constitutions give a criminal defendant the right to assistance of counsel. (U.S. Const., 6th Amend.; Cal. Const., art. I, 15.) The right to counsel entitles a defendant to effective counsel. ( Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 686 [80 L.Ed.2d 674, 104 S.Ct. 2052]; People v. Pope, supra, 23 Cal.3d 412, 423-424.) The standard against which counsel's effectiveness will be measured is that of reasonably *1479 competent' attorney who acts as a diligent conscientious advocate. ( United States v. DeCoster (D.C.Cir 1973) 487 F.2d 1197, 1202 [487 F.2d 1197]; accord People v. Pope, supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 423.)). The federal Constitution provides minimum guarantees of fundamental constitutional rights, but certainly does not prohibit the State of California from granting greater protections in its constitution. Moreover, state courts are charged with enforcing the federal constitutional guarantees, and nothing in Padilla or Chaidez holds that Soriano was in error. It was merely reached the correct conclusion earlier than the federal courts. As Rebecca Sharpless pointed out, the court in declined to address Chaidezs two additional arguments: 1) Teagues analysis does not apply because she, unlike Teague, had a federal rather than a state conviction; and 2) new rules apply in post-conviction proceedings raising ineffective assistance of counsel claims because such claims cannot be brought on direct appeal. The Court thus applied Teague for the first in a federal case, but it did so without ruling that Teague should apply, leaving the question open for future litigation. Moreover, both state and federal litigants can still take up Chaidezs argument that new rules apply in ineffective assistance of counsel cases that must be brought on post-conviction rather than direct appeal. Rebecca Sharpless, Chaidez V. U.S.: Assuming Teague Applies, Padilla Announced A New Rule (2/22/13), http://crimmigration.com/2013/02/22/chaidez-v-us--assuming-teague-applies-padilla-announced--a-new-rule.aspx.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " FAILURE TO ADVISE CONCERNING IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF PLEA " RETROACTIVITY OF PADILLA
Chaidez v. United States, 133 S.Ct. 1103 (Feb. 20, 2013) (Padilla does not apply to convictions that were already final on March 31, 2010 under the retroactivity analysis in Teague).
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18, § 7.18, § 7.19:
ARTICLE " CAL POST CON " EFFECT OF CHAIDEZ V. UNITED STATES ON CALIFORNIA LAW CONCERNING PADILLA CLAIMS OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL WITH RESPECT TO IMMIGRATION ADVICE
In Chaidez v. United States, ___ U.S.___, ___ S.Ct.___, 2013 WL 610201 (Feb. 20, 2013), the Supreme Court held that Padilla does not apply to convictions that were already final on March 31, 2010 under the retroactivity analysis in Teague. Padilla did not much change on the California law on this subject. In California, in 1987, the First District Court of Appeals held it is ineffective assistance of counsel to fail to investigate the federal immigration consequences of a disposition and to fail to advise a foreign national defendant of them before plea. People v. Soriano, 194 Cal.App.3d 1470 (1987). In 1989, the Fifth District Court of Appeal held it to be ineffective assistance to fail to request a non-deportable sentence. People v. Barocio, 216 Cal.App.3d 99 (1989). Both of these decisions have been binding on trial courts statewide since their decision. Therefore, criminal defense counsel and lower state courts were bound to follow those opinions. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 456) (Under the doctrine of stare decisis, all tribunals exercising inferior jurisdiction are required to follow decisions of courts exercising superior jurisdiction.) The California Supreme Court then held it to be ineffective assistance of counsel to give affirmative misadvice to a noncitizen concerning the immigration consequences of a plea if prejudice is shown. In re Resendiz, 25 Cal.4th 230, 105 Cal.Rptr. 2d 431 (2001). The Sixth District Court of Appeals held it to be ineffective assistance of counsel to fail to seek a non-deportable plea to a greater offense. People v. Bautista, 115 Cal.App.4th 229 (2004). The holding of Padilla, therefore, does not significantly change California law concerning effective assistance to noncitizen defendants in advising them of, and helping them avoid, disastrous immigration consequences of criminal convictions. Padillas major effect on California law is that the California Supreme Court must now recognize that a failure to advise a defendant can constitute ineffective assistance of counsel, an issue on which it was as yet unpersuaded in 2001 when it decided Resendiz. This unpersuaded statement, however, was nothing more than dictum, since the failure to advise claim was not before the California Supreme Court in Resendiz. The Court in Resendiz did not overrule or even cite the Soriano decision, that held since 1987 that failure to advise was ineffective. In Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (Mar. 31, 2010), the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment requires an attorney for a criminal defendant affirmatively to provide accurate advice about the risk of deportation arising from a guilty plea. In Chaidez v. United States, ___ U.S.___, ___ S.Ct.___, 2013 WL 610201 (Feb. 20, 2013), the Supreme Court held that under the principles set out in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989), Padilla does not have retroactive effect. Therefore, defendants whose convictions became final prior to Padilla [March 31, 2010] therefore cannot benefit from its holding. (Chaidez, supra, at *10.) Defendants with convictions that were still on appeal, or as to which the time for filing a notice of appeal had not yet expired, may still take advantage of the new rule of Padilla. Seven justices joined in the judgment, with Justice Sotomayor, joined by Justice Ginsberg, dissenting. There are several important limitations to the Chaidez decision. Padilla decided two distinct claims: First, it held that counsels affirmative misadvice concerning the actual immigration consequences of a plea constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Second, it held that counsels failure affirmatively to advise the client of those consequences also constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. In Chaidez, only a failure to advise claim was raised, and the Supreme Courts holding in Chaidez therefore only addressed failure to advise claims. The Supreme Court explicitly distinguished affirmative misadvice claims as not subject to its retroactivity holding: True enough, three federal circuits (and a handful of state courts) held before Padilla that misstatements about deportation could support an ineffective assistance claim. But those decisions reasoned only that a lawyer may not affirmatively misrepresent his expertise or otherwise actively mislead his client on any important matter, however related to a criminal prosecution. See, e.g., United States v. Kwan, 407 F.3d 1005, 1015"1017 (C.A.9 2005). They co-existed happily with precedent, from the same jurisdictions (and almost all others), holding that deportation is not so unique as to warrant an exception to the general rule that a defendant need not be advised of the [collateral] consequences of a guilty plea. United States v. Campbell, 778 F.2d 764, 769 (C.A.11 1985).FN14 So at most, Chaidez has shown that a minority of courts recognized a separate rule for material misrepresentations, regardless whether they concerned deportation or another collateral matter. That limited rule does not apply to Chaidez's case. And because it lived in harmony with the exclusion of claims like hers from the Sixth Amendment, it does not establish what she needs to"that all reasonable judges, prior to Padilla, thought they were living in a Padilla-like world. (Id. at ___ [emphasis supplied].) Therefore, the Chaidez holding on retroactivity of Padilla does not apply to the separate rule for material misrepresentations as to federal immigration consequences of a plea, that pre-existed Padilla and lived in harmony with the exclusion of claims like hers [failure to advise claims] from the Sixth Amendment . . . . (Ibid.) The affirmative misrepresentation rule, that material misrepresentations constitute ineffective assistance of counsel, falls within the normal run of Strickland claims, and there is no reason to believe it was a new rule. This rule by 2001 was considered a clear state and federal consensus on federal constitutional ineffective assistance of counsel. One of those state courts, though not mentioned in Chaidez, that earlier recognized failure to advise clients was the California Supreme Court. In 2001, ten years before Padilla was decided, that court held that the collateral consequences doctrine did not categorically bar a claim that affirmative misadvice concerning the adverse immigration consequences of a plea constituted reversible ineffective assistance of counsel if prejudice was shown. In re Resendiz, 25 Cal.4th 230, 248, 105 Cal.Rptr. 2d 431 (2001) (For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that neither the existence of section 1016.5 nor the collateral nature of immigration consequences constitutes a per se bar to an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on counsel's misadvice about the adverse immigration consequences of a guilty plea. Therefore, we may not in this case avoid the circumstance-specific reasonableness inquiry required by Strickland. ( Roe v. Flores"Ortega, supra, 528 U.S. at p. 478 [120 S.Ct. at p. 1035]; see also Hill, supra, 474 U.S. at pp. 57"58, 106 S.Ct. 366; U.S. v. Mora"Gomez, supra, 875 F.Supp. at p. 1213.) Accordingly, we shall proceed to apply Strickland 's familiar reasonableness standard to the circumstances of the instant case. (Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052.)). In reaching that conclusion, the court reviewed the nationwide state of the law " state and federal -- concerning affirmative misadvice claims of ineffective assistance of counsel: Even among the federal and other courts cited by the Attorney General, the clear consensus is that an affirmative misstatement regarding deportation may constitute ineffective assistance. (U.S. v. Mora-Gomez, supra, 875 F.Supp. at p. 1212.) FN14 FN14. See also People v. Huynh (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 1067, 1083, 281 Cal.Rptr. 785; Ostrander v. Green (4th Cir.1995) 46 F.3d 347, 355, overruled on another point in O'Dell v. Netherland (4th Cir.1996) 95 F.3d 1214; U.S. v. Del Rosario, supra, 902 F.2d at page 59 and footnote 2; U.S. v. George (7th Cir.1989) 869 F.2d 333, 337; United States v. Campbell (11th Cir.1985) 778 F.2d 764, 768"769; Downs"Morgan v. United States (11th Cir.1985) 765 F.2d 1534, 1541; United States v. Santelises (2d Cir.1975) 509 F.2d 703, 703"704; United States v. Briscoe (D.C.Cir.1970) 432 F.2d 1351, 1353"1354; U.S. v. Corona-Maldonado (D.Kan.1999) 46 F.Supp.2d 1171, 1173; United States v. Nagaro-Garbin (E.D.Mich.1987) 653 F.Supp. 586, 590; People v. Pozo, supra, 746 P.2d at page 527, footnote 5; People v. Ford (1995) 86 N.Y.2d 397, 633 N.Y.S.2d 270, 657 N.E.2d 265, 268"269; People v. Correa (1985) 108 Ill.2d 541, 92 Ill.Dec. 496, 485 N.E.2d 307, 310"311. There are a very few cases suggesting an affirmative misrepresentation is constitutionally irremediable (see, e.g., United States v. Sambro (D.C.Cir.1971) 454 F.2d 918, 921 922; United States v. Parrino (2d Cir.1954) 212 F.2d 919, 921"922), but, as one court has remarked, we properly may regard those cases as aberrations (Strader v. Garrison (4th Cir.1979) 611 F.2d 61, 64). (Id. at 251, 105 Cal.Rptr. 2d 446.) See also, e.g., United States v. Couto, 311 F.3d 179, 187-88 (2d Cir. 2002); Commonwealth v. Tahmas, Nos. 105254, 105255, 2005 WL 2249587, at *3 (Va. Cir. Ct. July 26, 2005); Rollins v. State, 591 S.E.2d 796 (Ga. 2004). Further research will disclose additional favorable affirmative misadvice decisions handed down after Resendiz in 2001, but prior to Padilla in 2010. This national clear consensus was that affirmative misadvice concerning the adverse immigration consequences of a plea constitutes deficient performance of counsel. The simplest conclusion, therefore, is that at least 10 years before Padilla was decided, prejudicial affirmative misadvice was a claim that could be used to invalidate a state or federal conviction as a matter of federal constitutional law. At a minimum, the law in the specific jurisdictions cited above, and any others in which the law was the same, could be used to invalidate convictions that became final after the date of decision in each jurisdiction holding that affirmative misadvice constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Failure to advise claims, in addition, remain alive prior to Padilla in those jurisdictions with decisions to that effect. These jurisdictions include at least California, Colorado, and New Mexico, which had already held that failure to advise claims constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Pozo, 746 P.2d 523, 527"529 (Colo.1987); State v. Paredez, 2004"NMSC"036, 17"19, 136 N.M. 533, 539, 101 P.3d 799, 805; People v. Soriano, 194 Cal.App.3d 1470 (1987). The fact that Padilla does not apply retroactively does not invalidate prior state decisions holding to the contrary. The Supreme Court in Chaidez was wrong to omit California from the (short) list of jurisdictions that adopted the failure to advise rule prior to Padilla. California since 1987 has held that failure to advise constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Soriano (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 1470, 240 Cal.Rptr. 328. This California 1987 decision was based on both the state and federal constitutions. People v. Soriano, 194 Cal.App.3d 1470, 1478-1479 (1987) (Both our federal and state Constitutions give a criminal defendant the right to assistance of counsel. (U.S. Const., 6th Amend.; Cal. Const., art. I, 15.) The right to counsel entitles a defendant to effective counsel. ( Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 686 [80 L.Ed.2d 674, 104 S.Ct. 2052]; People v. Pope, supra, 23 Cal.3d 412, 423-424.) The standard against which counsel's effectiveness will be measured is that of reasonably *1479 competent' attorney who acts as a diligent conscientious advocate. ( United States v. DeCoster (D.C.Cir 1973) 487 F.2d 1197, 1202 [487 F.2d 1197]; accord People v. Pope, supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 423.)). The federal Constitution provides minimum guarantees of fundamental constitutional rights, but certainly does not prohibit the State of California from granting greater protections in its constitution. States must enforce minimum federal constitutional standards, but are free to adopt additional protections. (Reynolds v. Superior Court (1974) 12 Cal.3d 834, 842, 117 Cal.Rptr. 437; Cal. Const., Art. I, 24 (declaring that [r]ights guaranteed by this Constitution are not dependent on those guaranteed by the United States Constitution.)) Moreover, state courts are charged with enforcing federal constitutional guarantees, and nothing in Padilla or Chaidez holds that Soriano was in error. It merely reached the correct conclusion earlier than the federal courts. As Rebecca Sharpless pointed out, the court in declined to address Chaidezs two additional arguments: 1) Teagues analysis does not apply because she, unlike Teague, had a federal rather than a state conviction; and 2) new rules apply in post-conviction proceedings raising ineffective assistance of counsel claims because such claims cannot be brought on direct appeal. The Court thus applied Teague for the first in a federal case, but it did so without ruling that Teague should apply, leaving the question open for future litigation. Moreover, both state and federal litigants can still take up Chaidezs argument that new rules apply in ineffective assistance of counsel cases that must be brought on post-conviction rather than direct appeal. Rebecca Sharpless, Chaidez V. U.S.: Assuming Teague Applies, Padilla Announced A New Rule (2/22/13), http://crimmigration.com/2013/02/22/chaidez-v-us--assuming-teague-applies-padilla-announced--a-new-rule.aspx. Since these two arguments were not properly preserved and presented in Chaidez, the Supreme Court did not decide them. Therefore, counsel are free to argue: (1) Teague does not apply in state proceedings, unless the state has independently chosen to follow the Teague rule. (2) New rules apply in post-conviction proceedings raising ineffective assistance of counsel claims because such claims cannot be brought on direct appeal. Chaidez does not apply to review of state claims under state authority. It held merely that Padilla does not apply to cases already final on March 31, 2010, when it was decided. Favorable state authority decided prior to Padilla holding defense counsels failure to advise, or affirmative misadvice, concerning adverse immigration consequences of a plea such as that in California, remains intact. This is particularly important in California, where state authority condemned failure to advise as ineffective assistance of counsel has existed since 1987. Following the rule set forth in People v. Soriano, a California Court of Appeals panel in 1989 made explicit what was only implicit in Soriano: the duty to advise about immigration consequences also includes the duty to defend against those consequences. People v. Barocio, (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 99 (failure to file judicial recommendation against deportation or seek 364 day sentence is ineffective assistance of counsel). This was also the holding in People v. Bautista (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 229 (counsel correctly told the defendant that he would be deported for possession of sale conviction, but failure to attempt to plead up to offer to sell or transportation may be ineffective assistance of counsel). This prior authority does not depend on Padilla, and so remains useful even though Padilla itself does not apply to cases already final when it was decided.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " FAILURE TO ADVISE OF IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES " STATE OF THE LAW PRE-PADILLA
In Chaidez v. United States, ___ U.S.___, ___ S.Ct.___, 2013 WL 610201 (Feb. 20, 2013), the court stated: All 10 federal appellate courts to consider the question decided, in the words of one, that counsel's failure to inform a defendant of the collateral consequences of a guilty plea is never a violation of the Sixth Amendment. Santos-Sanchez v. United States, 548 F.3d 327, 334 (C.A.5 2008).FN7 That constitutional guarantee, another typical decision expounded, assures an accused of effective assistance of counsel in criminal prosecutions ; accordingly, advice about matters like deportation, which are not a part of or enmeshed in the criminal proceeding,'' does not fall within the Amendment's scope. United States v. George, 869 F.2d 333, 337 (C.A.7 1989). Appellate courts in almost 30 States agreed.FN8 By contrast, only two state courts held that an attorney could violate the Sixth Amendment by failing to inform a client about deportation risks or other collateral consequences of a guilty plea.FN9 FN7. See Broomes v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 1251, 1256 (C.A.10 2004); United States v. Fry, 322 F.3d 1198, 1200"1201 (C.A.9 2003); United States v. Gonzalez, 202 F.3d 20, 25 (C.A.1 2000); Russo v. United States, 1999 WL 164951, *2 (C.A.2, Mar. 22, 1999); Ogunbase v. United States, 1991 WL 11619, *1 (C.A.6, Feb. 5, 1991); United States v. Del Rosario, 902 F.2d 55, 58"59 (C.A.D.C.1990); United States v. George, 869 F.2d 333, 337 (C.A.7 1989); United States v. Yearwood, 863 F.2d 6, 7"8 (C.A.4 1988); United States v. Campbell, 778 F.2d 764, 768"769 (C.A.11 1985). FN8. Rumpel v. State, 847 So.2d 399, 402"405 (Ala.Crim.App.2002); Tafoya v. State, 500 P.2d 247, 252 (Alaska 1972); State v. Rosas, 183 Ariz. 421, 423, 904 P.2d 1245, 1247 (App.1995); Niver v. Commissioner of Correction, 101 Conn.App. 1, 3"5, 919 A.2d 1073, 1075"1076 (2007) (per curiam ); State v. Christie, 655 A.2d 836, 841 (Del.Super.1994); Matos v. United States, 631 A.2d 28, 31"32 (D.C.1993); Major v. State, 814 So.2d 424, 431 (Fla.2002); People v. Huante, 143 Ill.2d 61, 68"71, 156 Ill.Dec. 756, 571 N.E.2d 736, 740"741 (1991); State v. Ramirez, 636 N.W.2d 740, 743"746 (Iowa 2001); State v. Muriithi, 273 Kan. 952, 961, 46 P.3d 1145, 1152 (2002); Commonwealth v. Fuartado, 170 S.W.3d 384, 385"386 (Ky.2005); State v. Montalban, 2000"2739, p. 4 (La. 2/26/02), 810 So.2d 1106, 1110; Commonwealth v. Fraire, 55 Mass.App. 916, 917, 774 N.E.2d 677, 678"679 (2002); People v. Davidovich, 463 Mich. 446, 452, 618 N.W.2d 579, 582 (2000) (per curiam ); State ex rel. Nixon v. Clark, 926 S.W.2d 22, 25 (Mo.App.1996); State v. Zarate, 264 Neb. 690, 693"696, 651 N.W.2d 215, 221"223 (2002); Barajas v. State, 115 Nev. 440, 441"442, 991 P.2d 474, 475"476 (1999) (per curiam ); State v. Chung, 210 N.J.Super. 427, 434, 510 A.2d 72, 76 (App.Div.1986); People v. Ford, 86 N.Y.2d 397, 403"404, 633 N.Y.S.2d 270, 657 N.E.2d 265, 268"269 (1995); State v. Dalman, 520 N.W.2d 860, 863"864 (N.D.1994); Commonwealth v. Frometa, 520 Pa. 552, 555"557, 555 A.2d 92, 93"94 (1989); State v. Alejo, 655 A.2d 692, 692"693 (R.I.1995); Nikolaev v. Weber, 2005 S.D. 100, 11"12, 705 N.W.2d 72, 75"77 (per curiam ); Bautista v. State, 160 S.W.3d 917, 922 (Tenn.Crim.App.2004); Perez v. State, 31 S.W.3d 365, 367"368 (Tex.App.2000); State v. Rojas"Martinez, 2005 UT 86, 15"20, 125 P.3d 930, 934"935; State v. Martinez"Lazo, 100 Wash.App. 869, 876"878, 999 P.2d 1275, 1279"1280 (2000); State v. Santos, 136 Wis.2d 528, 531, 401 N.W.2d 856, 858 (App.1987). FN9. People v. Pozo, 746 P.2d 523, 527"529 (Colo.1987); State v. Paredez, 2004"NMSC"036, 17"19, 136 N.M. 533, 539, 101 P.3d 799, 805. (Chaidez, supra, at ___.) Chaidez is incorrect in omitting California from the list of jurisdictions holding failure to advise concerning immigration consequences constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. California since 1987 has held that failure to advise constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Soriano (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 1470, 240 Cal.Rptr. 328.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " AFFIRMATIVE MISADVICE CONCERNING IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES " STATE OF THE LAW PRIOR TO PADILLA
In Chaidez v. United States, ___ U.S.___, ___ S.Ct.___, 2013 WL 610201 (Feb. 20, 2013), the court stated: True enough, three federal circuits (and a handful of state courts) held before Padilla that misstatements about deportation could support an ineffective assistance claim. But those decisions reasoned only that a lawyer may not affirmatively misrepresent his expertise or otherwise actively mislead his client on any important matter, however related to a criminal prosecution. See, e.g., United States v. Kwan, 407 F.3d 1005, 1015"1017 (C.A.9 2005). They co-existed happily with precedent, from the same jurisdictions (and almost all others), holding that deportation is not so unique as to warrant an exception to the general rule that a defendant need not be advised of the [collateral] consequences of a guilty plea. United States v. Campbell, 778 F.2d 764, 769 (C.A.11 1985).FN14 So at most, Chaidez has shown that a minority of courts recognized a separate rule for material misrepresentations, regardless whether they concerned deportation or another collateral matter. That limited rule does not apply to Chaidez's case. And because it lived in harmony with the exclusion of claims like hers from the Sixth Amendment, it does not establish what she needs to"that all reasonable judges, prior to Padilla, thought they were living in a Padilla-like world. . . . Nor, finally, does St. Cyr have any relevance here. That decision stated what is common sense (and what we again recognized in Padilla ): A reasonably competent lawyer will tell a non-citizen client about a guilty plea's deportation consequences because [p]reserving the client's right to remain in the United States may be more important to the client than any potential jail sentence. Padilla, 559 U.S., at """", 130 S.Ct., at 1483 (quoting St. Cyr, 533 U.S., at 322, 121 S.Ct. 2271). But in saying that much, St. Cyr did not determine that the Sixth Amendment requires a lawyer to provide such information. (Chaidez, supra, at ___.)
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " APPLICABILITY OF CHAIDEZ TO REVIEW OF STATE CONVICTIONS
In Chaidez v. United States, ___ U.S.___, ___n.16, ___ S.Ct.___, 2013 WL 610201 (Feb. 20, 2013), the court held Padilla did not apply to a post-conviction challenge to a federal conviction on grounds that counsel failed to advise the defendant concerning the immigration consequences of a plea in a case already final when Padilla was decided on March 31, 2010. Chaidez does not technically apply to review of state convictions in state court. It held merely that Padilla does not apply to cases already final on March 31, 2010, when it was decided. Favorable state authority, on independent state grounds, decided prior to Padilla holding defense counsels failure to advise, or affirmative misadvice, concerning adverse immigration consequences of a plea such as that in California, remains intact. This is particularly important in California, where state authority condemned failure to advise as ineffective assistance of counsel has existed since 1987. This prior authority does not depend on Padilla, and so remains useful even though Padilla itself does not apply to cases already final when it was decided.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " AFFIRMATIVE MISADVICE OF IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES " CHAIDEZ DOES NOT APPLY TO REVIEW OF FEDERAL OR STATE CLAIMS OF AFFIRMATIVE MISADVICE
In Chaidez v. United States, ___ U.S.___, ___n.16, ___ S.Ct.___, 2013 WL 610201 (Feb. 20, 2013), the court held Padilla did not apply to a post-conviction challenge to a federal conviction in a case already final when Padilla was decided on March 31, 2010 on grounds that counsel failed to advise the defendant concerning the immigration consequences of a plea. Chaidez involved a claim of failure to advise, rather than affirmative misadvice. Its holding therefore does not pertain in cases involving affirmative misadvice. Chaidez made this clear: [T]hree federal circuits (and a handful of state courts) held before Padilla that misstatements about deportation could support an ineffective assistance claim. But those decisions reasoned only that a lawyer may not affirmatively misrepresent his expertise or otherwise actively mislead his client on any important matter, however related to a criminal prosecution. See, e.g., United States v. Kwan, 407 F.3d 1005, 1015"1017 (C.A.9 2005). They co-existed happily with precedent, from the same jurisdictions (and almost all others), holding that deportation is not so unique as to warrant an exception to the general rule that a defendant need not be advised of the [collateral] consequences of a guilty plea. United States v. Campbell, 778 F.2d 764, 769 (C.A.11 1985). So at most, Chaidez has shown that a minority of courts recognized a separate rule for material misrepresentations, regardless whether they concerned deportation or another collateral matter. That limited rule does not apply to Chaidez's case. And because it lived in harmony with the exclusion of claims like hers from the Sixth Amendment, it does not establish what she needs to"that all reasonable judges, prior to Padilla, thought they were living in a Padilla-like world. (Id. at ___.) One of those state courts, though not mentioned in Chaidez, was the California Supreme Court. In 2001, ten years before Padilla was decided, that court held that the collateral consequences doctrine did not categorically bar a claim that affirmative misadvice concerning the adverse immigration consequences of a plea constituted reversible ineffective assistance of counsel if prejudice was shown. In re Resendiz, 25 Cal.4th 230, 248, 105 Cal.Rptr. 2d 431 (2001)(For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that neither the existence of section 1016.5 nor the collateral nature of immigration consequences constitutes a per se bar to an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on counsel's misadvice about the adverse immigration consequences of a guilty plea. Therefore, we may not in this case avoid the circumstance-specific reasonableness inquiry required by Strickland. ( Roe v. Flores"Ortega, supra, 528 U.S. at p. 478 [120 S.Ct. at p. 1035]; see also Hill, supra, 474 U.S. at pp. 57"58, 106 S.Ct. 366; U.S. v. Mora"Gomez, supra, 875 F.Supp. at p. 1213.) Accordingly, we shall proceed to apply Strickland 's familiar reasonableness standard to the circumstances of the instant case. ( Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052.)). In reaching that conclusion, the court reviewed the nationwide state of the law " state and federal -- concerning affirmative misadvice claims of ineffective assistance of counsel: Even among the federal and other courts cited by the Attorney General, the clear consensus is that an affirmative misstatement regarding deportation may constitute ineffective assistance. (U.S. v. Mora-Gomez, supra, 875 F.Supp. at p. 1212.) FN14 FN14. See also People v. Huynh (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 1067, 1083, 281 Cal.Rptr. 785; Ostrander v. Green (4th Cir.1995) 46 F.3d 347, 355, overruled on another point in O'Dell v. Netherland (4th Cir.1996) 95 F.3d 1214; U.S. v. Del Rosario, supra, 902 F.2d at page 59 and footnote 2; U.S. v. George (7th Cir.1989) 869 F.2d 333, 337; United States v. Campbell (11th Cir.1985) 778 F.2d 764, 768"769; Downs"Morgan v. United States (11th Cir.1985) 765 F.2d 1534, 1541; United States v. Santelises (2d Cir.1975) 509 F.2d 703, 703"704; United States v. Briscoe (D.C.Cir.1970) 432 F.2d 1351, 1353"1354; U.S. v. Corona-Maldonado (D.Kan.1999) 46 F.Supp.2d 1171, 1173; United States v. Nagaro-Garbin (E.D.Mich.1987) 653 F.Supp. 586, 590; People v. Pozo, supra, 746 P.2d at page 527, footnote 5; People v. Ford (1995) 86 N.Y.2d 397, 633 N.Y.S.2d 270, 657 N.E.2d 265, 268"269; People v. Correa (1985) 108 Ill.2d 541, 92 Ill.Dec. 496, 485 N.E.2d 307, 310"311. There are a very few cases suggesting an affirmative misrepresentation is constitutionally irremediable (see, e.g., United States v. Sambro (D.C.Cir.1971) 454 F.2d 918, 921 922; United States v. Parrino (2d Cir.1954) 212 F.2d 919, 921"922), but, as one court has remarked, we properly may regard those cases as aberrations (Strader v. Garrison (4th Cir.1979) 611 F.2d 61, 64). (Id. at 251, 105 Cal.Rptr. 2d 446.) See also, e.g., United States v. Couto, 311 F.3d 179, 187-88 (2d Cir. 2002); Commonwealth v. Tahmas, Nos. 105254, 105255, 2005 WL 2249587, at *3 (Va. Cir. Ct. July 26, 2005); Rollins v. State, 591 S.E.2d 796 (Ga. 2004). Further research will disclose additional favorable affirmative misadvice decisions handed down after Resendiz in 2001, but prior to Padilla in 1010. This national clear consensus was that affirmative misadvice concerning the adverse immigration consequences of a plea constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. The simplest conclusion, therefore, is that at least 10 years before Padilla was decided, prejudicial affirmative misadvice was a claim that could be used to invalidate a state or federal conviction as a matter of federal constitutional law. At a minimum, the law in the specific jurisdictions cited above, and any others in which the law was the same, could be used to invalidate convictions that became final after the date of decision in each jurisdiction holding that affirmative misadvice constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Failure to advise claims, in addition, remain alive prior to Padilla in those jurisdictions with decisions to that effect. These jurisdictions include at least California, Colorado, and New Mexico, which had already held that failure to advise claims constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Pozo, 746 P.2d 523, 527"529 (Colo.1987); State v. Paredez, 2004"NMSC"036, 17"19, 136 N.M. 533, 539, 101 P.3d 799, 805; People v. Soriano, 194 Cal.App.3d 1470 (1987). The fact that Padilla does not apply retroactively does not invalidate prior state decisions holding to the contrary. In California, the 1987 Soriano decision was based on both the state and federal constitutions. People v. Soriano, 194 Cal.App.3d 1470, 1479 (1987) (Both our federal and state Constitutions give a criminal defendant the right to assistance of counsel. (U.S. Const., 6th Amend.; Cal. Const., art. I, 15.) The right to counsel entitles a defendant to effective counsel. ( Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 686 [80 L.Ed.2d 674, 104 S.Ct. 2052]; People v. Pope, supra, 23 Cal.3d 412, 423-424.) The standard against which counsel's effectiveness will be measured is that of reasonably *1479 competent' attorney who acts as a diligent conscientious advocate. ( United States v. DeCoster (D.C.Cir 1973) 487 F.2d 1197, 1202 [487 F.2d 1197]; accord People v. Pope, supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 423.)). The federal Constitution provides minimum guarantees of fundamental constitutional rights, but certainly does not prohibit the State of California from granting greater protections in its constitution. Moreover, state courts are charged with enforcing the federal constitutional guarantees, and nothing in Padilla or Chaidez holds that Soriano was in error. It was merely reached the correct conclusion earlier than the federal courts. As Rebecca Sharpless pointed out, the court in declined to address Chaidezs two additional arguments: 1) Teagues analysis does not apply because she, unlike Teague, had a federal rather than a state conviction; and 2) new rules apply in post-conviction proceedings raising ineffective assistance of counsel claims because such claims cannot be brought on direct appeal. The Court thus applied Teague for the first in a federal case, but it did so without ruling that Teague should apply, leaving the question open for future litigation. Moreover, both state and federal litigants can still take up Chaidezs argument that new rules apply in ineffective assistance of counsel cases that must be brought on post-conviction rather than direct appeal. Rebecca Sharpless, Chaidez V. U.S.: Assuming Teague Applies, Padilla Announced A New Rule (2/22/13), http://crimmigration.com/2013/02/22/chaidez-v-us--assuming-teague-applies-padilla-announced--a-new-rule.aspx.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18:
POST CON RELIEF " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " FAILURE TO ADVISE OF IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES " STATE OF THE LAW PRE-PADILLA
In Chaidez v. United States, ___ U.S.___, ___ S.Ct.___, 2013 WL 610201 (Feb. 20, 2013), the court stated: All 10 federal appellate courts to consider the question decided, in the words of one, that counsel's failure to inform a defendant of the collateral consequences of a guilty plea is never a violation of the Sixth Amendment. Santos-Sanchez v. United States, 548 F.3d 327, 334 (C.A.5 2008).FN7 That constitutional guarantee, another typical decision expounded, assures an accused of effective assistance of counsel in criminal prosecutions ; accordingly, advice about matters like deportation, which are not a part of or enmeshed in the criminal proceeding,'' does not fall within the Amendment's scope. United States v. George, 869 F.2d 333, 337 (C.A.7 1989). Appellate courts in almost 30 States agreed.FN8 By contrast, only two state courts held that an attorney could violate the Sixth Amendment by failing to inform a client about deportation risks or other collateral consequences of a guilty plea.FN9 FN7. See Broomes v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 1251, 1256 (C.A.10 2004); United States v. Fry, 322 F.3d 1198, 1200"1201 (C.A.9 2003); United States v. Gonzalez, 202 F.3d 20, 25 (C.A.1 2000); Russo v. United States, 1999 WL 164951, *2 (C.A.2, Mar. 22, 1999); Ogunbase v. United States, 1991 WL 11619, *1 (C.A.6, Feb. 5, 1991); United States v. Del Rosario, 902 F.2d 55, 58"59 (C.A.D.C.1990); United States v. George, 869 F.2d 333, 337 (C.A.7 1989); United States v. Yearwood, 863 F.2d 6, 7"8 (C.A.4 1988); United States v. Campbell, 778 F.2d 764, 768"769 (C.A.11 1985). FN8. Rumpel v. State, 847 So.2d 399, 402"405 (Ala.Crim.App.2002); Tafoya v. State, 500 P.2d 247, 252 (Alaska 1972); State v. Rosas, 183 Ariz. 421, 423, 904 P.2d 1245, 1247 (App.1995); Niver v. Commissioner of Correction, 101 Conn.App. 1, 3"5, 919 A.2d 1073, 1075"1076 (2007) (per curiam ); State v. Christie, 655 A.2d 836, 841 (Del.Super.1994); Matos v. United States, 631 A.2d 28, 31"32 (D.C.1993); Major v. State, 814 So.2d 424, 431 (Fla.2002); People v. Huante, 143 Ill.2d 61, 68"71, 156 Ill.Dec. 756, 571 N.E.2d 736, 740"741 (1991); State v. Ramirez, 636 N.W.2d 740, 743"746 (Iowa 2001); State v. Muriithi, 273 Kan. 952, 961, 46 P.3d 1145, 1152 (2002); Commonwealth v. Fuartado, 170 S.W.3d 384, 385"386 (Ky.2005); State v. Montalban, 2000"2739, p. 4 (La. 2/26/02), 810 So.2d 1106, 1110; Commonwealth v. Fraire, 55 Mass.App. 916, 917, 774 N.E.2d 677, 678"679 (2002); People v. Davidovich, 463 Mich. 446, 452, 618 N.W.2d 579, 582 (2000) (per curiam ); State ex rel. Nixon v. Clark, 926 S.W.2d 22, 25 (Mo.App.1996); State v. Zarate, 264 Neb. 690, 693"696, 651 N.W.2d 215, 221"223 (2002); Barajas v. State, 115 Nev. 440, 441"442, 991 P.2d 474, 475"476 (1999) (per curiam ); State v. Chung, 210 N.J.Super. 427, 434, 510 A.2d 72, 76 (App.Div.1986); People v. Ford, 86 N.Y.2d 397, 403"404, 633 N.Y.S.2d 270, 657 N.E.2d 265, 268"269 (1995); State v. Dalman, 520 N.W.2d 860, 863"864 (N.D.1994); Commonwealth v. Frometa, 520 Pa. 552, 555"557, 555 A.2d 92, 93"94 (1989); State v. Alejo, 655 A.2d 692, 692"693 (R.I.1995); Nikolaev v. Weber, 2005 S.D. 100, 11"12, 705 N.W.2d 72, 75"77 (per curiam ); Bautista v. State, 160 S.W.3d 917, 922 (Tenn.Crim.App.2004); Perez v. State, 31 S.W.3d 365, 367"368 (Tex.App.2000); State v. Rojas"Martinez, 2005 UT 86, 15"20, 125 P.3d 930, 934"935; State v. Martinez"Lazo, 100 Wash.App. 869, 876"878, 999 P.2d 1275, 1279"1280 (2000); State v. Santos, 136 Wis.2d 528, 531, 401 N.W.2d 856, 858 (App.1987). FN9. People v. Pozo, 746 P.2d 523, 527"529 (Colo.1987); State v. Paredez, 2004"NMSC"036, 17"19, 136 N.M. 533, 539, 101 P.3d 799, 805. (Chaidez, supra, at ___.) Chaidez is incorrect in omitting California from the list of jurisdictions holding failure to advise concerning immigration consequences constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. California since 1987 has held that failure to advise constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Soriano (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 1470, 240 Cal.Rptr. 328.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.16:
POST CON RELIEF " GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " PLEA " KNOWING INTELLIGENT PLEA VOIDED BY INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Ineffective assistance of counsel voids a guilty plea (which is supposed to be a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of many rights) if there is prejudice, i.e., a reasonable probability of a different outcome absent counsels error. The most recent all-jurisdiction Supreme Court statement of this principle is found in Missouri v. Frye, 132 S.Ct. 1399 (March 21, 2012). The court there held that the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel extends to the consideration of plea offers that lapse or are rejected. That right applies to all critical stages of the criminal proceedings. Montejo v. Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778, 786, 129 S.Ct. 2079, 173 L.Ed.2d 955. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 106 S.Ct. 366, 88 L.Ed.2d 203, established that Stricklands two-part test governs ineffective-assistance claims in the plea bargain context. There, the defendant had alleged that his counsel had given him inadequate advice about his plea, but he failed to show that he would have proceeded to trial had he received the proper advice. 474 U.S., at 60, 106 S.Ct. 366. In Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284, where a plea offer was set aside because counsel had misinformed the defendant of its immigration consequences, this Court made clear that the negotiation of a plea bargain is a critical stage for ineffective-assistance purposes, id., at 1392, 130 S.Ct., at 1486 and rejected the argument made by the State in this case that a knowing and voluntary plea supersedes defense counsel's errors.
Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.18, § 6.8, Appendix :
POST CON RELIEF"GROUNDS"INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL"PLEA BARGAINING
Lafler v. Cooper, 132 S.Ct. 1376 (Mar. 21, 2012) (defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel during plea bargaining, in rejecting an offer of a 51-to-85-month sentence, because counsel misadvised him that the prosecution would be unable to establish intent to murder, prejudice can be shown by establishing a reasonable probability the defendant and the trial court would have accepted the more favorable guilty plea absent counsels error). NOTE: The majority cites Padilla's floodgates discussion in defending the point that "Courts have recognized claims of this sort for over 30 years" without creating undo chaos. By "this sort," they mean Strickland claims about rejected pleas, which have a little bit more of a pedigree than non-advisal Padilla claims. This is another case with an application of Strickland that the dissent claims is novel. This language is strong confirmation that the Court understands Padilla's floodgates discussion as assuming its radioactivity as a mere application of Strickland and not a new rule. Thanks to Dan Kesselbrenner and Isaac Wheeler.
Criminal Defense of Immigrants § 20.2 ; Crimes of Moral Turpitude § 8.2:
BIBIOGRAPHY " CRIME OF MORAL TURPITUDE " DEFINITION
Mary Holper, Deportation for a Sin: Why Moral Turpitude is Void for Vagueness, Roger Williams University School of Law (Sept. 30, 2011). Abstract: A major problem facing noncitizen criminal defendants today is the vagueness of the term crime involving moral turpitude (CIMT) in deportation law. The Supreme Court in the 1951 case Jordan v. DeGeorge decided that a statute authorizing deportation for a CIMT was not void for vagueness because courts had long held the noncitizens offense, fraud, to be a CIMT, so he was on notice of his likely deportation. I argue that when noncitizens are charged with an offense that case law has not clearly delineated as a CIMT, the term is vague, since the definition used by the agency and courts, an act that is base, vile, depraved, and contrary to the rules of morality, provides no useful definition. Rather, it casts judges in the role of God, deporting noncitizens for sin. Exacerbating this situation is the Supreme Courts 2010 decision in Padilla v. Kentucky; since the Court held that defense counsel only has a Sixth Amendment duty to warn noncitizens about immigration consequences that are succinct, clear, and explicit from the immigration statute, there is no clear obligation to warn about deportability for a CIMT. Scholars have thoroughly discussed the vagueness doctrine and also have begun to analyze the Courts recent Padilla decision. This article is the first to address whether CIMT in deportation law is void for vagueness in a post-Padilla world. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1936136
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 7.27:
GROUNDS " IAC " PREJUDICE - DIFFERENT STANDARD FOR IAC IN GUILTY PLEA CONTEXT
Premo v. Moore (January 19, 2011) ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. ___, reversing (9th Cir. Cir. 2009) 534 F.3d 1138 (under limited role of federal court in reviewing state court denial of effective assistance claims, Court reversed Ninth Circuit finding the state courts determination was not an unreasonable application of the Strickland standards, in the guilty plea context). Practice Advisory. The Court in Premo noted that there are significant differences between an ineffective assistance claim in the guilty plea context and that after a trial. The guilty plea context places a most substantial burden on the defendant to show that but for counsels errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial, and employed the standard enunciated in Hill v. Lockhart, in 1985. The distortion of a hindsight perspective can make accurate review very difficult, while upsetting pleas years later may bring instability to the process that would be damaging to defendants as well as the criminal justice system. The Court discounted the possibility that a defendant can show prejudice by showing a reasonable possibility that a different plea might have been entered absent counsels error, rather than a possibility the defendant would have chosen to go to trial. On the other hand, the Court in Padilla v. Kentucky explicitly referred to the possibility of an ineffective counsel claim for failure to attempt to negotiate an immigration-harmless plea. Counsel can argue that in the immigration context, the proper standard of prejudice is that suggested by Padilla. This is because certain pleas cause severe immigration damage, while others do not, a factor not present in the non-immigration plea context presented in Premo.
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 7.27:
GROUNDS " IAC " PREJUDICE - DIFFERENT STANDARD FOR IAC IN GUILTY PLEA CONTEXT
Premo v. Moore (January 19, 2011) 131 S.Ct. 733, reversing (9th Cir. Cir. 2009) 534 F.3d 1138 (under limited role of federal court in reviewing state court denial of effective assistance claims, Court reversed Ninth Circuit finding the state courts determination was not an unreasonable application of the Strickland standards, in the guilty plea context). Practice Advisory. The Court in Premo noted that there are significant differences between an ineffective assistance claim in the guilty plea context and that after a trial. The guilty plea context places a most substantial burden on the defendant to show that but for counsels errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial, and employed the standard enunciated in Hill v. Lockhart, in 1985. The distortion of a hindsight perspective can make accurate review very difficult, while upsetting pleas years later may bring instability to the process that would be damaging to defendants as well as the criminal justice system. The Court discounted the possibility that a defendant can show prejudice by showing a reasonable possibility that a different plea might have been entered absent counsels error, rather than a possibility the defendant would have chosen to go to trial. On the other hand, the Court in Padilla v. Kentucky explicitly referred to the possibility of an ineffective counsel claim for failure to attempt to negotiate an immigration-harmless plea. Counsel can argue that in the immigration context, the proper standard of prejudice is that suggested by Padilla. This is because certain pleas cause severe immigration damage, while others do not, a factor not present in the non-immigration plea context presented in Premo.
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 7.27:
GROUNDS " INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL " PREJUDICE " ARTICLE
Flawed Supreme Court Decision in Premo v. Moore Restricts Prejudice Analysis of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims in Plea of Guilty Context By Norton Tooby In Premo v. Moore, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 733 (January 19, 2011), the Supreme Court held that the state post-conviction courts conclusions that defense counsel did not render deficient performance, and the defendant had not shown prejudice, were were not unreasonable applications of clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court. The court pointed out that federal habeas corpus is very limited in its review of state post-conviction decisions, and owes great deference to the decisions of state courts. In addition, federal habeas review of ineffective assistance claims owes deference to defense counsel. This double duty of federal courts to defer to state ineffective counsel decisions provides the framework for this decision. Here, the Court found the court of appeals was wrong to accord scant deference to counsels judgment, and doubly wrong to find that the Oregon court was unreasonable in its finding that effective assistance was provided. The distortion of a hindsight perspective can make accurate review very difficult, while upsetting pleas years later may bring instability to the process that would be damaging to defendants as well as the criminal justice system. In this sense, Premo is inapplicable to state court post-conviction consideration of claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, because state courts are not constrained by the limitations of 28 U.S.C. 2254(d)s requirement that the state court must violate a clearly established Supreme Court decision. The Supreme Court stated there are significant differences between an ineffective assistance claim in the guilty plea context, and that after a trial. The guilty plea context places a most substantial burden on the defendant to show that but for counsels errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial (Hill v. Lockhart, 1985). After trial, the burden is on the defendant to show a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would be different. A trial produces a fuller record of the facts of the case and the details of trial counsels actions and omissions. The plea process is full of unknowns and defense attorneys knowledge of facts and practices that are not in the record. Hindsight and second guesses are inappropriate and the stability and certainty that the plea process brings to the criminal justice system must not be undermined. Most of these differences between guilty pleas and trials, however, are not real and this dictum is gratuitous and irrelevant the legal standards involved. Stability is equally important in both contexts, and the court makes no sensible case for stating that stability is more important in the guilty plea context. The slightly different prejudice standard does not mean that it is any more difficult to set aside a guilty plea than a trial; Hill simply applied the Strickland standard to the plea context. It did not stiffen the standard, and Premo did not purport to change the Hill standard. Therefore, the prejudice standard in the plea context enunciated in Hill remains unchanged. The Supreme Court pointed out that the plea process is full of unknowns and defense attorneys knowledge of facts and practices that are not in the record. (Id. at ___.) Counsel can nullify this factor, however, by making as full a record as necessary during post-conviction litigation as to any relevant facts that are not already in the record. The issue of hindsight is equally significant in the trial and plea contexts. The only other real difference between the plea and trial contexts is that the vast majority of criminal cases, perhaps more than 95%, are resolved by plea rather than trial. This difference, however, does not offer a reason why it should be more or less difficult to set aside a conviction in either context. Each case is equally important to the defendant and to society. The Constitution should provide equal guarantees of fairness and stability in both contexts. The deficient performance claim in Premo was that counsel erred in recommending a guilty plea in a potentially capital case to avoid the possibility of the death penalty, without making a motion to suppress the defendants confession. The Supreme Court found that the state court was not unreasonable in believing the motion was not meritorious, or counsel made a reasonable recommendation to plead guilty early to avoid the death penalty, or that the motion was pointless because even if the defendants confession to authorities had been suppressed, he had made identical admissible confessions to two codefendants. The Supreme Court found the Ninth Circuit misapplied Fulminante (1991), and that novelty alone was a sufficient reason to reject the Ninth Circuits reasoning under 28 U.S.C. 2254(d)s requirement that the state court must violate a clearly established Supreme Court decision. The Supreme Court also found the state courts conclusion that the petitioner was not prejudiced by counsel's allegedly deficient performance, was not an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court. As Justice Ginsberg pointed out in her concurrence, the petitioner never claimed that he would not have pleaded guilty absent counsels error, so there was no proof that he would not have entered the plea, as is required for reversal under Hill v. Lockharts prejudice standard. This alone was a sufficient reason to deny relief in this case under the traditional guilty-plea prejudice standard established by the Supreme Court in 1985. Second, the Supreme Court reasoned that it was quite likely that Moores confession to others would have made his police confession superfluous. This reason, as well, is sufficient standing alone to require denial of relief under Hill v. Lockharts prejudice standard. In addition, the Supreme Court found that the state courts decision that pleading guilty early to avoid a capital prosecution without filing motions was a not unreasonable strategy. The Supreme Court threw a number of gratuitous generalities into this decision. It stated: Many defendants reasonably enter plea agreements even though there is a significant probability " much more than a reasonable doubt " that they would be acquitted if they proceeded to trial. (Id. at ___.) It commented that the guilty plea context is different in several ways from the trial context. These comments are irrelevant to the decision of future ineffective assistance cases, because it is well-established that ineffective assistance claims are decided based on the individual facts of the cases. What [m]any defendants do " reasonably or not " is irrelevant to the individual case before the court. The Supreme Court stated: Finally, we reject [without analysis] Judge Berzons concurring suggestion that the standard for prejudice in the guilty plea context should be a reasonable possibility that he would have obtained a better plea agreement but for his counsels errors. The standard established in Hill (1985), that the defendant would not have pleaded guilty controls. (Id. at ___.) This statement is unaccompanied by any analysis, and seems to contradict the implications of Padilla, that a different non-deportable disposition is something competent counsel would seek. It also contradicts the standard for ineffective assistance at sentencing: a different sentence. See Glover v. United States. The Courts impatience with the Circuit appears to have pretermitted its analysis here. There might be an argument that Judge Berzons suggested standard is not clearly established federal law, but that reasoning is not presented in the Courts opinion.
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants § 6.69:
GROUNDS " PLEA TO FAILURE TO REGISTER INVALID, SINCE LEAST ADJUDICATED ELEMENTS OF OUT-OF-STATE SEX OFFENSE DID NOT MEET ALL REQUIREMENTS OF ANY CALIFORNIA REGISTRABLE OFFENSE
In re Rodden (June 29, 2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 24, 2010 WL 2584195 (habeas corpus granted, vacating guilty plea to California failure to register as a sex offender, because the least adjudicated elements of the predicate Kentucky sex offense do not meet all of the requirements for any registrable offense in California, so the defendant did not unlawfully fail to register as a sex offender in California).
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Crimes of Moral Turpitude: Authorities
Authorities Page(s) Federal Cases Aalund v. Marchall , 461 F.2d 710 (5th Cir. 1972) ................................................................... 40 , 41 Abay v. Ashcroft , 368 F.3d 634 (6th Cir. 2004) ............................................................................. 93 Abdelqadar v. Gonzales , 413 F.3d 668 (7th Cir. Jul. 1, 2005) ..................................... 154 , 167 , 354 Abimbola v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. Aug. 5, 2004) .......................................................... 11 Abiodun v. Gonzalez , 461 F.3d 1210 (10th Cir. Aug. 30, 2006) .............................................. 30, 85 Ablett v. Brownell , 240 F.2d 625, 99 App.... 193, 200, 291 , 410, 449 Abourezk v. Reagan , 785 F.3d 1043 (D.C. Cir.... 108 S.Ct. 252 (1987) ............ 55 Abreu-Reyes v. INS , 350 F.3d 966 (9th Cir. Nov. 21, 2003) ........................................................ 251 Acevedo-Aguilar v. Gonzales , 517 F.3d 8 (1 st Cir. Feb. 15, 2008) ................................................ 51 Acevedo-Toscano v. INS , 1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 20638 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................... 412 Adams v. United States , 299 F.2d 327 (9th Cir. 1962) .................................................................... 9 Adefemi v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 828 (11th Cir. Jan. 29, 2004) ......................................................... 74 Adefemi v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 1022 (11th Cir.... S.Ct. 2245 (2005) ......................................................................................................................................... 33, 222 Afridi v. Gonzales , 442 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir. Apr. 4, 2006) ....................................................... 77 , 95 Agan v. Singletary , 12 F.3d 1012 (11th Cir. 1994) ...................................................................... 518 Agero v. McElroy , 901 F.Supp. 146 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ................................................................... 29 Agosto v. INS , 436 U.S. 748 (1978) .............................................................................................. 85 Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS, 516 F.2d 565 (6th Cir. 1975),... 96 S.Ct. 776 (1976) 132, 460 Aguirre-Mereno v. INS , 1996 U.S. App. LEXIS 15343 (9th Cir. 1996) ....................................... 422 Ahmed v. INS , 92 F.3d 1196 (10th Cir. 1996) .................................................................................. 9 Akhtar v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 399 (6th Cir. Apr. 29, 2005) ........................................................... 77 Alabama v. Shelton , 535 U.S. 654, 122 S.Ct. 1764 (2002) ......................................................... 482 Alaka v. Attorney General, 456 F.3d 88 (3d Cir.... , 94 , 124 , 179 Alaska v. Lying , 797 F.2d 1479 (9th Cir. 1986) ........................................................................... 210 Alberto-Gonzalez v. INS , 215 F.3d 906 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................................... 115 Alcaraz v. INS , 384 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. Oct. 1, 2004) ................................................................. 104 Alexandre v. U.S. Attorney Gen ., 452 F.3d 1204 (11th Cir. Apr. 12, 2006) .......................... 73 , 118 Ali v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 722 (7th Cir. Jan. 11, 2005) .......................................................... 461 , 486 Ali v. Carroll , 83 F.3d 414 (4th Cir. 1996) ................................................................................... 366 Ali v. Mukasey , 521 F.3d 737 (7 th... , 270 , 403 , 413 Ali v. U.S. Attorney General , 443 F.3d 804... ........................ 463 , 487 , 508 Alim v. Gonzales , 446 F.3d 1239 (11th Cir.2006) ................................................................ 487 , 521 Alleyne v. INS , 879 F.2d 1177 (3d Cir. 1989) .............................................................................. 224 Al-Najar v. Mukasey , 515 F.3d 708 (6th Cir. Jan. 31, 2008) ......................................................... 33 Altamirano v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 586 (9th Cir. Oct. 31, 2005) ............................................ 92 , 151 Alvarenga-Villalobos v. Ashcroft , 271 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................... 100 Alvarez-Hernandez v. Acosta , 401 F.3d 327 (5th Cir. Feb. 17, 2005) ......................................... 117 Alvarez-Portillo v. Ashcroft , 280 F.3d 858 (8th Cir. Feb 13, 2002) ............................................ 101 Alvarez-Santos v. INS , 332 F.3d 1245 (9th Cir. 2003) ................................................................... 74 Alwan v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 507 (5th Cir. Oct. 18, 2004) ............................................................... 8 Amouzadeh v. Winfrey , 467 F.3d 451 (5th Cir. Oct. 5, 2006) ...................................................... 415 Anathanasios Theodoropoulos v. INS , 313 F.3d 732 (2d Cir. Dec. 18, 2002) ............................. 118 Anderson v. Gonzales , 497 F.3d 927 (9th Cir. Aug. 9, 2007) ................................................. 89 , 104 Andrade v. Gonzales , 459 F.3d 538 (5th Cir.... 973 (Jan. 8, 2007) 155 Andreacchi v. Curran , 38 F.2d 498 (S.D.N.Y. 1926) .......................................................... 318 , 412 Animashaun v. INS , 990 F.2d 234 (5th Cir. 1993) ............................................................... 166 , 167 Aoun v. INS , 342 F.3d 503 (6th Cir. Aug. 29, 2003) .................................................................... 104 Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000) ........................................... 235, 484 Arellano-Garcia v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 1183 (8th Cir. Dec. 7, 2005) ............................ 45 , 114 , 158 Aremu v. DHS , 450 F.3d 578 (4th Cir. Jun. 19, 2006) .................................................................. 154 Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25, 92 S.Ct. 2006 (1972) ......................................................... 482 Armendariz-Montoya v. Sonchik , 291 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir. May 30, 2002) .................................. 118 Asemani v. Iran , 266 F.Supp.2d 24 (D.D.C. Apr. 23, 2003) ............................................................ 8 Asencio v. INS , 37 F.3d 614 (11th Cir. 1994) .............................................................................. 340 Ashby v. INS , 961 F.2d 555 (5th Cir. 1992) ................................................................................. 114 Ashcroft v. ACLU , 124 S.Ct. 2783 (June 29, 2004) ..................................................................... 436 Atkinson v. Att’y Gen. of the United States , 479 F.3d 222 (3d Cir. Mar. 8, 2007) ..................... 118 Avendano-Espejo v. DHS , 448 F.3d 503 (2d Cir. May 11, 2006) .................................................. 76 Babafunmi v. United States , 210 F.3d 360 (4th Cir. 2000) .......................................................... 356 Babouris v. Esperdy , 269 F.2d 621 (2d Cir. 1959) ................................................................ 35, 165 Babouris v. Esperdy , 269 F.2d 621 (2d Cir.... 913 (1960) ............ 280 , 303 Baer v. Norene , 79 F.2d 340 (9th Cir. 1935) ........................................................................ 371 , 406 Baker v. City of Blaine , 205 F.3d 1138 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................................... 482 Ballesteros v. Ashcroft , 452 F.3d 1153 (10th Cir. Jun. 14, 2006) ................................................... 73 Balogun v. Ashcroft , 270 F.3d 274 (5th Cir. 2001) ...................................................................... 378 Balogun v. INS , 31 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 1994) ............................................................................ 166 , 168 Bamba v. Elwood , 252 F.Supp.2d 195 (E.D.Pa. Mar. 27, 2003) ................................................... 65 Barber v. Gonzalez , 347 U.S. 637 (1954) ............................................................................ 190 , 200 Baroca v. Schlotfeldt , 109 F.2d 106 (7th Cir. 1940) ............................................................ 407 , 410 Barragan-Lopez v. Mukasey , 508 F.3d 899 (9th Cir.... , 165 , 300, 301, 421 Barrese v. Ryan , 203 F.Supp. 880 (D. Conn. 1962) ..................................................................... 363 Batanic v. INS , 12 F.3d 662 (7th Cir. 1993) ........................................................................... 96, 498 Baxter v. Thomas , 45 F.3d 1501 (11th Cir.... 516 U.S. 946 (1995) ................ 518 Bayudan v. Ashcroft , 287 F.3d 761 (9th Cir. Apr. 15, 2002) ................................................. 74 , 517 Bazan-Reyes v. INS , 256 F.3d 600 (7th Cir. 2001) ......................................................................... 65 Becker v. Gonzales , 473 F.3d 1000 (9th Cir. Jan. 10, 2007) .................................................. 50 , 114 Beharry v. Reno , 183 F.Supp.2d 584 (E.D.N.Y. 2002),... Cir. May 1, 2003) 116 Bejjani v. INS , 271 F.3d 670 (6th Cir. 2001) ............................................................................... 101 Bell v. Wolfish , 441 U.S. 520, 99 S.Ct. 1861 (1979) .................................................................... 247 Bellout v. Ashcroft , 363 F.3d 975 (9th Cir. Apr. 12, 2004) ............................................................ 97 Beltran-Tirado v. INS , 213 F.3d 1179 (9th Cir.... 292 , 354, 403, 404, 405 Bendel v. Nagle , 17 F.2d 719, 57 A.L.R.... .................................... 437 , 451 , 453 Bermann v. Reimer , 123 F.2d 331 (2d Cir. 1941) ........................................................................ 393 Berrum-Garcia v. Comfort , 390 F.3d 1158 (10th Cir. Nov. 23, 2004) ............................ 44 , 45 , 101 Bigby v. USINS , 21 F.3d 1059 (11th Cir. 1994) ........................................................................... 135 Billeke-Tolosa v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d. 708 (6th Cir. Sept. 30, 2004) .............................................. 42 Bilokumsky v. Tod , 263 U.S. 149 (1923) ..................................................................................... 135 Bisaillon v. Hogan , 257 F.2d 435 (9th Cir.... 277, 353 , 401 , 410 Blackledge v. Perry , 417 U.S. 21 (1974) ..................................................................................... 520 Blake v. Carbone , 489 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 2007) ............................................................................. 115 Blake v. Gonzales , 481 F.3d 152 (2d Cir. Mar. 28, 2007) ................................................... 186 , 209 Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531 (June 24, 2004) ............................... 235 , 254 Blumen v. Haff , 78 F.2d 833 (9th Cir.... 56 S.Ct. 248 (1935) 392 Boatswain v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 413 (2d Cir. June 30, 2005) ...................................................... 88 Bonetti v. Rogers , 356 U.S. 691 (1958) ............................................................................... 190 , 200 Borromeo v. INS , 213 F.3d 641 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................................... 292 , 368 Bowers v. Saffle , 216 F.3d 918 (10th Cir. 2000) .......................................................................... 473 Boykin v. Alabama , 395 U.S. 238 (1969) .................................................................................... 481 Braden v. United States , 365 U.S. 431, 81 S.Ct. 584 (1961) ...................................................... 285 Brady v. Maryland , 373 U.S. 83 (1963) ....................................................................................... 519 Braun v. INS , 992 F.2d 1016 (9th Cir. 1993) ....................................................................... 271 , 429 Brazier v. Commissioner , 5 F.2d 162 (1924) ............................................................................... 508 Brett v. INS , 386 F.2d 439 (2d Cir. 1967) .................................................................... 341 , 389 , 392 Brice v. Pickett , 515 F.2d 153 (9th Cir. 1975) ....................................................................... 22 , 456 Bridges v. Wixon, 326 U.S. 135, 65 S.Ct. 1443 (1945) ............................................................... 521 Briseno v. INS , 192 F.3d 1320 (9th Cir. 1999) ............................................................................... 74 Briseno-Flores v. Attorney General of U.S. , 492 F.3d 226 (3d Cir. Jun. 26, 2007) ....................... 85 Brita-Perez v. Gonzales , 482 F.3d 356 (5th Cir. 2007) ................................................................ 114 Brooks v. Ashcroft , 283 F.3d 1268 (11th Cir. 2002) .................................................................... 118 Brown v. Ashcroft , 360 F.3d 346 (2d Cir. 2004) ..................................................................... 40 , 41 Bruno v. United States , 336 F.Supp. 204 (W.D. Mo. 1971) ........................................................ 500 Bufalino v. Irvine , 103 F.2d 830 (10th Cir. 1939) ............................................................ 9, 346 , 389 Burgett v. Texas , 389 U.S. 109 (1967) ................................................................................ 482 , 520 Burr v. INS , 350 F.2d 87 (9th Cir.... 267 , 277 , 375, 381 Burrell v. United States , 384 F.3d 22 (2d Cir. Sept. 14, 2004) ...................................................... 11 Cabberiza v. Moore , 217 F.3d 1329 (11th Cir. 2000) .................................................................. 481 Cabral v. INS , 15 F.3d 193 (1st Cir.... , 314 , 340 , 457 Callanan v. United States , 364 U.S. 587 (1961) ................................................................. 303 , 420 Calvo-Ahumada v. Rinaldi , 435 F.2d 544 (3d Cir. 1970) ............................................................ 410 Camins v. Gonzales , 500 F.3d 872 (9th Cir. Aug. 28, 2007) ........................................................ 159 Campos v. INS , 961 F.2d 309 (1st Cir. 1992) .............................................................................. 412 Canada v. Gonzales , 448 F.3d 560 (2d Cir. May 18, 2006) .................................................. 11, 209 Cardenas-Uriarte v. INS , 227 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................... 125 , 487 Cardozo-Tlaseca v. Gonzales , 460 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. Aug. 21, 2006) ....................... 460 , 463 , 522 Carr v. INS , 86 F.3d 949 (9th Cir. 1996) ..................................................................................... 327 Carranza-de Salinas v. Gonzales , 477 F.3d 200 (5th Cir. Jan. 23, 2007) .................................... 118 Carrollo v. Bode , 204 F.2d 220 (8th Cir. 1953) ........................................................... 352 , 362 , 365 Carter v. INS , 90 F.3d 14 (1st Cir. 1996) ............................................................................ 333 , 334 Carty v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1081 (9 th Cir. 2005) ................................................................. 267 , 364 Carty v. Nelson , 426 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir.2005) ............................................................................ 138 Casillas-Figueroa v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 447 (6th Cir. Aug. 12, 2005) ....................................... 104 Castaneda De Esper v. INS , 557 F.2d 79 (6th Cir. 1977) ............................................................ 315 Castaneda-Delgado v. INS , 525 F.2d 1295 (7th Cir. 1975) ......................................................... 498 Castano v. INS , 956 F.2d 236 (11th Cir. 1992) ............................................................................. 20 Castillo v. INS , 91 F.3d 150 (9th Cir. 1996) ................................................................................. 325 Castillo-Perez v. INS , 212 F.3d 518 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................................... 498 Castle v. INS , 541 F.2d 1064 (4th Cir.... , 294 , 435, 437, 453 Castro-Cortez v. INS , 239 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................................. 101 Catholic Social Services, Inc. v. Thornburgh , 956 F.2d 914 (9th Cir. 1992) ................................. 80 Catten v. INS , 178 F.3d 110 (3d Cir. 1999) ................................................................................. 423 Centeno v. US Att’y Gen ., 441 F.3d 904 (11th Cir. Feb. 17, 2006) ............................................... 84 Cepero v. BIA , 882 F.Supp. 1575 (D. Kan. 1995) ......................................................................... 95 Cerami v. Uhl , 78 F.2d 698 (2d Cir. 1935) .......................................................................... 341 , 368 Cerezo v. Mukasey , 512 F.3d 1163 (9 th... , 267, 268, 269, 299, 426 Cerujo v. INS , 570 F.2d 1323 (7th Cir. 1978) .............................................................................. 494 Chambers v. Reno , 307 F.3d 284 (4th Cir. Oct. 15, 2002) ........................................................... 118 Chanan Din Khan v. Barber , 147 F.Supp. 771 (D.Cal. 1957),... 357 U.S. 920 (1958) ............................................................................................................... 277 Chang v. INS , 307 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir. Oct. 11, 2002) ................................................................ 207 Chanmouny v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 810 (8th Cir. July 16, 2004) ........................... 239 , 270, 287, 343 Chaunt v. United States , 364 U.S. 350, 81 S.Ct. 147 (1960) ........................................ 86, 296 , 361 Chay-Velasquez v. Ashcroft , 367 F.3d 751 (8th Cir. May 6, 2004) ....................................... 97 , 124 Cheema v. INS , 350 F.3d 1035 (9th Cir. Dec. 1, 2003) ......................................................... 97 , 125 Chen v. Gonzales , 471 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 2006) ...................................................................... 75 , 78 Cheng Fan Kwok v. INS , 392 U.S. 206, 20 L.Ed. 1037, 88 S.Ct. 1970 (1968) ........................... 428 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. , 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778 (1984) 79 , 488 Chewning v. Cunningham , 368 U.S. 443 (1962) ......................................................................... 230 Chiaramonte v. INS , 626 F.2d 1093 (2d Cir.... 225, 228, 232, 233, 391, 456 Choeum v. INS , 129 F.3d 29 (1st Cir. 1997) .................................................................................. 74 Ciambelli ex rel. Maranci v. Johnson , 12 F.2d 465 (D.Mass. 1926) ........................... 321 , 326 , 328 Cisneros-Perez v. Gonzales , 451 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.... , 219 , 247 , 253 Clark v. Martinez , 543 U.S. 371, 125 S.Ct. 716 (Jan. 12, 2005) ................................................... 62 Clark v. Orabona , 59 F.2d 187 (1st Cir.), cert. den., 287 U.S. 629 (1932) .................................. 330 Coelho v. Gonzales , 452 F.3d 104 (1st Cir. Jul. 6, 2006) ............................................................. 122 Collins v. Youngblood , 497 U.S. 37 (1990) ................................................................................. 184 Consola v. Karnuth, 108 F.2d 178 (2d Cir. 1939) ....................................................................... 509 Conteh v. Gonzales , 641 F.3d 45 (1st Cir. Aug. 22, 2006) .......................................... 180 , 227, 228 Contreras-Rodriguez v. U.S. Atty. Gen. , 462 F.3d 1314 (11th Cir. 2006) ................................... 522 Cook v. Lynaugh , 821 F.2d 1072 (5th Cir. 1987) ........................................................................ 481 Corporation of Haverford College v. Reeher , 329 F.Supp. 1196 (D. Pa. 1971) ......................... 264 Costello v. INS , 311 F.2d 343 (2d Cir.... 167 , 168 , 277, 364 Costello v. INS , 376 U.S. 120 (1964) .................................................................................. 8 , 26 , 85 Coykendall v. Skrmetta , 22 F.2d 120 (5th Cir.... , 293 , 294 , 362 Cruz v. Att’y Gen. of the US , 452 F.3d 240 (3d Cir. Jun. 21, 2006) ............................................ 521 Cruz v. Melecio , 204 F.3d 14 (1st Cir. 2000) ............................................................................... 186 Cruz-Garza v. Ashcroft , 396 F.3d 1125 (10th Cir. Feb. 2, 2005) ................................ 462 , 487 , 521 Cruz-Godonez v. Ashcroft , 40 Fed.Appx. 565 (9th Cir. 2002) ..................................................... 521 Cruz-Sanchez v. INS , 438 F.2d 1087 (7th Cir. 1971) ........................................................... 456 , 521 Cuadra v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 947 (8th Cir. 2005) ................................................................ 84 , 137 Cuellar Lopez v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 492 (7th Cir. Oct. 26, 2005) ................................................ 76 Cuevas-Gaspar v. Gonzales , 430 F.3d 1013 (9th Cir.... , 370 , 372 , 422 Cunningham v. California , 127 S.Ct. 856 (2007) ....................................................................... 254 Custis v. United States , 511 U.S. 485 (1994) .............................................................................. 520 Da Rosa Silva v. INS , 263 F.Supp.2d 1005 (E.D.Pa. May 8, 2003) ............................................. 395 Dalis v. Brady , 766 F.Supp. 901 (D. Colo. 1991) ........................................................................ 432 Darden v. Wainwright , 477 U.S. 168 (1986) ............................................................................... 482 Dashto v. INS , 59 F.3d 697 (7th Cir. 1995) ......................................................................... 245 , 252 Dawson v. Delaware , 503 U.S. 159 (1992) ................................................................................. 519 De Araujo v. Gonzales , 457 F.3d 146 (1st Cir. Aug. 11, 2006) ................................................... 521 De Bernardo v. Rogers , 254 F.2d 81 (D.C. Cir.... L.Ed.2d 58 (1958) ..................................................................................................................................... 368 De Faria v. INS , 13 F.3d 422 (1st Cir. 1993) ................................................................................. 31 De La Cruz v. INS , 951 F.2d 226 (9th Cir. 1991) ................................................................ 371 , 456 De La Rosa v. Dep't of Homeland Sec. , 489 F.3d 551 (2d Cir. Jun. 13, 2007) ............................ 114 De Leon-Reynoso v. Ashcroft , 293 F.3d 633 (3d Cir.... 275 , 289 , 385 De Lucia v. Flagg , 297 F.2d 58 (7th Cir.... (1962) .......... 23, 234, 293 De Sandoval v. US Att’y Gen ., 440 F.3d 1276 (11th Feb. 27, 2006) .......................................... 101 De Vega v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 45 (1st Cir.... , 11 , 16 , 159 Delgado v. Lewis , 223 F.3d 976 (9th Cir. 2000) .......................................................................... 482 Delgado v. Mukasey , 508 F.3d 702 (2d Cir. Feb. 7, 2008) ............................................................ 44 Delgado-Chavez v. INS , 765 F.2d 868 (9th Cir. 1985) ................................................ 373 , 378 , 493 Delgado-Reynua v. Gonzales , 450 F.3d 596 (5th Cir. May 23, 2006) ............................................ 77 DeLuca v. Ashcroft , 203 F.Supp.2d 1276 (M.D.Ala. May 16, 2002) ........................................... 393 DeLuca v. O’Rourke , 213 F.2d 759 (8th Cir. 1954) ..................................................................... 318 DeLucia v. Flagg , 297 F.2d 58 (7th Cir.... ......... 333 , 340 , 341 Demore v. Kim , 538 U.S. 510 (2003) ............................................................................................ 63 Denedo v. United States , 66 M.J. 114 (C.A.A.F. Mar. 11, 2008) .................................................. 28 DeRobles v. INS , 58 F.3d 1355 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................................ 503 Dias v. INS , 311 F.3d 456 (1st Cir. 2002) .................................................................................... 118 Diaz v. Haig , 594 F.Supp. 1 (D.Wyo. 1981) ................................................................................ 392 Diaz v. Reno , 40 F.Supp. 2d 984 (N.D. Ill.1999) .............................................................................. 8 Dickerson v. New Banner Inst., Inc. , 460 U.S.... 74 L.Ed.2d 845 (1983) ....... 461 Dickhoff v. Shaughnessy , 142 F.Supp. 535 (D.N.Y. 1956) ......................................................... 427 Dickson v. Ashcroft , 346 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. Sept. 9, 2003) .................................................... 222 , 251 Dillingham v. INS , 267 F.3d 996 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................................... 25, 131 , 509 Dinnall v. Gonzales , 421 F.3d 247 (3d Cir. Sept. 1, 2005) .................................................. 101 , 102 Discipio v. Ashcroft , 417 F.3d 448 (5th Cir. 2005) ...................................................................... 466 Donaldson v. United States , 2005 WL 1248879 (S.D. Tex. Apr. 26, 2005) .................................. 11 Dorsynski v. United States , 418 U.S. 424 (1974) ........................................................................ 519 Dowling v. United States , 473 U.S. 207 (1985) .......................................................................... 347 Downs-Morgan v. United States , 765 F.2d 1534 (11th Cir. 1985) .............................................. 473 Drakes v. INS , 205 F.3d 385 (3d Cir. June 3, 2003) .................................................................... 456 Duldulao v. INS , 90 F.3d 396 (9th Cir. 1996) ................................................................................ 75 Duran-Gonzales v. Mukasey , 508 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. Nov. 30, 2007) .......................................... 44 Durante v. Holton , 228 F.2d 827 (7th Cir. 1956) ......................................................................... 456 Edwards v. INS , 393 F.3d 299 (2d Cir. Dec. 17, 2004) ............................................................... 498 Efe v. Ashcroft , 293 F.3d 899 (5th Cir. June 20, 2002) ................................................................ 143 El-Nobani v. United States , 287 F.3d 417 (6th... 12, 2002) ........................................................................................................................ 469 , 474 Elysee v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 221 (1st Cir. Feb. 21, 2006) ............................................................ 49 Emile v. INS , 244 F.3d 183 (1st Cir. 2001) .................................................................................. 249 Esponda v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 453 F.3d 1319 (11th Cir. Jun. 28, 2006) ......................................... 199 Esposito v. INS, 936 F.2d 911 (7th Cir. 1991) ............................................................................... 42 Estrada Rosales v. INS, 645 F.2d 819 (9th Cir. 1981)... 1925) 344 , 373 , 418 Eyoum v. INS , 125 F.3d 889 (5th Cir. 1997) ................................................................................ 361 Faiz-Mohammad v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 799 (7th Cir. Jan. 26, 2005) ........................................... 101 Falek v. Gonzales , 475 F.3d 285 (5th Cir. Jan. 8, 2007) ................................................................ 77 Faretta v. California , 422 U.S. 806, 95 S.Ct. 2525 (1975) ................................................. 482 , 483 Farrell-Murray v. INS , 992 F.2d 1222 (10th Cir. 1993) .............................................................. 389 Fedorenko v. United States , 449 U.S. 490 (1981) ........................................................................ 86 Fells v. Garfinkel , 158 F.Supp. 524 (W.D. Pa.... Cir. Jan. 25, 2002) ............................................................. 222 Fernandez-Bernal v. Att’y Gen of United States , 257 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. July 19, 2001) ........... 74 Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 410 F.3d 585 (9th Cir. 2005) ........................................................... 75 Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales , 468 F.3d 1159 (9th Cir.... , 323 , 343 , 432 Fernandez-Vargas v. Ashcroft , 394 F.3d 881 (10th Cir. Jan. 12, 2005) ................................ 44 , 101 Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales , 548 U.S. 2422 (June 22, 2006) ................................................. 101 Feroz v. INS , 22 F.3d 225 (9th Cir. Apr. 19, 1994) ...................................................................... 124 Ferreira v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir. 2004)... , 188 , 236 , 244 Fierro v. INS , 66 F. Supp. 2d 229 (D. Mass. 1999) ......................................................................... 8 Fisher v. Roe , 263 F.3d 906 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................. 485 Fitzgerald ex rel. Miceli v. Landon , 238 F.2d 864 (1st Cir. 1956) ............................... 167 , 168 , 255 Fleming v. Nestor , 363 U.S. 603 (1960) ...................................................................................... 501 Flores v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 666 (7th Cir. Nov. 26, 2003) .......................................................... 206 Flores v. INS , 66 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 1995) ................................................................................. 354 Flores-Garza v. INS , 328 F.3d 797 (5th Cir. 2003) ....................................................................... 74 Flores-Ledezma v. Gonzales , 415 F.3d 375 (5th Cir. June 27, 2005) ............................................. 65 Flores-Leon v. INS , 272 F.3d 433 (7th Cir. 2001) ....................................................................... 116 Fong Haw Tan v. Phelan , 162 F.2d 663 (9th Cir.... , 199 , 200 , 340 Fong v. INS , 308 F.2d 191 (9th Cir. 1962) .......................................................................... 361 , 415 Forbes v. Brownell , 149 F.Supp. 848 (D.D.C. 1957)... , 295 , 429 , 430 Francis v. Gonzales , 442 F.3d 131 (2d Cir.... 82, 123 , 128 , 222 Francis v. INS , 532 F.2d 268 (2d Cir. 1976) ............................................................................... 114 Franklin v. INS , 72 F.3d 571 (8th Cir.... , 334 , 336 , 486 Freislinger v. Smith , 41 F.2d 707 (7th Cir. 1930) ........................................................................ 457 Fuentes-Cruz v. Gonzales , 489 F.3d 724 (5th Cir. Jun. 18, 2007) ....................................... 331 , 413 Galeana-Mendoza v. Gonzales , 465 F.3d 1054 (9th Cir. 2006) ..................................... 79 , 323, 432 Gallo-Alvarez v. Ashcroft , 266 F.3d 1123 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................................... 101 Galvan v. Press , 347 U.S. 522 (1954) ......................................................................................... 501 Gambino v. INS , 419 F.2d 1355 (2d Cir.... ............................................................................................................................. 365 , 417 Ganduxe y Marino v. Murff , 183 F.Supp. 565 (D.N.Y. 1959),... (1960) ............................................................................................... 280, 434 , 446 Gao v. Jenifer , 185 F.3d 548 (6th Cir. 1999) ............................................................................... 122 Gaona-Romero v. Gonzales , 497 F.3d 694 (5th Cir. Aug. 21, 2007) ........................................... 467 Garberding v. INS , 30 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 1994) ................................................................ 499 , 505 Garcia v. Attorney Gen. of United States , 329... Mar. 13, 2003) ......... 278, 430 Garcia v. U.S. Attorney Gen. , 462 F.3d 287 (3d Cir. Sept. 5, 2006) ........................................... 236 Garcia-Gonzales v. INS , 344 F.2d 804 (9th Cir. 1965) ................................................................ 200 Garcia-Jimenez v. Gonzalez , 472 F.3d 679 (9th Cir. Jan. 2007) ............................................ 47 , 117 Garcia-Lopez v. Ashcroft , 334 F.3d 840 (9th Cir.... , 512 , 514 , 517 Garcia-Maldonado v. Gonzales , 491 F.3d 284 (5th Cir.... , 290 , 299 , 426 Garcia-Marrufo v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 1061 (10th Cir. July 21, 2004) ........................................ 100 Garcia-Meza v. Mukasey , 516 F.3d 535 (7 th Cir. Feb. 5, 2008) .................................. 182 , 270, 328 Garcia-Quintero v. Gonzales , 455 F.3d 1006 (9th Cir. Jul. 24, 2006) ........................................... 67 Gattem v. Gonzales , 412 F.3d 758 (7th Cir. 2005) ................................................................ 75 , 232 Geach v. Chartoff , 444 F.3d 940 (8th Cir.... F.Supp. 527 (D.Ohio 1960) .................................................................. 385 Giambanco v. INS , 531 F.2d 141 (3d Cir. 1976) ......................................................................... 492 Giammario v. Hurney , 311 F.2d 285 (3d Cir.... 9, 228 , 246 , 391 Gill v. INS , 420 F.3d 82 (2nd Cir. Aug. 18, 2005) ........................................................................ 279 Glaros v. INS , 416 F.2d 441 (5th Cir. 1969) ................................................................ 246, 437 , 438 Glaros v. INS , 434 F.2d 685 (5th Cir. 1970) ................................................................................ 168 Glover v. United States , 531 U.S. 198 (2001) ..................................................................... 477 , 518 Godinez v. Moran , 509 U.S. 389 (1993) ...................................................................................... 483 Goh v. INS , 61 F.3d 910 (9th Cir. 1995) ...................................................................................... 453 Goldeshtein v. INS , 8 F.3d 645 (9th Cir. 1993) .................................................... 298 , 350, 400, 424 Gomes v. Tillinghast , 37 F.2d 935 (D. Mass. 1930) .................................................... 368 , 389 , 393 Gonzales v. Barber , 207 F.2d 398 (9th Cir.... ....................................................................................................................... 268, 292, 325 , 413 Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez , 549 U.S. 183, 127 S.Ct.... , 195 , 301, 302, 310 Gonzalez v. Chertoff , 454 F.3d 813 (8th Cir. Jul. 20, 2006) ........................................................ 101 Gonzalez v. Reno , 212 F.3d 1338 (11th Cir. 2000) .................................................................. 93 , 94 Gonzalez-Alvarado v. INS , 39 F.3d 245 (9 th Cir. 1994) ............................................... 266 , 287, 433 Gonzalez-Garcia v. Gonzales , 431 F.3d 234 (5th Cir. Nov. 16, 2005) .................................. 54 , 117 Gonzalez-Martinez v. INS , 58 F.3d 307 (9th Cir. 2003) ............................................................... 159 Gonzalez-Martinez v. Landon , 203 F.2d 196 (9th Cir.... 97 L.Ed. 1405 (1953) ............................................................................................................................ 429 Gonzalez-Sandoval v. INS , 910 F.2d 614 (9th Cir. 1990) .................................................... 166 , 168 Goodall v. United States , 759 A.2d 1077 (D.C. App. 2000) ....................................................... 473 Gouveia v. INS , 980 F.2d 814 (9th Cir. 1992) ..................................................................... 324 , 451 Gradiz v. Gonzales , 490 F.3d 1206 (10th Cir. Jun. 20, 2007) ...................................................... 245 Grageda v. INS , 12 F.3d 919 (9 th... 278 , 289 , 324, 432 Grass v. Gonzales , 418 F.3d 876 (8th Cir. Aug. 12, 2005) ............................................................ 76 Gray v. Klauser , 282 F.3d 633 (9 th Cir. 2002) ..................................................................... 224 , 503 Greenwood v. Frick , 233 F. 629 (6th Cir. 1916) ......................................................................... 429 Grewal v. Ashcroft , 301 F.Supp.3d 692 (N.D. Ohio Jan. 30, 2004) .............................................. 86 Griffiths v. INS , 243 F.3d 45 (1st Cir. 2001) ......................................................................... 30 , 517 Griffo v. McCandless , 28 F.2d 287 (E.D.Pa. 1928)... , 330 , 368 , 371 Guarino v. Uhl , 107 F.2d 399 (2d Cir. 1939) .............................................................................. 300 Guarneri v. Kessler , 98 F.2d 580 (5th Cir. 1938) ........................................................................ 363 Gubbels v. Del Guercio , 152 F.Supp. 277 (S.D.... 1958) ...................................................................................................................... 167 , 341, 389 Gubbels v. Hoy , 261 F.2d 952 (9th Cir. 1958) ....................................................................... 27 , 493 Guerrero de Nodahl v. INS , 407 F.2d 1405 (9th Cir. 1969) ................................................ 326 , 430 Gunn v. Ignacio , 263 F.3d 965 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................................ 484 Gutierrez v. INS , 323 F.2d 593 (9th Cir. 1963) ............................................................................ 162 Gutierrez-Chavez v. INS , 8 F.3d 26 (9th Cir. 1993) .................................................................... 389 Gutnik v. Ashcroft , 469 F.3d 683 (7th Cir. 2006) .......................................................................... 97 Guzman-Andrade v. Gonzales , 407 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. May 19, 2005) ........................................ 81 Hadwani v. Gonzales , 445 F.3d 798 (5th Cir. Apr. 4, 2006) .......................................................... 76 Haller v. Esperdy , 397 F.2d 211 (2d Cir. 1968) ........................................................................... 494 Hamdan v. INS , 98 F.3d 183 (5th Cir.... , 220 , 232 , 332 Hamid v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 642 (7th Cir. 2005) ......................................................................... 73 Hampton v. Wong Ging , 299 F. 289 (9th Cir. 1924) .................................................................... 317 Hana v. Gonzalez , 400 F.3d 472 (6th Cir. Mar. 14, 2005) ........................................................... 158 Hanan v. Gonzales , 449 F.3d 834 (8th Cir. 2006) ......................................................................... 72 Hart v. Gomez , 174 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. 1999) ............................................................................ 482 Hashish v. Gonzales , 442 F.3d 572 (7th Cir. Mar. 24, 2006) ....................................... 110 , 347 , 396 Hem v. Maurer , 458 F.3d 1185 (10th Cir. Aug. 18, 2006) ........................................................... 118 Henderson v. Morgan , 426 U.S. 637 (1976) ................................................................................ 483 Henry v. Ashcroft , 175 F. Supp. 2d 688 (S.D. N.Y. 2001) .................................................... 54 , 393 Henry v. INS , 74 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 1997) ....................................................................................... 250 Hernandez v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 341 (3d Cir. Feb. 14, 2006) .................................................... 102 Hernandez v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 513 F.3d 1336 (11th Cir. Jan. 18, 2008) ...................................... 513 Hernandez-Almanza v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 547 F.2d 100 (9th Cir. 1976) ................ 460 Hernandez-Garza v. INS , 882 F.2d 945 (5th Cir. 1989) .............................................................. 462 Hernandez-Martinez v. Ashcroft , 329 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir. May 27, 2003) .......................... 194 , 198 Hernandez-Martinez v. Ashcroft , 343 F.3d 1075 (9th Cir. Sept. 11, 2003) ......................... 251 , 425 Hernandez-Robledo v. INS , 777 F.2d 536 (9th Cir. 1985) ................................................... 382 , 462 Herrera-Inirio v. INS , 208 F.3d 299 (1st Cir. 2000) .................................................... 186 , 296, 487 Herring v. Estelle , 491 F.2d 125 (5th Cir. 1974) .......................................................................... 473 Hill v. Lockhart , 28 F.3d 832 (8th Cir.... 513 U.S. 1102 (1995) ..................... 518 Hill v. Lockhart , 474 U.S. 52 (1985) ........................................................................................... 473 Hill v. Lockhart , 894 F.2d 1009 (8th Cir.... 1011 (1999) ................. 473 Hing Cheung Wong v. INS , 980 F.2d 721 (1st Cir. 1992) ............................................................ 395 Hirsch v. INS , 308 F.2d 562 (9th Cir.... , 398 , 399 , 420 Hmaidan v. Ashcroft , 258 F.Supp.2d 832 (N.D.Ill. Apr. 28, 2003) ............................................... 61 Holloway v. Arkansas , 435 U.S. 475 (1978) ............................................................................... 483 Holmes v. United States , 876 F.2d 1545 (11th Cir. 1989) ........................................................... 473 Holzapfel v. Wyrsch , 157 F.Supp. 43 (D.N.J. 1957),... 1958) 162 , 186, 447 Horner v. State of Florida , 312 F.Supp. 1292 (M.D.Fla. 1967) .................................................. 519 Horton v. Zant , 941 F.2d 1449 (11th Cir. 1991) .......................................................................... 477 Houvardas v. Wixon , 169 F.2d 980 (9th Cir. 1949) ..................................................................... 509 Howes v. Tozer , 3 F.2d 849 (1st Cir. 1925) ................................................................................. 127 Hoyte-Mesa v. Ashcroft , 272 F.3d 989 (7th Cir. 2001) .................................................................. 62 Hudson v. Esperdy , 290 F.2d 879 (2d Cir.... 280, 347 , 434 , 442 Huerta-Guevara v. Ashcroft , 321 F.2d 883 (9th Cir. Mar. 4, 2003) .................................... 267, 310 Hyder v. Keisler , 506 F.3d 388 (5th Cir.... 277, 354 , 403 , 404 Ibragimov v. Gonzales , 476 F.3d 125 (2d Cir. Jan. 25, 2007) ....................................................... 93 Ijoma v. INS , 875 F.Supp. 625 (D.Neb. 1995), aff’d, 76 F.3d 382 (8th Cir. 1996) ...................... 381 Ikenokwalu-White v. INS , 316 F.3d 798 (8th Cir.... In re N , 233 F.Supp. 50 (D.Va. 1964) .......................................................................................... 427 In re RSH ,... 358 (1970) ..................................................................................... 184 , 226 INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre , 526 U.S. 415, 119 S.Ct. 1439 (1999) ........................................ 79 , 97 , 143 INS v. Lopez-Mendoza , 468 U.S. 1032 (1984) ............................................................................ 135 INS v. St. Cyr , 533 U.S. 289, 121... 474 , 490 Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n AFL-CIO v. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor , 642 F.2d 666 (2d Cir. 1981) ...................................................................................................................................... 344 Iorio v. Day , 34 F.2d 920 (2d Cir. 1929) ..................................................................................... 362 Iowa v. Tovar , 541 U.S. 77, 124 S.Ct. 1379 (Mar. 8, 2004) ....................................................... 483 Iredia v. INS , 981 F.2d 847 (5th Cir. 1993) ................................................................. 166 , 167 , 169 Itani v. Ashcroft , 298 F.3d 1213 (11th Cir. Apr. 22, 2002) .......................................... 302, 315 , 316 Ittah v. United States , 761 F.Supp. 157 (D.Me. 1989) ................................................................ 497 Izedonmwen v. INS , 37 F.3d 416 (8th Cir. 1994) ......................................................... 354 , 377 , 401 Jackson v. Herring , 42 F.1350 (11th Cir. 1995), cert. denied , 515 U.S. 1189 (1995) ................. 518 Jaffe v. Accredited Surety and Casualty Co., Inc. , 294 F.3d 584 (4th Cir. 2002) ....................... 472 Jaggernauth v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 432 F.3d 1346 (11th Cir. Dec. 19, 2005) .................................. 207 James v. Gonzales , 464 F.3d 505 (5th Cir. Sept. 5, 2006) ........................................................... 302 James v. United States , 127 S.Ct. 1586 (Apr. 18, 2007) ............................................. 195 , 197 , 254 Jankowski v. INS , 2001 WL 76341 (D.Conn. 2001) .................................................................... 423 Janvier v. United States , 793 F.2d 449 (2d Cir. 1986) ........................................................ 490 , 497 Jarad v. Gonzales , 461 F.3d 867 (7th Cir. Aug. 24, 2006) ..................................................... 76 , 113 Jean v. Gonzales , 435 F.3d 475 (4th Cir. Jan. 27, 2006) ................................................................ 76 Jeronimo v. Murff , 157 F.Supp. 808 (S.D.N.Y. 1957) ........................................................ 165 , 166 Jeune v. Attorney General , 476 F.3d 199 (3d Cir. Feb. 20, 2007) ...................................... 189 , 190 Jew Ten v. INS , 307 F.2d 832 (9th Cir.... 9 L.Ed.2d 538 (1963) ............................................................................................................................................... 491 Johnson v. Gonzales , 478 F.3d 795 (7th Cir. Feb. 28, 2007) ....................................................... 118 Johnson v. Mississippi , 486 U.S. 578 (1988) ....................................................................... 481 , 482 Johnson v. United States , 28 F.2d 810 (2d Cir. 1928) ................................................................. 368 Johnson v. Zerbst , 304 U.S. 458 (1938) ...................................................................................... 481 Jones v. Smith , 231 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................................................. 484 Jordan v. De George , 341 U.S. 223, 71... 886 (1951) ............................ 28 , 182 Juarez-Ramos v. Gonzales , 485 F.3d 509 (9th Cir. May 8, 2007) .................................................. 51 Kabongo v. INS , 837 F.2d 753 (6th Cir.... , 398 , 400 , 402 Kaganovich v. Gonzales , 470 F.3d 894 (9th Cir. 2006) ................................................................. 97 Kamagate v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. Sept. 21, 2004) ............................................ 345 , 417 Kamara v. Att’y Gen. of the United States ,... 42 S.Ct. 586 (1922) ..................................................................................................................................... 410 Kankamalage v. INS , 335 F.3d 858 (9th Cir. July 8, 2003) .................................................... 96, 501 Karis v. Calderon , 283 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir. Mar. 18, 2002) ......................................................... 477 Karpay v. Uhl , 70 F.2d 792 (2d Cir.... 85 (1934) 407 , 410 Kassim v. INS , 96 F.3d 1438 (4th Cir. 1996) ............................................................................... 438 Kastigar v. United States , 406 U.S. 441 (1972) .......................................................................... 135 Kelava v. Gonzales , 410 F.3d 625 (9th Cir. Jan. 12, 2006) .......................................................... 116 Kelava v. Gonzales , 434 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir. Jan. 12, 2006) .......................................................... 74 Kelch v. Kennedy , 209 F.Supp. 416 (D.Md. 1962) ...................................................................... 393 Khalaf v. INS , 361 F.2d 208 (7th Cir. 1966) .......................................................................... 19 , 392 Khan v. Attorney General , 448 F.3d 226 (3d Cir. May 22, 2006) ................................................. 78 Khan v. Barber , 253 F.2d 547 (9th Cir. 1958) ............................................................. 165 , 167 , 365 Khan v. INS , 237 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................ 509 Kim v. INS , 24 F.3d 247 (9th Cir. 1994) ...................................................................................... 384 Klapholz v. Esperdy , 201 F.Supp. 294 (S.D.N.Y. 1961),... S.Ct. 183 (1962) ............................................................... 141, 352 Klonis v. Davis , 13 F.2d 630 (2d Cir. 1926) ................................................................................ 495 Knapik v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 84 (3d Cir.... 282 , 288 , 331, 416 Knoetze v. U. S. Dept. of State , 634... 70 L.Ed.2d 95 (1981) .................................................................................................................. 360 Komarenko v. INS , 35 F.3d 432 (9th Cir. 1994) .......................................................................... 411 Koon v. United States , 518 U.S. 81 (1996) ........................................................................... 78, 519 Kouljinski v. Keisler , 505 F.3d 534 (6th Cir. Oct. 16, 2007) ......................................................... 42 Kovac v. INS, 407 F.2d 102 (9th Cir. 1969) ................................................................................ 521 Kuhali v. Reno , 266 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2001) ................................................................................. 502 Kumarasamy v. Attorney General , 453 F.3d 169 (3d Cir. Jun. 23, 2006) ............................... 72 , 73 Labojewski v. Gonzales , 407 F.3d 814 (7th Cir. May 4, 2005) .................................................... 101 LaFarga v. INS , 170 F.3d 1213 (9th Cir. 1999) ................................................................... 140 , 511 Lagandaon v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 983 (9th Cir. Sept. 9, 2004) ................................................ 49 , 51 Landin-Zavala v. Gonzales , 488 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. May 25, 2007) ............................................ 51 Lane ex rel Cronin v. Tillinghast , 38 F.2d 231 (1st Cir.... , 443 , 444 , 448 Lara-Chacon v. Ashcroft , 345 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 2003) ............................................ 134, 251 , 253 Lara-Ruiz v. INS , 241 F.3d 934 (7th Cir. 2001) ........................................................................... 118 Larin-Ulloa v. Gonzales , 462 F.3d 456 (5th Cir. Aug. 24, 2006) ......................................... 209, 466 Laryea v. United States , 300 F.Supp.2d 404 (E.D.Va. Jan. 28, 2004) ......................................... 395 Lattab v. Ashcroft , 384 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 2004) ....................................................................... 45 , 101 Latu v. Ashcroft , 375 F.3d 1012 (10th Cir. 2004) .......................................................................... 73 Lawrence v. Texas , 539 U.S. 558, 123 S.Ct.... 17 , 280, 435, 440, 442 Lehmann v. Carson , 353 U.S. 685 (1957) ........................................................................... 374 , 506 Leng May Ma v. Barber , 357 U.S. 185 (1958) .............................................................................. 92 Lennon v. INS , 527 F.2d 187 (2d Cir.... 200, 228 , 229 , 234 Leocal v. Ashcroft , 543 U.S. 1 (Nov. 9, 2004) ............................................................................ 201 Leon-Hernandez v. INS , 926 F.2d 902 (9th Cir. 1990) ................................................................ 168 Lepe-Guitron v. INS , 16 F.3d 1021 (9th Cir. 1994) ..................................................................... 117 Levin v. INS , 4 Fed.Appx. 402 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................................. 451 Lewis v. Frick , 189 F. 146 (D.Mich. 1911),... 34 S.Ct. 488 (1914) ................................................................................. 348 Lewis v. Lane , 832 F.2d 1446 (7th Cir. 1987) .............................................................................. 518 Liao v. Rabbett , 398 F.3d 389 (6th Cir. Feb. 7, 2005) ................................................................. 139 Limon v. Gonzales , 404 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. Apr. 19, 2005) .......................................................... 78 Lin v. Gonzales , 473 F.3d 979 (9th Cir. 2007) ............................................................................. 521 Lino v. Gonzales , 67 F.3d 1077 (7th Cir. Nov. 6, 2006) ................................................................ 44 Lisbey v. Gonzalez , 420 F.3d 930 (9th Cir. Aug. 22, 2005) .................................................. 200, 268 Liu v. Ashcroft , 380 F.3d 307 (7th Cir. 2004) ................................................................................ 93 Logsdon v. United States , 253 F.2d 12 (6th Cir. 1958) ............................................................... 418 Longview Fibre Co. v. Rasmussen , 980 F.2d 1307 (9th Cir. 1992) ..................................... 151, 301 Lopes v. Keisler , 505 F.3d 58 (1st Cir. Oct. 26, 2007) ................................................................. 188 Lopes-Chaves v. Reno , 1999 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 21151 (D.Mass. 1999) ........................................ 489 Lopez v. Gonzales , 417 F.3d 934 (8th Cir. 2005) ........................................................................... 75 Lopez v. Henley , 416 F.3d 455 (5th Cir. July 12, 2005) .................................................................. 88 Lopez v. Thompson , 202 F.3d 1110 (9th Cir. 1997) ..................................................................... 482 Lopez-Castellanos v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 848 (9th Cir. Feb. 16, 2006) ......................... 76 , 102 , 104 Lopez-Mendez v. INS , 187 F.3d 642 (8th Cir. 1999) .................................................................... 325 Lord v. Wood , 184 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir. 1999) .............................................................................. 482 Lozano-Giron v. INS , 506 F.2d 1073 (7th Cir. 1974) .................................................................. 345 Lujan-Armendariz v. INS , 222 F.3d 728 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................. 125 , 131 , 154 Madriz-Alvarado v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 321 (5th Cir. Aug. 27, 2004) ........................................... 13 Maghsoudi v. INS , 181 F.3d 8 (1st Cir. 1999) ............................................................. 243 , 324, 452 Mahler v. Eby , 264 U.S. 32 (1924) .............................................................................................. 457 Maita v. Haff , 116 F.2d 337 (9th Cir. 1940) ................................................................................ 363 Malagon de Fuentes v. Gonzales , 462 F.3d 498 (5th Cir. Aug. 28, 2006) ................... 123, 159 , 160 Maldonado-Galindo v. Gonzalez , 456 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir. Aug. 3, 2006) ..................................... 47 Malta-Espinoza v. Gonzales , 478 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. Mar. 2, 2007) .......................... 192, 211 , 213 Mantell v. United States Dep’t of Justice , 798 F.2d 124 (5th Cir. 1986) ..................................... 114 Manzoli v. Commissioner , 904 F.2d 101 (1st Cir. 1990) ............................................................. 457 Marciano v. INS , 450 F.2d 1022 (8th Cir.... , 435 , 451 , 453 Margalli-Olvera v. INS , 43 F.3d 345 (8th Cir. 1994) ................................................................... 485 Marin v. INS , 438 F.2d 932 (9th Cir.),... 29 L.Ed.2d 702 (1971) 495 Marinelli v. Ryan , 285 F.2d 474 (2d Cir.... 293, 324 , 441 , 442 Marino v. Holton , 227 F.2d 886 (7th Cir. 1955) .......................................................................... 456 Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686 (2d Cir.... , 377 , 508 , 509 Marks v. Esperdy , 315 F.2d 673 (2d Cir. 1963), aff’d, 377 U.S. 214 (1964) ............................... 141 Marmolejo-Campos v. Gonzales , 503 F.3d 922 (9th Cir. Sep 12, 2007) ..................................... 425 Maroon v. INS , 364 F.2d 982 (8th Cir. 1966) ...................................................................... 220 , 243 Martinez v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 441 F.3d 1219 (11th Cir. Apr. 21, 2006) .................................... 51 , 76 Martinez-Benitez v. INS , 956 F.2d 1053 (11th Cir. 1992) ............................................................ 220 Martinez-Maldonado v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 679 (7th Cir. Feb. 10, 2006) .................................... 51 Martinez-Merino v. Keisler , 504 F.3d 1068 (9th Cir. Oct. 10, 2007) ........................................... 102 Martinez-Montoya v. INS , 904 F.2d 1018 (5th Cir. 1990) ..................................................... 28 , 132 Martinez-Perez v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004) .......................................... 302 Martinez-Perez v. Ashcroft , 417 F.3d 1022 (9th Cir. Aug. 2, 2005) ............................................ 237 Martinez-Rosas v. Gonzales , 424 F.3d 926 (9th Cir. Sept. 9, 2005) .............................................. 49 Martinez-Vazquez v. INS , 346 F.3d 903 (9th Cir. Oct. 1, 2003) .................................................... 62 Masaichi Ono v. Carr , 56 F.2d 772 (9th Cir. 1932) ..................................................................... 410 Mashi v. INS , 585 F.2d 1309 (5th Cir. 1978) ................................................................................. 90 Masnauskas v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. Dec. 30, 2005) ................................................ 84 Mateo v. United States , 276 F.Supp.2d 186 (D. Mass. Aug. 12, 2003) ....................................... 515 Matsuk v. INS , 247 F.3d 999 (9th Cir.... (BIA 1961), rev’d sub nom . Barrese v. Ryan , 203 F.Supp. 880 (D. Conn.... N. Dec. 382 (BIA 1991), rev’d, Goldeshtein v. INS , 8 F.3d 645 (9th Cir.... AG 1991), aff’d mem. sub nom. Hernandez-Casillas v. INS , 983 F.2d 231 (5th Cir.... Dec. 373 (BIA 2002), affirmed by Jean v. Gonzales , 452 F.3d 392 (5th Cir.... Dec. 284 (BIA 1975), vacated by Marino v. INS , 537 F.2d 686 (2d Cir.... (BIA 1963), aff’d sub nom . Nason v. INS , 394 F.2d 223 (2d Cir.... banc ), overruled in part by Lujan-Armendariz v. INS , 222 F.3d 728 (9th Cir.... 1970) ...................................................... 69 , 142 Matter of V , 1 I. & N. Dec. 293 (BIA 1942) ................................................................................ 318 Matter of V , 4 I. & N. Dec. 100 (BIA 1950) ................................................................................ 344 Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 242 (BIA 1956) .............................................................................. 9 , 33 Matter of V , 7 I. & N. Dec. 577... 859 (BIA 2006) ......................................................................... 196 Matter of VL , 3 I. & N. Dec. 10... 1 (BIA 1966) ................................................................... 166 Matter of VT , 2 I. & N. Dec. 213... Dec. 162 (BIA 1974) ................................................................... 121 Matter VS , 2 I. & N. Dec. 703 (BIA 1946) .......................................................................... 366 , 449 Mazzillo v. Day , 15 F.2d 391 (S.D.N.Y. 1926) ............................................................................ 328 Mbea v. Gonzales , 482 F.3d 276 (4th Cir. Mar. 22, 2007) ........................................................... 118 McAllister v. United States Att’y Gen ., 444 F.3d 178 (3d Cir. Apr. 10, 2006) .............................. 74 McKenzie v. Savoretti , 200 F.2d 546 (5th Cir. 1952) .......................................................... 270 , 295 McNaughton v. INS , 612 F.2d 457 (9th Cir. 1980) ...................................................... 375 , 417 , 424 Medich v. Burmaster , 24 F.2d 57 (8th Cir. 1928) ................................................................ 351 , 375 Medina v. United States , 259 F.3d 220 (4th Cir. 2001) ....................................... 230 , 261, 431, 432 Mei v. Ashcroft , 393 F.3d 737 (7th Cir. Dec. 29, 2004) ....................................................... 349 , 435 Mejia v. Gonzales , 499 F.3d 991 (9th Cir. Aug. 24, 2007) ........................................................... 120 Mejia-Orellana v. Gonzales , 502 F.3d 13 (1st Cir. Sept. 6, 2007) ................................. 50, 151 , 158 Membreno v. Ashcroft , 385 F.3d 1245 (9th Cir. Oct. 19, 2004) .................................. 139, 325 , 413 Mendez v. INS, 563 F.2d 956 (9th Cir. 1977) ............................................................................... 521 Menowitz v. Brown , 991 F.2d 36 (2d Cir. 1993) ............................................................................ 73 Mercer v. Lence , 96 F.2d 122 (10th Cir.... L.Ed. 388 (1938) 375 , 393 Mercer v. Lence , 96 F.2d 122 (10th Cir.),... Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Curran , 456 U.S. 353, 102 S.Ct. 1825 (1982) .... 30 Michel v. INS , 206 F.2d 253 (2d Cir.... 230, 271 , 289, 314, 384 Mickens v. Taylor , 122 S.Ct. 1237 (2002) ................................................................................... 483 Middendorf v. Henry , 425 U.S. 25 (1976) ..................................................................................... 26 Miguel-Miguel v. Gonzales , 500 F.3d 941 (9th Cir. 2007) ........................................................... 123 Miller v. United States INS , 762 F.2d 21 (3d Cir. 1985) ............................................................. 355 Mitchell v. United States , 526 U.S. 314 (1999) ........................................................................... 135 Mohamed v. Gonzales , 470 F.3d 771 (8th Cir. Nov. 27, 2006) ..................................................... 73 Mohammed v. Gonzales , 400 F.3d 785 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................................................. 78 Molenda v. INS , 998 F.2d 291 (5th Cir. 1993) ............................................................................. 114 Molina v. INS , 981 F.2d 14 (1st Cir. 1992) .................................................................................. 489 Molina-Amecua v. INS , 6 F.3d 646 (9th Cir. 1993) ............................................................. 114 , 169 Mongiovi v. Karnuth , 30 F.2d 825 (W.D.N.Y. 1929) ......................................................... 334 , 335 Montenegro v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1035 (7th Cir. 2004) ........................................ 30, 116, 118, 133 Montero-Ubri v. INS , 229 F.3d 319 (1st Cir. 2000) ..................................................... 204 , 248 , 426 Montgomery v. United States , 853 F.2d 83 (10th Cir. 1988) ....................................................... 484 Montilla v. INS , 926 F.2d 162 (2d Cir. 1991) .......................................................................... 29 , 32 Moosa v. INS , 171 F.3d 994 (5th Cir.... , 16 , 30 , 133 Morales v. Gonzales , 472 F.3d 689 (9th Cir.... , 241 , 253 , 437 Morales-Alvarado v. INS , 655 F.2d 172 (9th Cir. 1981) .......................................................... 29 , 32 Morales-Izquierdo v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 1299 (9th Cir. Nov. 19, 2004) ..................................... 101 Morales-Izquierdo v. Gonzales , 477 F.3d 691 (9th Cir. 2007) ( en banc ) ..................................... 100 Morales-Izquierdo v. Gonzales , 486 F.3d 484 (9th Cir. 2000) ..................................................... 102 Moran v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1089 (9th Cir. 2005) ........................................................................ 76 Morasch v. INS , 363 F.2d 30 (9th Cir. 1966) ................................................................. 19, 392 , 406 Moreno-Bravo v. Gonzales , 463 F.3d 253 (2d Cir. Sept. 12, 2006) .............................................. 72 Morgano v. Pilliod , 299 F.2d 217 (7th Cir. 1962) ........................................................ 352 , 362 , 419 Mortera-Cruz v. Gonzales , 409 F.3d 246 (5th Cir. May 9, 2005) .................................................. 45 Mourikas v. Vardianos , 169 F.2d 53 (4th Cir. 1948) ................................................................... 385 Mugalli v. Ashcroft , 258 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 2001) ............................................................................ 11 Mullen-Cofee v. INS , 976 F.2d 1375 (11th Cir. 1992) ................................................................. 509 Munoz-Yepez v. Gonzales , 465 F.3d 347 (8th Cir. Aug. 30, 2006) ............................................... 117 Munroe v. Ashcroft , 353 F.3d 225 (3d Cir. Dec. 16, 2003) ......................................................... 513 Murillo-Espinoza v. INS, 261 F.3d 771 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................... 125, 487 , 488 Murphy v. INS , 54 F.3d 605 (9 th Cir. 1995) ........................................................................... 85, 122 Mylius v. Uhl , 210 F. 860 (2d Cir. 1914) ......................................................................... 9, 332 , 456 Naranjo-Aguilera v. INS , 30 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 1994) ................................................................ 82 Naranjo-Aguilera v. INS , Civ. No. CV-S-91-1462 (E.D. Cal. June 30, 1992) ............................... 82 Nason v. INS , 370 F.2d 865 (2d Cir. 1967) ................................................................................. 168 Nason v. INS , 394 F.2d 223 (2d Cir.... 89 S.Ct. 98 (1968) 358 Nath v. Gonzales , 467 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir.... , 521 National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services , 545 U.S.... 27, 2005) ................................................................................................................. 80 , 180 Navarro-Lopez v. Gonzales , 455 F.3d 1055 (9th Cir.... , 269, 301-303, 313 - 315 Navarro-Mianda v. Ashcroft , 330 F.3d 672 (5th Cir. 2003) ........................................................ 522 Neder v. United States , 527 U.S. 1 (1999) .................................................................................. 484 Nehme v. INS , 252 F.3d 415 (5th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................ 267 Nevarez-Martinez v. INS , 326 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir. Apr. 16, 2003) .............................................. 191 Ng Sui Wing v. United States , 46 F.2d 755 (7th Cir. 1931) ......................................... 228, 437, 451 Ng v. Att’y Gen. , 436 F.3d 392 (3d Cir. Feb. 7, 2006) ................................................................ 182 Nguyen v. Chertoff , 501 F.3d 107 (2d Cir. Sept. 13, 2007) ......................................... 491 , 500 , 501 Nguyen v. INS , 991 F.2d 621 (10th Cir. 1993) ....................................................... 95, 166, 167 , 168 Nguyen v. Reno , 211 F.3d 692 (1st Cir. 2000) ..................................................................... 278, 322 Nichols v. United States , 511 U.S. 738 (1994) ............................................................................ 520 Noell v. Bensinger , 586 F.2d 554 (5th Cir. 1978) ......................................................................... 457 Nolan v. Holmes , 334 F.3d 189 (2d Cir. 2003) .............................................................................. 88 North Carolina v. Alford , 91 S.Ct. 160 (1970) .............................................................................. 11 North Carolina v. Pearce , 395 U.S. 711 (1969) .......................................................................... 520 Notash v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 693 (9th Cir. Nov. 2, 2005) .................................................. 208, 402 Nunez-Payan v. INS , 811 F.2d 264 (5th Cir. 1987) ..................................................................... 319 Nwobu v. INS , 907 F.2d 155 (9th Cir. 1990) ............................................................................... 391 O’Sullivan v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Serv. , 453... 6, 2006) ...... 86 , 88 O’Tuel v. Osborne , 706 F.2d 498 (4th Cir. 1983) ........................................................................ 473 Ocampo-Duran v. Ashcroft , 254 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................ 153 , 157 Ochoa-Carrillo v. Gonzales , 437 F.3d 842 (8th Cir. Feb. 15, 2006) ............................................ 101 Ocon-Perez v. INS , 550 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1977) ...................................................................... 456 Okabe v. INS , 671 F.2d 863 (5th Cir. 1982) .................................................................... 29 , 32 , 344 Okafor v. Gonzales , 456 F.3d 531 (5th Cir. Jul. 18, 2006) ............................................................. 85 Okoro v. INS , 125 F.3d 920 (5th Cir. 1997) ................................................................................. 389 Okoroha v. INS , 715 F.2d 380 (8th Cir. 1983) ..................................................................... 357 , 385 Olatunji v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 383 (4th Cir. Oct. 19, 2004) ........................................................ 118 Olivera-Garcia v. INS , 328 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir. May 5, 2003) .................................................... 243 Omagah v. Ashcroft , 288 F.3d 254 (5th Cir. Apr. 22, 2002) ....................................................... 415 Omari v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 303 (5th Cir. July 25, 2005) ................................................... 211 , 213 Omolo v. Gonzales , 452 F.3d 404 (5th Cir. Jun. 12, 2006) ............................................................ 86 Orabona v. Clark , 53 F.2d 101 (D.R.I. 1931),... 53 S.Ct. 82 (1932) ..................................................................... 19 Ordaz-Machado v. Rivkind , 669 F.Supp. 1068 (S.D. Fla. 1987) ......................................... 456 , 521 Orlando v. Robinson , 262 F.2d 850 (7th Cir.... 19, 389 , 392 , 438 Ornelas v. District Director , 1987 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15934 (D.Colo. 1987) ................................ 371 Ortega-Cervantes v. Gonzales , 501 F.3d 1111 (9th Cir. Sept. 4, 2007) ........................................ 92 Ortega-Mendez v. Gonzales , 450 F.3d 1010 (9th Cir. Jun. 15, 2006) .................................. 186 , 187 Ortiz-Salgado v. INS , 120 F.3d 269 (9th Cir. 1997) ..................................................................... 371 Ostrander v. Green , 46 F.3d 347 (4th Cir. 1995), overruled on other grounds , O’Dell v. Netherland , 95 F.3d 1214 (4th Cir. 1996) ............................................................................................................... 473 Otarola v. INS , 270 F.3d 1272 (9th Cir. 2001) .............................................................................. 54 Oviawe v. INS , 853 F.2d 1428 (7th Cir. 1988) ............................................................................. 493 Pacheco v. INS , 546 F.2d 448 (1st Cir. 1976) ............................................................................. 168 Padilla v. Gonzales , 397 F.3d 1016 (7th Cir. Feb. 22, 2005) ....................................... 265 , 302, 360 Padilla-Caldera v. Gonzales , 426 F.3d 1294 (10th Cir.... Cir. Oct. 18, 2005) .................................................................................................. 45 Pahuta v. Massey-Ferguson, Inc., 170 F.3d 125 (2d Cir. 1999) .................................................. 186 Palermo v. Smith , 17 F.2d 534 (2d Cir.... 449 (1963) 385 , 387 Palmer v. INS , 4 F.3d 482 (7th Cir. 1993) ........................................................................... 374 , 438 Papageorgiou v. Gonzales , 413 F.3d 356 (3d Cir. 2005) .............................................................. 75 Parcham v. INS , 769 F.2d 1001 (4th Cir. 1985) ............................................................................ 42 Paredes-Urrestarazu v. INS, 36 F.3d 801 (9th Cir. 1994) ............................................................. 42 Parenti v. Martineau , 50 F.2d 902 (D.Conn. 1930) ..................................................................... 392 Parr v. United States, 351 U.S. 513, 76 S.Ct. 912, 100 L. ed. 1377 (1956) ................................. 14 Parrilla v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 1038 (9th Cir. July 11, 2005) ....................................... 223 , 236 , 239 Partyka v. Att’y Gen. of U.S., 417 F.3d 408 (3d Cir. 2005) ........................................................ 190 Partyka v. Atty. Gen. , 417 F.3d 408 (3d Cir. Aug. 11, 2005) .............................................. 285, 328 Pasquini v. INS , 557 F.2d 536 (5th Cir. 1977) ............................................................................... 22 Pazcoguin v. Radcliffe , 292 F.3d 1209 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................ 122 , 126 , 128 Pedroza-Padilla v. Gonzales , 486 F.3d 1362 (9th Cir. May 15, 2007) .................................. 77, 100 Pena-Muriel v. Gonzales , 489 F.3d 438 (1st Cir. Jun. 13, 2007) ......................................... 521 , 522 Penuliar v. Ashcroft , 395 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 2005) ........................................................... 302, 310 Perales-Cumpean v. Gonzales , 429 F.3d 977 (10th Cir. Nov. 25, 2005) ..................................... 108 Peralta v. Gonzales , 441 F.3d 23 (1st Cir. Mar. 23, 2006) ............................................................ 54 Peralta-Taveras v. Gonzales , 488 F.3d 580 (2d Cir. May 22, 2007) ........................................... 117 Perdomo-Padilla v. Ashcroft , 333 F.3d 964 (9th Cir. June 23, 2003) .............................................. 8 Perez v. Elwood , 294 F.3d 552 (3d Cir. June 28, 2002) ......................................................... 11, 116 Perez-Enriquez v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 994 (9th Cir. Sept. 9, 2004) ........................................ 45, 157 Perez-Enriquez v. Gonzales , 463 F.3d 1007 (9th Cir.... banc ) ........... 83, 155, 156 Perez-Gonzalez v. Ashcroft , 379 F.3d 783 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................................... 44 , 101 Perez-Munoz v. Keisler , 507 F.3d 357 (5th Cir. Nov. 6, 2007) .................................................... 196 Perkins v. United States , 99 F.2d 255 (3d... F.Supp. 657 (D.N.Y. 1957) ....................................................... 351 Petrov v. Gonzales , 464 F.3d 800 (7th Cir. Oct. 6, 2006) ....................................................... 73 , 77 Petsche v. Clingan , 273 F.2d 688 (10th Cir. 1960) ...................................................................... 438 Pichardo v. INS , 104 F.3d 756 (5th Cir. 1997) ............................................................................ 322 Pickering v. Gonzales , 465 F.3d 263 (6th Cir. Oct. 4, 2006) ............................... 150, 463, 467, 469 Pillisz v. Smith , 46 F.2d 769 (7th Cir. 1931) .......................................................... 22, 295 , 338, 340 Pinho v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 193 (3d Cir. Dec. 20, 2005) ........................................... 462 , 470 , 487 Pino v. Landon , 349 U.S. 901 (1955) ........................................................... , 392, 438, 451 , 453 Plasencia-Ayala v. Mukasey , 516 F.3d 738 (9th Cir.... 79, 218 , 361 , 435 Pollard v. Lyon , 91 U.S. 225, 23 L.Ed. 308 (1876) ..................................................................... 427 Ponzi v. Ward , 7 F.Supp. 736 (D. Mass. 1934) ................................................................................ 9 Poonian v. United States , 294 F.2d 74 (9th Cir. 1961) ................................................................ 399 Popal v. Gonzales , 416 F.3d 249 (3d Cir. 2005) ......................................................................... 193 Portada v. Day , 16 F.2d 328 (S.D.N.Y. 1926) .................................................................... 375 , 381 Portaluppi v. Shell Oil Co ., 684 F.Supp. 900 (E.D. Va. 1988), aff’d, 869 F.2d 245 (4th Cir. 1989) 293 Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 (1932) ...................................................................................... 473 Prince v. Jacoby , 303 F.3d 1074 (9th Cir. 2002) ......................................................................... 210 Probert v. INS , 954 F.2d 1253 (6th Cir. 1992) ............................................................................ 490 Probert v. United States , 737 F.Supp. 1010 (E.D. Mich. 1989) .................................................. 491 Puello v. BCIS , 511 F.3d 324 (2d Cir. Dec. 20, 2007) ....................................................... 11 , 13 , 30 Puello v. BCIS , 511 F.3d 324 (2d Cir.... 200, 459 , 463 Puig y Garcia v. Murff , 168 F.Supp. 890 (D.N.Y. 1958) ............................................................ 326 Quereshi v. INS , 519 F.2d 1174 (5th Cir. 1975) ........................................................................... 457 Quilodran-Brau v. Holland , 232 F.2d 183 (3d Cir. 1956) ............................................ 263, 392, 395 Quintero-Salazar v. Keisler , 506 F.3d 688 (9th Cir. Oct. 9, 2007) .............................. 435 , 452 , 453 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul , 505... 120 L.Ed.2d 305 (1992) .................... 503 Ramadan v. Gonzales , 479 F.3d 646 (9th Cir. Feb. 22, 2007) ....................................................... 78 Ramadan v. Gonzalez , 427 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir. Nov. 2, 2005) ...................................................... 72 Ramirez v. U. S. INS , 134 App. D.C. 131, 413 F.2d 405 (D.C. Cir. 1969) .................................. 264 Ramirez v. United States INS , 134 App. D.C.... 90 S.Ct. 267 (1969) .......................................................................................... 394 Ramirez v. United States , 318 F.2d 155 (9th Cir. 1963) .............................................................. 418 Ramirez-Molina v. Ziglar , 436 F.3d 508 (5th Cir. Jan. 12, 2006) ................................................. 102 Ramos v. Gonzales , 414 F.3d 800 (7th Cir. 2005) ....................................................................... 487 Rankine v. Reno , 319 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2003) ............................................................................... 118 Rashtabadi v. INS , 23 F.3d 1562 (9th Cir.... 491 , 492, 499 , 503 Rasmussen v. Robinson , 163 F.2d 732 (3d Cir. 1947) ................................................................. 131 Rasmussen v. Robinson , 163 F.2d 732 (3d Cir. 1947) ......................................................... 492 , 504 Rassano v. INS , 377 F.2d 971 (7th Cir. 1966) .............................................................................. 191 Rassano v. INS , 377 F.2d 971 (7th Cir. 1967) .............................................................. 224, 456 , 521 Ratzlaf v. United States , 510 U.S. 135, 114 S.Ct. 655 (1994) ............................................. 298, 350 Recio-Prado v. Gonzales , 456 F.3d 819 (8th Cir. Aug. 2, 2006) .................................................. 413 Renteria-Gonzalez v. INS , 322 F.3d 804 (5th Cir. Nov. 11, 2002) ............................. 30, 74 , 90, 133 Resendiz-Alcaraz v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 1262 (11th Cir. 2004) .................................................... 487 Restrepo v. McElroy , 369 F.3d 627 (2d Cir. Apr. 1, 2004) .......................................................... 118 Reyes-Morales v. Gonzales , 435 F.3d 937 (8th Cir.... , 287 , 290 , 321 Reyez-Melendez v. INS , 342 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................................................. 77 Riggs v. Fairman , 399 F.3d 1179 (9th Cir. Mar. 7, 2005) ............................................................ 498 Rios-Valenzuela v. Dep't of Homeland Sec. , 506 F.3d 393 (5th Cir. Oct. 25, 2007) ...................... 89 Rivas-Gomez v. Gonzales , 441 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir. 2006) ..................................................... 96 , 120 Rivera v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 835 (9th Cir. Oct. 18, 2004) ............................................................. 85 Rivera-Jimenez v. INS , 214 F.3d 1213 (10th Cir. 2000) .............................................................. 159 Rivera-Martinez v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 207 (1st Cir. Nov. 4, 2004) ............................................... 85 Rivo v. INS , 262 F.Supp.2d 6 (E.D.N.Y. May... , 294 , 435 , 454 Robinson v. Day , 51 F.2d 1022 (2d Cir. 1931) .................................................................... 191, 406 Roccaforte v. Mulcahey , 169 F.Supp. 360 (D. Mass.... F.2d 957 (1st Cir. 1959) 509 Rodriguez v. Campbell , 8 F.2d 983 (5th Cir. 1925) ..................................................................... 414 Rodriguez v. Gonzales , 451 F.3d 60 (2d Cir. Jun. 7, 2006) .......................................................... 402 Rodriguez-Castro v. Gonzales , 427 F.3d 316 (5th Cir. Oct. 3, 2005) .............................. 75 , 79 , 331 Rodriguez-Fernandez v. Wilkinson , 654 F.2d 1382 (10th Cir. 1981) ............................................. 92 Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS , 52 F.3d 238 (9th Cir.... , 368 , 383 , 401 Rodriguez-Munoz v. Gonzales , 419 F.3d 245 (3d Cir. Aug. 16, 2005) ........................................... 47 Rodriguez-Padron v. INS , 13 F.3d 1455 (11th Cir. 1994) ............................................................ 340 Rodriguez-Silva v. INS , 242 F.3d 243 (5th Cir. 2001) .................................................................... 84 Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 120 S.Ct. 1029 (2000) ......................................................... 31 Romanishyn v. Attorney General , 455 F.3d 175 (3d Cir. Jul. 20, 2006) ........................................ 97 Rosa v. Gonzales , 490 F.3d 403 (5th Cir. Jun. 25, 2007) ............................................................. 102 Rosario v. INS , 962 F.2d 220 (2d Cir. 1992) ............................................................................... 117 Rosciano v. Sonchik , 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25419 (D. Ariz. 2002) .............................................. 58 Rosenberg v. Fleuti , 374 U.S. 449 (1963) ................................................................... 159, 190, 200 Rousseau v. Weedin , 284 F. 565 (9th Cir. 1922) .......................................................................... 362 Royal Ins. Co. of Am. v. Quinn-L Capital Corp ., 960 F.2d 1286 (5th Cir. 1992) ........ 471 , 503 , 514 Ruiz-Almanzar v. Ridge , 485 F.3d 193 (2d Cir. May 8, 2007) ..................................................... 200 Ruiz-Morales v. Ashcroft , 361 F.3d 1219 (9th Cir. 2004) ............................................................ 205 Ruiz-Vidal v. Gonzales , 473 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir. Jan. 18, 2007) ............................................. 47, 246 Rukavina v. INS , 303 F.2d 645 (7th Cir.... , 293 , 375 , 393 Rumierz v. Gonzales , 456 F.3d 31 (1st Cir. Aug. 3, 2006) ................................................... 463 , 521 Rust v. Sullivan , 500 U.S. 173 (1991) .......................................................................................... 182 Rusz v. Ashcroft , 376 F.3d 1182 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................................................. 226 , 235 Rydberg v. Reimer , 17 F.Supp. 414 (S.D.N.Y. 1936) .......................................................... 385 , 386 Saba-Bakare v. Chertoff , 507 F.3d 337 (5th Cir Nov. 5, 2007) ..................................................... 89 Sadeghi v. INS , 40 F.3d 1139 (10th Cir. 1994) .............................................................................. 24 Saintha v. Mukasey , 516 F.3d 243 (4th Cir. Feb. 14, 2008) .......................................................... 97 Salazar-Regino v. Trominski , 415 F.3d 436 (5th Cir. June 30, 2005) ............................................. 16 Saleh v. Gonzales , 495 F.3d 17 (2d Cir. July 17, 2007) ............................................... 461 , 463 , 487 Salvador-Calleros v. Ashcroft , 389 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. Nov. 23, 2004) ......................................... 51 Salviejo-Fernandez v. Gonzales , 455 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir.... 40 , 41 , 53 San Pedro v. United States , 79 F.3d 1065 (11th Cir. 1996) ........................................................ 485 Sanchez v. United States , 50 F.3d 1448 (9th Cir. 1995) .............................................................. 519 Sandoval v. INS , 240 F.3d 577 (7th Cir. 2001) ........................................................................ passim Sandoval-Lua v. Gonzales , 499 F.3d 1121 (9th Cir. Aug. 28, 2007) ............................... 40 , 41 , 255 Santamaria-Ames v. INS , 104 F.3d 1127 (9th Cir. 1996) .............................................................. 87 Santobello v. New York , 404 U.S. 257, 92 S.Ct. 495, 30 L. Ed. 2d 427 (1971) .......................... 485 Santos v. Kolb , 880 F.2d 941 (7th Cir. 1989), cert. den., 493 U.S. 1059 (1990) .......................... 492 Santos-Gonzales v. Reno , 93 F.Supp. 2d 286 (E.D.N.Y. 2000) ........................................... 275 , 396 Sanusi v. Gonzales , 474 F.3d 341 (6th Cir.... 461 , 469 , 487 Sarmiento Cisneros v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 381 F.3d 1277 (11th Cir. Aug. 27, 2004) ....................... 101 Savchuck v. Mukasey , 518 F.3d 119 (2d Cir. Mar. 4, 2008) ......................................................... 22 Savoury v. United States Att’y Gen. , 449 F.3d... ............ 45 , 114 , 158 Sawkow v. INS, 314 F.2d 34 (3d Cir. 1963)... , 498 , 499 , 500 Schick v. Reed , 419 U.S. 256 (1974) ........................................................................................... 506 Schlimmgen v. Jordan , 164 F.2d 633 (7th Cir. 1947) .................................................................. 345 Schmidt v. United States , 177 F.2d 450 (2d Cir. 1949) ............................................................... 294 Schmitt v. Maurer , 451 F.3d 1092 (10th Cir. Jun. 20, 2006) ........................................................ 108 Schmuck v. United States , 489 U.S. 705 (1989) ................................................................. 184, 226 Schoeps v. Carmichael , 177 F.2d 391 (9th Cir.... 1340 (1950) ............................................................................................................................. 437 , 451 Schware v. Board of Bar Examiners of State of... 232, 77 S.Ct. 752 (1957) 360 Seals v. United States , 221 F.2d 243 (8th Cir. 1955) ................................................................... 418 Seirra v. Romaine , 347 F.3d 559 (3d Cir. Oct. 29, 2003) .............................................................. 62 Sepulveda v. Gonzales , 407 F.3d 59 (2d Cir. May 4, 2005) .......................................................... 78 Sharashidze v. Gonzoles , 480 F.3d 566 (7th Cir. Mar. 16, 2007) ........................................ 180 , 227 Sharpe v. Riley , 271 F.Supp.2d 631 (E.D.Pa. July 3, 2003) .......................................................... 331 Shepard v. United States , 544 U.S. 13, 125... , 181 , 184 , 185 Sierra-Reyes v. INS , 585 F.2d 762 (5th Cir. 1978) ................................................................. 43, 249 Sildora v. Ashcroft , 11 Fed.Appx. 876 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................ 333 Sildora v. Ashcroft , 11 Fed.Appx. 876 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................ 333 Silva v. Carter , 326 F.2d 315 (9th Cir. 1963), cert. den., 377 U.S. 917 (1964) ........................... 391 Simeonov v. Ashcroft , 371 F.3d 532 (9th Cir. May 27, 2004) ..................................................... 103 Singh v. Ashcroft , 383 F.3d 144 (3d Cir.... , 206 , 207 , 227 Singh v. Gonzales , 412 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir. 2005) ....................................................................... 522 Singh v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 533 (3d Cir. Jan. 3, 2006) ............................................................... 192 Singh v. Ilchert , 63 F.3d 1501 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................................... 56 Singh v. USDHS , 517 F.3d 638 (2d Cir. Feb. 29, 2008) .............................................................. 123 Singh v. USDHS , 517 F.3d 638 (2d Cir. Feb. 29, 2008) ...................................................... 222 , 223 Siniscalchi v. Thomas , 195 F. 701 (6th Cir. 1912) ......................................................... 22, 295 , 451 Sinotes-Cruz v. Gonzalez , 468 F.3d 1190 (9th Cir. Nov. 2006) ....................................... 47 , 54 , 117 Small v. United States , 544 U.S. 385 (Apr. 26, 2005) ................................................................... 25 Smalley v. Ashcroft , 354 F.3d 332 (5th Cir. Dec. 15, 2003) ........................................ 268 , 270 , 302 Smirko v. Ashcroft , 387 F.3d 279 (3d Cir. Oct. 26, 2004) ..................................... 78, 182, 385 , 395 Soetarto v. INS , 516 F.2d 778 (7th Cir. 1975) ..................................................................... 255 , 389 Solis v. Mukasey , 515 F.3d 832 (8 th Cir. Feb. 8, 2008) .................................................................. 95 Solis-Muela v. INS , 13 F.3d 372 (10th Cir. 1993) ................................................................ 138, 386 Song v. INS , 82 F.Supp.2d 1121 (C.D. Cal. 2000) ....................................................................... 423 Sosa-Martinez v. U.S. Atty. Gen. , 420 F.3d 1338 (11th Cir. Aug. 22, 2005) ....................... 278, 322 Sovich v. Esperdy , 319 F.2d 21 (2d Cir. 1963) ............................................................................ 145 Squires v. INS , 689 F.2d 1276 (6th Cir.... , 295 , 381 , 394 Steele v. Blackman, 236 F.3d 130 (3d Cir. 2001) ........................................................................ 191 Steinhouse v. Ashcroft , 247 F.Supp.2d 201 (D. Conn. Feb. 26, 2003) ........................................ 124 Stevenson v. INS , 246 F.3d 676 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................................................................... 355 Strader v. Garrison , 611 F.2d 61 (4th Cir. 1979) ........................................................................ 473 Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 (1984) .................................................................. 482 , 498 Stubbs v. Ashcroft , 452 F.3d 251 (3d Cir. Jun. 29, 2006) ............................................................ 219 Suassuna v. INS , 342 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. Sept. 4, 2003) ............................................................... 104 Suazo Perez v. Mukasey , 512 F.3d 1222 (9th Cir.... 187, 216 , 241 , 249 Sutherland v. Reno , 228 F.3d 171 (2d Cir. 2000) .................................................................. 78 , 217 Swaby v. Ashcroft , 357 F.3d 156 (2d Cir. Feb. 3, 2004) ............................................................. 118 Tahir v. Lehmann , 171 F.Supp 589 (D.Ohio 1959),... ............................................................... 369 , 371 , 389 Talavera v. Pederson , 334 F.2d 52 (6th Cir. 1964) (disapproved on other grounds, Cheng Fan Kwok v. INS , 392 U.S. 206, 20 L.Ed. 1037, 88 S.Ct. 1970 (1968) .............................................................. 428 Tall v. Mukasey , 517 F.3d 1115 (9 th Cir. Feb. 27, 2008) ............................................................. 345 Tanov v. INS , 443 F.3d 195 (2d Cir. Apr. 4, 2006) ..................................................................... 103 Tapia v. Ashcroft , 351 F.3d 795 (7th Cir. 2003) .......................................................................... 159 Taran v. United States , 266 F.2d 561 (8th Cir. 1959) ......................................................... 506 , 507 Tasios v. Reno , 204 F.3d 544 (4th Cir. Feb. 28, 2000) ................................................................. 116 Taylor v. United States , 231 F.2d 856 (5th Cir. 1956) ................................................................ 506 Taylor v. United States , 495 U.S. 575, 110... , 231 , 234 , 246 Thaqi v. Jennifer , 377 F.3d 500 (6th Cir. Jul. 23, 2004) ............................................................... 118 Theagene v. Gonzales , 411 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. June 15, 2005) ..................................................... 85 Thomas v. INS , 976 F.2d 786 (1st Cir. 1992) ...................................................................... 325 , 484 Tillinghast v. Edmead , 31 F.2d 81 (1st Cir.... , 299 , 385 , 392 Tillinghast v. Edwards , 31 F.2d 81 (1st Cir. 1929) .............................................................. 224 , 228 Tineo v. Ashcroft , 350 F.3d 382 (3d Cir. 2003) ........................................................................... 159 Tokatly v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 613 (9th Cir. June... , 225 , 256 , 431 Tomlinson v. Lefkowitz , 334 F.2d 262 (5th Cir. 1964) ................................................................ 364 Toro-Romero v. Ashcroft , 382 F.3d 930 (9th Cir. Aug. 30, 2004) ......................................... 72, 123 Torres-Guzman v. INS , 804 F.2d 531 (9th Cir. 1986) .................................................................... 87 Tourny v. Reimer , 8 F.Supp. 91 (S.D.N.Y. 1934) ........................................................................ 427 Toussaint v. Attorney Gen. , 455 F.3d 409 (3d Cir. Jul. 26. 2006) ................................................. 93 Toutounjian v. INS , 959 F.Supp. 598 (W.D.N.Y. 1997) ............................................................. 193 Toutounjian v. INS , 959 F.Supp. 598 (W.D.N.Y. 1997) ............................................................. 441 Tovar-Landin v. Ashcroft , 361 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir. Mar. 18, 2004) ............................................ 112 Townsend v. Burke , 334 U.S. 736 (1948) .................................................................................... 519 Trench v. INS , 783 F.2d 181 (10th Cir. 1986) ...................................................................... 456 , 497 Trinidad-Contreras v. Gonzales , 202 Fed.Appx. 943 .................................................................. 156 Tseung Chu v. Cornell , 247 F.2d 929 (9th Cir.),... , 275 , 277 , 364 Tutrone v. Shaughnessy , 160 F.Supp. 433 (D.N.Y. 1958)... , 420 United States ex rel. Abbenante v. Butterfield , 112 F.Supp. 324 (D.Mich. 1953),... United States ex rel. Alvarez y Flores v. Savoretti , 205 F.2d 544 (5th Cir.... , 410 United States ex rel. Amato v. Commissioner of Immigration , 18 F.Supp 480... , 390 United States ex rel. Andreacchi v. Curran , 38 F.2d 498 (D.N.Y. 1926) ................................... 262 United States ex rel. Arcara v. Flynn , 11 F.2d 899 (W.D.N.Y. 1926 ) ........................................ 495 United States ex rel. Berlandi v. Reimer , 30 F.Supp. 767 (D.N.Y. 1939),... , 363 United States ex rel. Carella v. Karnuth , 2 F.Supp. 998 (D.N.Y. 1933)... , 411 United States ex rel. Cerami v. Uhl , 78 F.2d 698 (2d Cir. 1935) .................................................. 20 United States ex rel. Chartrand v. Karnuth , 31 F.Supp. 799 (D.N.Y. 1940)... , 390 United States ex rel. Ciarello v. Reimer , 32 F.Supp. 797 (D.N.Y. 1940)... ........................................ 326 United States ex rel. Circella v. Sahli , 216 F.2d 33 (7th Cir.... , 382 United States ex rel. Cumberbatch v. Shaughnessy , 117 F.Supp. 152 (D.N.Y. 1953) .................. 22 United States ex rel. Cumberbatch v. Shaughnessy , 117 F.Supp. 152 (D.N.Y. 1953)... , 410 United States ex rel. Dentico v. Esperdy , 280 F.2d 71 (2d Cir. 1960) .................................... passim United States ex rel. Fontan v. Uhl , 16 F.Supp. 428 (S.D.N.Y. 1936)... , 396 United States ex rel. Fracassi v. Karnuth , 19 F.Supp. 581 (D.N.Y. 1937) ................................. 390 United States ex rel. Giglio v. Neelly , 208 F.2d 337 (7th Cir.... , 346 United States ex rel. Griffo v. McCandless , 28 F.2d 287 (E.D. Pa.... , 291 United States ex rel. Guarino v. Uhl , 107 F.2d 339 (2d Cir. 1939) ............................................ 421 United States ex rel. Guarino v. Uhl , 107 F.2d 399 (2d Cir.... , 420 United States ex rel. Guarino v. Uhl , 27 F.Supp. 135 (D.N.Y. 1939),... , 246 United States ex rel. Huber v. Sibray , 178 F. 144 (C.C.D.Pa. 1910),... , 440 United States ex rel. Karpay v. Uhl , 70 F.2d 792 (2d Cir.... (1934) 277 United States ex rel. Linklater v. Commissioner of Immigration , 36 F.2d 239 .......................... 410 United States ex rel. Majka v. Palmer , 67 F.2d 146 (7th Cir.... 410 United States ex rel. Manzella v. Zimmerman , 71 F.Supp. 534 (D. Pa.... , 349 United States ex rel. Marks v. Esperdy , 203 F.Supp. 389 (D.N.Y. 1962), reversed, 315 F.2d 673 (2d Cir. 1963), affirmed, Marks v. Esperdy , 377 U.S. 214, 84 S.Ct.... , 451 United States ex rel. Mayer v. Day , 54 F.2d 336 (2d Cir. 1931) ................................................. 270 United States ex rel. McKenzie v. Savoretti , 200 F.2d 546 (5th Cir.... , 406 United States ex rel. Meyer v. Day , 54 F.2d 336 (2d Cir. 1931) ................................................. 228 United States ex rel. Millard v. Tuttle , 46 F.2d 342 (D.La. 1930)... , 375 United States ex rel. Mongiovi v. Karnuth , 30 F.2d 825 (W.D.N.Y. 1929)... , 326 United States ex rel. Mylius v. Uhl , 210 F. 860 (2d Cir. 1914) ................................................... 224 United States ex rel. Paladino v. Comm’r of Immig. , 43 F.2d 821 (2d Cir. 1930) ..................... 341 United States ex rel. Patricola v. Karnuth , 9 F.Supp. 961 (D.N.Y. 1935) .................................. 390 United States ex rel. Pellegrino v. Karnuth , 23 F.Supp. 688 (D.N.Y. 1938)... , 326 United States ex rel. Piperkoff v. Esperdy , 267 F.2d 72 (2d Cir.... , 499 United States ex rel. Popoff v. Reimer , 79 F.2d 513 (2d Cir.... , 415 United States ex rel. Rennie v. Brooks , 284 F. 908 (D.Mich. 1922) ............................................ 429 United States ex rel. Rizzio v. Kenney , 50 F.2d 418 (2d Cir.... , 392 United States ex rel. Robinson v. Day , 51 F.2d 1022 (2d Cir.... 295, 373 United States ex rel. Shladzien v. Warden of Eastern State Penitentiary , 45... , 389 United States ex rel. Sirtie v. Commissioner of Immigration , 6 F.2d 233... 338 United States ex rel. Sollazzo v. Esperdy, 187 F.Supp. 753 (D.N.Y. 1960), aff’d... , 375 United States ex rel. Teper v. Miller , 87 F.Supp. 285 (D.N.Y. 1949)... 295, 395 United States ex rel. Ulrich v. Kellogg , 30 F.2d 984 (D.C. Cir.... 295, 389 United States ex rel. Valenti v. Karnuth , 1 F.Supp. 370 (M.D.N.Y.1932) .......... 247 , 254 , 321 , 390 United States ex rel. Ventura v. Shaughnessy , 219 F.2d 249 (2d Cir.... 22, 295 United States ex rel. Volpe v. Smith, Director of Immigration , 289 U.S.... ..................................................................................................................................... 345 United States ex rel. Zaffarano v. Corsi , 63 F.2d 757 (2d Cir.... 2004) ......................................... 237 , 242 United States v. Abbott , 241 F.3d 29 (1st Cir. 2001) .................................................................. 486 United States v. Acuna-Cuadros , 385 F.3d 875 (5th Cir. Sept. 21, 2004) ................................... 226 United States v. Akins , 243 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................................ 482 , 483 United States v. Ali , 749 F.Supp. 741 (W.D.Va. 1990) ....................................................... 373 , 378 United States v. Allen , 282 F.3d 339 (5th Cir.... 237 , 243 , 249 United States v. Almazan-Becerra , 482 F.3d 1085 (9th Cir. Mar. 29, 2007) ............................... 214 United States v. Alvarez-Martinez , 286 F.3d 470 (7th Cir. 2002) ............................................... 252 United States v. Amador-Leal , 276 F.3d 511 (9th Cir.... 122 S.Ct. 1946 (2002) 474 United States v. Arce-Hernandez , 163 F.3d 559 (9th Cir. 1998) ................................................... 75 United States v. Arreola , 467 F.3d 1153 (9th Cir. Nov. 8, 2006) ................................................ 209 United States v. Ayala-Gomez , 255 F.3d 1314 (11th Cir. 2001) ................................................... 13 United States v. Balderas-Rubio , 499 F.3d 470 (5th Cir. Sept. 5, 2007) ...................................... 196 United States v. Balough , 820 F.2d 1485 (9th Cir. 1987) ............................................................ 483 United States v. Baron-Medina , 187 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir. 1999) .................................................. 191 United States v. Baza-Martinez , 464 F.3d 1010 (9th Cir. Sept. 26, 2006) ................................... 206 United States v. Bell , 351 F.2d 868 (6th Cir. 1965) ..................................................................... 333 United States v. Belless , 338 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir. 2003) .............................................................. 237 United States v. Bodre , 948 F.2d 28 (1st Cir.... (1992) ............................................................................................................................. 501 , 502 United States v. Bolanos-Hernandez, 492 F.3d 1140 (9th Cir. Jan. 18, 2008) ............................. 196 United States v. Bonanno , 852 F.2d 434 (9th Cir. 1988) ..................................................... 192 , 211 United States v. Bonat , 106 F.3d 1472 (9th Cir.... 186 , 187 , 235 United States v. Bonilla-Montenegro , 331 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. June 9, 2003) ..................... 210 , 221 United States v. Bonilla-Mungia , 422 F.3d 316 (5th Cir. Aug. 23, 2005) .................................... 251 United States v. Booker , 543 U.S. 220 (2005) ............................................................................ 254 United States v. Broce , 488 U.S. 563 (1988) ............................................................................... 244 United States v. Brown , 127 F.Supp.2d 392 (W.D.N.Y. 2001)... 331 , 341 , 413 United States v. Brown , 314 F.3d 1216 (10th Cir. Jan. 6, 2003) .................................................. 189 United States v. Calderon-Pena , 339 F.3d 320 (5th Cir. Aug. 24, 2003) ( en banc ) .................... 226 United States v. Camarillo-Tello , 236 F.3d 1024 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................ 484 United States v. Campbell, 167 F.3d 94 (2d Cir. 1999) ...................................................... 489 , 490 United States v. Carbajal-Diaz , 508 F.3d 804 (5th Cir. Nov. 26, 2007) ..................................... 175 United States v. Carrollo , 30 F.Supp. 3 (D.Mo. 1939)... 361 , 365 , 408 United States v. Castro , 26 F.3d 557 (5th Cir.... 387 , 492 , 497 United States v. Cavazos , 530 F.2d 4 (5th Cir. 1976) ................................................................. 519 United States v. Cazares , 121 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................................................ 211 United States v. Ceja-Prado , 333 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. June 25, 2003) .................................... 17 , 20 United States v. Charleswell , 456 F.3d 347 (3d Cir. Aug. 1, 2006) ............................................. 102 United States v. Chu Kong Yin , 935 F.2d 990 (9th Cir. 1991) ............................................. 343 , 356 United States v. Cisneros , 112 F.3d 1272 (5th Cir. 1997) ............................................................. 12 United States v. Concepcion , 795 F.Supp. 1262 (E.D.N.Y. 1992) ...................................... 351 , 389 United States v. Contreras-Salas , 387 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. Nov. 3, 2004) .......................... 242 , 246 United States v. Cornelio-Pena , 435 F.3d 1279 (10th Cir. Jan. 30, 2006) ................................... 189 United States v. Corona-Sanchez , 291 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir.... 310 , 311 , 511 United States v. Cotton , 122 S.Ct. 1781, 152 L. Ed. 2d 860 (2002) ........................................... 484 United States v. Couto , 311 F.3d 179 (2d Cir. 2002) .......................................................... 473 , 474 United States v. Cox , 536 F.2d 65 (5th Cir. 1976) .............................................................. 253 , 366 United States v. Cullen , 499 F.3d 157 (2d Cir. 2007) ................................................................. 200 United States v. Cunha , 209 F.2d 326 (1st Cir. 1954) ................................................................. 389 United States v. Day , 54 F.2d 336 (2d Cir.... 372 , 392 , 417 United States v. Del Mundo , 97 F.3d 1461 (9th... (1997) ........................................................................................................ 373 , 378 United States v. Delgado , 635 F.2d 889 (7th Cir. 1981) .............................................................. 481 United States v. DeParias , 631 F.Supp. 1530 (S.D.N.Y. 1986) .................................................. 493 United States v. Diamond , 561 F.2d 4 (4th Cir. 1977) ................................................................ 519 United States v. Diamond , 706 F.2d 105 (2d Cir. 1983) ............................................................. 520 United States v. Diaz-Argueta , 447 F.3d 1167 (9th Cir. 2006) .................................................... 237 United States v. Douglas, 974 F. 2d. 1046 (9th Cir. 1992) ............................................................ 14 United States v. Du Bo , 186 F.3d 1177 (9th Cir. 1999) ............................................................... 484 United States v. Duarte-Higareda , 113 F.3d 1000 (9th Cir. 1997) .............................................. 481 United States v. Ekpin , 214 F.Supp.2d 707 (S.D.Tex. June 24, 2002) ......................................... 436 United States v. Esparza-Ponce , 7 F.Supp.2d 1084 (S.D.Cal. 1998),... L.Ed.2d 64 (2000) .................................................... 393 United States v. Espinoza-Cano , 456 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. Aug. 8, 2006) .................................... 236 United States v. Faulkner , 952 F.2d 1066 (9th Cir. 1991) .......................................................... 503 United States v. Fazande , 487 F.3d 307 (5th Cir.... 12 , 32 , 188 United States v. Fernandez , 2000 WL 1716436 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) .............................................. 498 United States v. Fernandez-Cusco , 447 F.3d 382 (5th Cir. Apr. 20, 2006) ................................. 238 United States v. Ferranti , 928 F.Supp. 206 (E.D.N.Y. 1996) ..................................................... 351 United States v. Flores-Rodriguez , 237 F.2d 405 (2d Cir.... 348 , 443 , 446 United States v. Fogg , 652 F.2d 551 (5th Cir. 1981) ................................................................... 519 United States v. Foster , 227 F.3d 1096 (9th Cir. 2000) ............................................................... 386 United States v. Francioso , 164 F.2d 163 (2d Cir. 1947) .................................................... 294, 433 United States v. Frazier , 418 F.2d 854 (4th Cir. 1969) ............................................................... 360 United States v. Friedland , 502 F.Supp. 611 (D.N.J. 1980) ........................................................ 366 United States v. Garcia-Echavarria , 374 F.3d 440 (6th Cir.... 32 , 33 , 74 United States v. Garcia-Lopez , 410 F.3d 268 (5th Cir. May 18, 2005) ....................................... 251 United States v. Garcia-Medina , 497 F.3d 875 (8th Cir. Aug. 15, 2007) .................................... 213 United States v. Gavilan , 761 F.2d 226 (5th Cir. 1985) .............................................................. 456 United States v. George , 534 F.Supp. 570 (S.D.N.Y. 1982) ....................................................... 491 United States v. Gomez-Hernandez , 300 F.3d 974 (8th Cir. Aug. 28, 2002) ............................... 510 United States v. Gonzalez , 202 F.3d 20 (1st Cir. 2000) ............................................................... 474 United States v. Gonzalez-Chavez , 432 F.3d 334 (5th Cir. Nov. 30, 2005) ................................ 250 United States v. Gonzalez-Ramirez , 477 F.3d 310 (5th Cir. Jan. 30, 2007) ................................. 247 United States v. Granbois , 376 F.3d 993 (9th Cir. July 22, 2004) ............................................... 176 United States v. Grisel , 488 F.3d 844 (9th Cir. Jun. 5, 2007) ( en banc ) ...................................... 254 United States v. Guerrero-Velasquez , 434 F.3d 1193 (9th Cir.... 244 , 249 , 250 United States v. Guerrero-Velasquez ,434, F.3d 1193 (9th Cir. Jan. 19, 2006) .............................. 11 United States v. Guiro , 887 F.Supp. 66 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) ........................................................... 351 United States v. Gupta , 183 F.3d 615 (7 th Cir. 1999) .................................................................. 135 United States v. Guthrie , 931 F.2d 564 (9th Cir.1991) .................................................................. 12 United States v. Gutierrez-Alba , 128 F.3d 1324 (9th Cir. 1997) ........................................... 17, 132 United States v. Gutierrez-Bautista , 507 F.3d 305 (5th Cir. Oct. 31, 2007) ................................ 213 United States v. Gutierrez-Ramirez , 405 F.3d 352 (5th Cir. Apr. 5, 2005) .................................. 242 United States v. Harris , 108 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................................................... 244 United States v. Harris , 964 F.2d 1234 (1st Cir. 1994) ............................................................... 249 United States v. Hayden , 255 F.3d 768 (9th Cir.... S.Ct. 383 (2001) ....... 458 United States v. Hayes , 231 F.3d 663 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................................. 482 United States v. Hernandez-Fraire , 208 F.3d 945 (11th Cir. 2000) ............................................ 481 United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez , 431 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir. Dec. 16, 2005) ............... 233 , 240 United States v. Hernandez-Vermudez , 356 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir. Jan. 26, 2004) ............................ 65 United States v. Herron , 45 F.3d 340 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................................. 504 United States v. Hescorp,Heavy Equip. Sales Corp. , 801 F.2d 70 (2d Cir. 1986) ...................... 200 United States v. Hovsepian , 307 F.3d 922 (9th Cir. 2002) .......................................................... 514 United States v. Hovsepian , 359 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir. 2004) ( en banc ) ................................ 491 , 500 United States v. Hovsepian , 422 F.3d 883 (9th Cir. Sept. 6, 2005) ............................................... 89 United States v. Iniguez-Barba , 485 F.3d 790 (5th Cir. Apr. 25, 2007) ....................................... 189 United States v. Insaulgarat , 378 F.3d 456 (5th Cir. July 19, 2004) ............................................ 249 United States v. Izaguirre-Flores , 405 F.3d 270 (5th Cir. Mar. 31, 2005) ................................... 176 United States v. John, 936 F.2d 764 (3d Cir. 1991) .................................................................... 296 United States v. Jones , 415 F.3d 256 (2d Cir. 2005) ..................................................................... 12 United States v. Jones , 993 F.2d 58 (5th Cir. 1993) .................................................................... 372 United States v. K , 160 F.Supp.2d 421 (E.D.N.Y. 2001) ............................................................ 351 United States v. Kaczynski , 239 F.3d 1108 (9th Cir. 2001) ......................................................... 486 United States v. Karaouni , 379 F.3d 1139 (9th Cir. Aug. 24, 2004) ............................ 128, 209 , 210 United States v. Kelly , 45 M.J. 259 (1996) .................................................................................... 26 United States v. Kiam , 432 F.3d 524 (3d Cir. Jan. 3, 2006) ........................................................ 135 United States v. Kiang , 175 F.Supp.2d 942 (E.D.Mich. 2001) ............................................ 239, 452 United States v. Kovac , 367 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir. May 12, 2004) ................................................. 251 United States v. Koziel , 954 F.2d 831 (2d Cir. 1992) .......................................................... 490 , 501 United States v. Ladwig , 432 F.3d 1001 (9th Cir.... 176 , 192 , 217 United States v. Landeros-Arreola , 260 F.3d 407 (5th Cir. July 27, 2001) .................................. 515 United States v. LaValle , 175 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 1999) ............................................................. 458 United States v. Leonti , 326 F.3d 1111 (9th Cir. Apr. 24, 2003) ......................................... 513 , 518 United States v. Littlejohn , 224 F.3d 960 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................................................... 485 United States v. Londono-Quintero , 289 F.3d 147 (1st Cir. May 6, 2002) .................................. 250 United States v. Lopez-DeLeon , 513 F.3d 472 (5th Cir. Jan. 9, 2008) ......................................... 248 United States v. Lopez-Montanez , 421 F.3d 926 (9th Cir. Aug. 26, 2005) .................. 176, 250 , 255 United States v. Lopez-Patino , 391 F.3d 1034 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................................... 236 United States v. Lopez-Solis , 447 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir. May 19, 2006) ......................................... 294 United States v. Lopez-Vasquez , 985 F.2d 1017 (9th Cir. 1993) ................................................. 389 United States v. Lucio , 428 F.3d 519 (5th Cir. Oct. 12, 2005) .............................................. 45, 153 United States v. Lujano-Perez , 274 F.3d 219 (5th Cir. 2001) ..................................................... 483 United States v. Lyons , 898 F.2d 210 (1st Cir. 1990) .................................................................. 481 United States v. Maldonado , 215 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. 2000) ....................................................... 484 United States v. Malpeso , 943 F.Supp. 254 (E.D.N.Y. 1996) ..................................................... 351 United States v. Martin , 704 F.2d 267 (6th Cir. 1983) ................................................................ 481 United States v. Martinez-Cruz , 186 F.3d 1102 (8th Cir. 1999) .................................................. 481 United States v. Martinez-Hernandez , 422 F.3d 1084 (10th Cir. Sept. 2, 2005) ......................... 249 United States v. Martinez-Paramo , 380 F.3d 799 (5th Cir. Aug. 4, 2004) .................................. 208 United States v. Martinez-Vega , 471 F.3d 559 (5th Cir. Nov. 29, 2006) ..................................... 239 United States v. Mathews , 390 F.3d 161 (9th Cir. 1987) ............................................................. 212 United States v. Matot , 146 F.2d 197 (2d Cir. 1945) .................................................................. 418 United States v. Mead Corp. , 533 U.S. 218 (2001) ....................................................................... 78 United States v. Meza-Corrales , 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11199 (E.D. Wash. Mar. 1, 2006) ....... 178 United States v. Mondragon , 228 F.3d 978 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................................................ 484 United States v. Morales, 328 F.3d 1202 (9th Cir. May 16, 2003) .............................................. 478 United States v. Morales , 854 F.2d 65 (5th Cir. 1988) .......................................................... 12, 188 United States v. Morales-Martinez , 496 F.3d 356 (5th Cir. Aug. 8, 2007) .................................. 213 United States v. Mosley , 173 F.3d 1318 (11th Cir. 1999) ............................................................ 483 United States v. Murphey , 731 F.2d 606 (9th Cir. 1991) ............................................................. 500 United States v. Narvaez-Gomez , 489 F.3d 970 (9th Cir. Jun. 6, 2007) .............................. 187 , 284 United States v. Nelson , 146 F.3d 718 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................................ 484 United States v. Neri-Hernandes , 504 F.3d 587 (5th Cir. Oct. 12, 2007) ............................ 217 , 221 United States v. Nguyen , 465 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir.... 133 , 138 , 163 United States v. Nobriga , 408 F.3d 1178 (9th Cir. May 20, 2005) .............................................. 256 United States v. Norbury , 492 F.3d 1012 (9th Cir. Jun. 25, 2007) ............................................... 461 United States v. Orellana , 405 F.3d 360 (5th Cir. Apr. 5, 2005) ................................. 105 , 156, 200 United States v. Orellana-Blanco , 294 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. June 26, 2002) ................................. 250 United States v. Orozco, 590 F.2d 789 (9th Cir. 1979) ................................................................ 250 United States v. Ortiz-Lopez , 385 F.3d 1202 (9th Cir. Oct. 6, 2004) ........................................... 112 United States v. Parrino , 212 F.2d 919 (2d Cir.), cert. den., 348 U.S. 840 (1954) ...................... 498 United States v. Pena-Gutierrez , 222 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................ 250 United States v. Perri , 513 F.2d 572 (9th Cir. 1975) ................................................................... 519 United States v. Pimental-Flores , 339 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. Aug. 11, 2003) ................................... 221 United States v. Pintado-Isiordia , 448 F.3d 1155 (9th Cir. May 26, 2006) ................................. 178 United States v. Prentiss , 256 F.3d 971 (10th Cir. 2001) ( en banc ) ............................................ 484 United States v. Qadeer , 953 F.Supp. 1570 (S.D.Ga. 1997) ............................................... 354 , 389 United States v. Quintana , 914 F.2d 1409 (10th Cir. 1990) ........................................................ 491 United States v. Raghunandan , 587 F.Supp. 423 (D.N.Y. 1984) ........................................ 413 , 414 United States v. Ramos-Sanchez , 483 F.3d 400 (5 th Cir. Apr. 2, 2007) ....................................... 196 United States v. Rangel De Aguil , 308 F.3d 1134 (10th Cir. 2002) ............................................... 65 United States v. Reina-Rodriguez , 468 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir. Nov. 15, 2006) ........................ 186 , 187 United States v. Remco , 388 F.2d 783 (3d Cir. 1968) ................................................................. 267 United States v. Rivera-Sanchez , 247 F.3d 905 (9th Cir. 2001) ( en banc ) .................. 122, 193 , 319 United States v. Robinson , 967 F.2d 287 (9th Cir. 1992) ............................................................ 510 United States v. Rodrigues , 68 F.Supp.2d 178 (E.D.N.Y. 1999) ................................................. 393 United States v. Rodriguez-Duberney , 326 F.3d 613 (5th Cir. Mar. 25, 2003) ............................ 176 United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez , 323 F.3d 317 (5th Cir.... Oct. 15, 2004) ................................................................... 176 United States v. Saenz-Gomez , 472 F.3d 791 (10 th Cir. Jan. 2, 2007) ........................................... 29 United States v. Saeteurn , 504 F.3d 1175 (9th Cir. Oct. 15, 2007) ............................................. 251 United States v. Samaei , 260 F.Supp.2d 1223 (M.D.Fla. May 5, 2003) ...................................... 392 United States v. Sambro , 454 F.2d 918 (D.C. Cir. 1971) (dissenting opinion) .............................. 498 United States v. Sanchez-Guzman , 744 F.Supp. 997 (E.D.Wash.1990) ...................... 444, 492 , 495 United States v. Sandoval-Sandoval , 487 F.3d 1278 (9th Cir. May 23, 2007) ............................ 242 United States v. Santo , 225 F.3d 92 (1st Cir. 2000) .................................................................... 485 United States v. Shaibu , 957 F.2d 662 (9th Cir. 1992) ................................................................ 501 United States v. Shaughnessy , 219 F.2d 249 (2d Cir. 1955) ............................................... 341 , 389 United States v. Shepard , 231 F.3d 56 (1st Cir. 2000) ................................................................ 249 United States v. Smith , 160 F.3d 117 (2d Cir. 1998) ................................................................... 484 United States v. Smith , 390 F.3d 661 (9th Cir.... 211 , 236 , 256 United States v. Smith , 420 F.2d 428 (5th Cir. 1970) .......................................................... 261 , 362 United States v. Snellenberger , 480 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir.... , 236, 237 , 252 United States v. Solano-Godines , 120 F.3d 957 (9th Cir. 1997) .................................................. 135 United States v. Spinner , 180 F.3d 514 (3d Cir. 1999) ................................................................ 484 United States v. Sucki , 748 F. Supp. 66 (E.D.N.Y. 1990) ........................................................... 414 United States v. Swaggerty , 218 F.2d 875 (C.A. 7, 1955) .......................................................... 244 United States v. Tablie , 166 F.3d 505 (2d Cir. 1999) .......................................................... 478 , 479 United States v. Taylor , 322 F.3d 1209 (9th Cir. Mar. 20, 2003) ................................................ 313 United States v. Thomas , 361 F.3d 653 (D.C. Cir. 2004) ............................................................ 296 United States v. Threw , 861 F.2d 1046 (7th Cir. 1988) ............................................................... 520 United States v. Tinoso , 327 F.3d 864 (9th Cir. Apr. 25, 2003) .................................................... 66 United States v. Toothman , 137 F.3d 1393 (9th Cir. 1998) ......................................................... 483 United States v. Torres-Diaz , 438 F.3d 529 (5th Cir. Jan. 30, 2006) ........................................... 238 United States v. Tropiano , 898 F.Supp. 90 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) ...................................................... 351 United States v. Tucker , 404 U.S. 443 (1972) ..................................................................... 482 , 520 United States v. Turner , 349 F.3d 833 (5th Cir. 2003) ................................................................ 254 United States v. Ubaldo-Figueroa , 364 F.3d 1042 (9th Cir. Apr. 7, 2004) ................................... 13 United States v. Vargas-Duran , 356 F.3d 598 (5th Cir. 2004) ( en banc ) .................................... 227 United States v. Vasquez-Garcia , 449 F.3d 870 (8th Cir. Jun. 9, 2006) ...................................... 249 United States v. Velasco-Medina , 305 F.3d 839 (9th Cir.... 235 , 237 , 242 United States v. Vidal , 504 F.3d 1072 (9 th Cir. Oct. 10, 2007) ............................................ 138 , 237 United States v. Villa-Fabela , 882 F.2d 434 (9th Cir. 1989) ....................................................... 389 United States v. Villegas-Hernandez , 468 F.3d 874 (5th Cir. Oct. 31, 2006) .............................. 226 United States v. Vroman , 975 F.2d 669 (9th Cir.... L.Ed.2d 172 (1993) .............................................................................................................................. 503 United States v. Ward , 576 F.2d 932 (1st Cir. 1978) ................................................................... 519 United States v. Williams, 47 F.3d 993 (9th Cir. Jan. 30, 1995) .................................................. 211 United States v. Wright , 43 F.3d 491 (10th Cir. 1994) ................................................................ 486 United States v. Yacoubian , 24 F.3d 1 (9th Cir.... 496 , 501 , 502 United States v. Zamudio , 314 F.3d 517 (10th Cir. 2002) ............................................................. 16 United States. v. Gloria , 494 F.2d 477 (5th Cir.... 267 (1974) ............................................................................................................................. 414 , 416 Valansi v. Ashcroft , 278 F.3d 203 (3d Cir. 2002) ........................................................ 210 , 211 , 213 Valdez-Sanchez v. Gonzales , 485 F.3d 1084 (10th Cir. April 23, 2007) ....................................... 102 Valencia-Alvarez v. Gonzales , 469 F.3d 1319 (9th Cir. Dec. 6, 2006) .......................................... 54 Vargas v. DHS , 451 F.3d 1105 (10th Cir. Jun. 21, 2006) ............................................................. 215 Vasquez-Velezmoro v. INS , 281 F.3d 693 (8th Cir. 2002) ........................................................... 486 Velasquez-Gabriel v. Crocetti , 263 F.3d 102 (4th Cir. 2001) ...................................................... 101 Velez-Lozano v. INS , 463 F.2d 1305, 150 App.... ................ 246 , 444 , 495 Vermiglio v. Butterfield , 223 F.2d 804 (6th Cir. 1955) ................................................................ 509 Vidal y Planas v. Landon , 104 F.Supp. 384 (S.D. Cal.... , 334 , 335 , 509 Vieira-Garcia v. INS , 239 F.3d 409 (1st Cir. 2001) ................................................................. 19 , 22 Villanueva-Franco v. INS , 802 F.2d 327 (9th Cir. 1986) ............................................................... 42 Voorhees v. Jackson , 35 U.S. 449 (1836) .................................................................................... 471 Vue v. INS , 92 F.3d 696 (8th Cir. 1996) ....................................................................... 220 , 232 , 243 Vuksanovic v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 439 F.3d 1308 (11th Cir. Feb. 17, 2006) ................................... 368 Wadman v. INS , 329 F.2d 812 (9th Cir. 1964) ..................................................................... 191 , 385 Wala v. Mukasey , 511 F.3d 102 (2d Cir.... , 299 , 371 , 388 Wallace v. Gonzales , 463 F.3d 135 (2d Cir. Sept. 1, 2006) ..................................................... 20, 42 Wang v. Ashcroft , 320 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. Feb. 6, 2003) ................................................................. 56 Wardius v. Oregon , 412 U.S. 470 (1973) ............................................................................ 224, 503 Weedin v. Hempel , 28 F.2d 603 (9th Cir. 1928) .......................................................................... 509 Weedin v. Yamada , 4 F.2d 455 (9th Cir. 1925) ............................................................................ 326 Weinbrand v. Prentis , 4 F.2d 778 (6th Cir. 1925) .......................................................................... 18 White v. INS , 6 F.3d 1312 (8th Cir.... 128 L.Ed.2d 886 (1994) ............................................................................................................................................... 405 White v. INS , 92 F.3d 1195 (9th Cir. 1996) .................................................................................. 376 Whitty v. Weedin , 68 F.2d 127 (9th Cir. 1933) ............................................................... 22 , 295, 429 Wiedersperg v. INS , 896 F.2d 1179 (9th Cir. 1980) ............................................................. 521 , 522 Will v. INS , 447 F.2d 529 (7th Cir. 1971) ......................................................................................... 9 William v. Gonzales , 499 F.3d 329 (4th Cir. Sept. 6, 2007) ......................................................... 521 Williams (Terry) v. Taylor , 529 U.S. 362, 120 S.Ct. 1495 (2000) ............................................... 477 Williamson v. United States , 332 F.2d 123 (11th Cir. 1964) ....................................................... 418 Wilmore v. Gonzales , 455 F.3d 524 (5th Cir. Jul. 5, 2006) ..................................................... 77 , 108 Wilson v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 377 (3d Cir. 2003) ......................................................................... 190 Wilson v. Carr , 41 F.2d 704 (9th Cir. 1930) ................................................................................ 457 Winestock v. INS , 576 F.2d 234 (9th Cir. 1978) .......................................................................... 345 Wing v. United States , 46 F.2d 755 (7th Cir. 1931) ..................................................................... 261 Wittgenstein v. INS, 124 F.3d 1244 (10th Cir. 1997) ................................................................... 364 Wong Yow v. Weedin , 33 F.2d 377 (9th Cir. 1929) ...................................................................... 429 Wood v. Hoy , 266 F.2d 825 (9th Cir. 1959) ................................................................. 165 , 166 , 168 Woodby v. INS , 385 U.S. 276 (1966) ........................................................................................... 150 Woodby v. INS , 385 U.S. 276 (1966) ................................................................................... 150, 462 Worrell v. Ashcroft , 207 F.Supp.2d 61 (W.D.N.Y. 2002) ............................................................. 54 Wyngaard v. Kennedy , 295 F.2d 184 (D.C. Cir.... L.Ed.2d 190 (1961) ............................................................................................................................... 35, 165 Wyngaard v. Rogers , 187 F.Supp. 527 (D.D.C. 1960),... Cir. 1960), cert. denied sub nom. Wyngaard v. Kennedy , 368 U.S. 926, 82 S.Ct. 362 (1961) 267 , 280 , 303 Xiong v. Gonzales , 484 F.3d 530 (8th Cir. Apr. 12, 2007) ............................................................. 97 Xiong v. INS , 173 F.3d 601 (7th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................... 74 Xiong v. INS , 97 F.3d 1457 (8th Cir. 1996) ......................................................................... 312 , 342 Yanez-Garcia v. Ashcroft , 388 F.3d 280 (7th Cir. Nov. 2, 2004) ................................................. 163 Yang v. INS , 79 F.3d 932 (9th Cir. 1996) ....................................................................................... 96 Ye v. INS , 214 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir. 2000) ..................................................................................... 267 Yepez-Razo v. Gonzales , 445 F.3d 1216 (9th Cir. Apr. 24, 2006) .................................................. 67 Yousefi v. INS , 260 F.3d 318 (4th Cir.... 247 , 248 , 278, 325 Zabanazad v. Rosenberg , 306 F.2d 861 (9th Cir. 1962) .................................................................. 9 Zadvydas v. Davis , 533 U.S. 678, 121 S.Ct. 2491 (2001) ....................................................... 57 , 61 Zaffarano v. Corsi , 63 F.2d 757 (2d Cir. 1933) ...................................................................... passim Zaitona v. INS , 9 F.3d 432 (6th Cir. 1993) .................................................................. 187, 400 , 409 Zaitona v. INS , 9 F.3d 432 (6th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................. 495 Zamora-Morel v. INS , 905 F.2d 833 (5th Cir. 1990) ............................................................ 28, 132 Zavaleta-Gallegos v. INS , 261 F.3d 951 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................. 121 Zayed v. United States , 368 F.3d 902 (6th Cir. May 24, 2004) ..................................................... 89 Zgodda v. Holland , 184 F.Supp. 847 (D. Pa. 1960) ..................................................................... 198 Zgodda v. Holland , 184 F.Supp. 847 (E.D. Pa.... , 393 , 395 , 509 Zhang v. Gonzales , 457 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. Jul. 12, 2006) ............................................................... 76 Zhang v. Mukasey , 509 F.3d 313 (6th Cir. Nov. 29, 2007) .......................................................... 154 Zinnanti v. INS , 651 F.2d 420 (5th Cir. 1981) ............................................................................. 456 Zito v. Moutal , 174 F.Supp. 531 (N.D. Ill.... , 168 State Cases Arenstein v. Cal. State Bd. of Pharmacy , 265 Cal.App.2d 179, 71 Cal.Rptr. 357 (Cal.Ct.App.1968) 213 Barber v. Long Beach Civil Serv. Comm'n , 45 Cal.App.4th 652, 53 Cal.Rptr.2d 4 (Cal.Ct.App.1996) 213 Crabbe v. State , 248 Ga.App. 314, 546 S.E.2d 65 (2001) ........................................................... 473 Daley v. State , 487 A.2d 320 (Md. 1985) .................................................................................... 474 Garcia v. Superior Court , 14 Cal.4th 953 (1997)... 25 Cal.4th 230 (2001) .......................................................................................... 472 Kitchens v. State , 823 S.W.2d 256 (Texas. Crim. App. 1991) ..................................................... 213 Lyons v. Pearce (Lyons II) , 694 P.2d 978 (Or. 1985) .......................................................... 474, 497 Monte v. State , 443 So.2d 339 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983) ............................................................ 519 People v. Allen , 21 Cal.4th 424 (1999) ........................................................................................ 520 People v. Barker , 96 P.3d 507 (Cal. 2004) .................................................................................. 290 People v. Barocio , 216 Cal.App.3d 99, 264 Cal.Rptr. 573 (1989) ....................................... 497 , 517 People v. Bautista , 115 Cal.App.4th 229, 8 Cal.Rptr.3d 862 (2004) .................................... 472 , 475 People v. Borja , 178 Cal. Rptr. 287 (1981) .................................................................................. 499 People v. Bussel , 97 Cal.App.4th Supp. 1 (Jan. 17, 2002) .................................................... 285 , 332 People v. Guerrero , 44 Cal.3d 343, 243 Cal.Rptr. 688, 748 P.2d 1150 (Cal. 1988) .................... 213 People v. Holmes , 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 678, 32 Cal.4th 432 (2004) ....................................................... 239 People v. Huante , 571 N.E. 2d 736 (Ill. 1991) ............................................................................. 474 People v. Kadadu , 425 N.W.2d 784 (Mich. 1988) ...................................................................... 474 People v. Magana, 17 Cal.App.4th 1371 (1993) .................................................................. 134 , 255 People v. Page , 123 Cal.App. 4th 1466 (2004) ............................................................................ 187 People v. Palacios , 56 Cal.App.4th 252, 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 318 (Cal.Ct.App.1997) ........................ 213 People v. Paredes , 160 Cal.App.4th 496, 72 Cal.Rptr.3d... Feb. 26, 2008) 500 , 505 People v. Pope , 23 Cal.3d 412 (1979) ......................................................................................... 473 People v. Pozo , 746 P.2d 523 (Colo. 1987) ......................................................................... 474 , 497 People v. Rossi , 18 Cal.3d 295 (1976) ......................................................................................... 457 People v. Soriano , 194 Cal.App. 3d 1470 (1987) ........................................................ 472 , 474 , 497 People v. Superior Court (Giron) , 11 Cal.3d 793 (1974) ............................................................ 478 People v. Wiedersperg , 44 Cal.App.3d 550 (1975) ...................................................................... 478 People v. Zackery , 147 Cal.App.3d 380 (Jan. 1, 2007) ................................................................ 242 Rollins v. State , 591 S.E.2d 796 (Ga. Jan. 12, 2004) .................................................................... 473 Seals v. State , 23 Tenn. 272 (2000) .............................................................................................. 483 State v. Aquino , 89 Conn.App. 395, 873 A.2d... (Conn. Aug. 8, 2006) ............................................................................................ 241 State v. Bey , 270 Kan. 544, 17 P.3d 322 (2001) .......................................................................... 486 State v. Danh , 516 N.W.2d 539 (Minn. 1994) ............................................................................. 486 State v. Ginebra , 511 So.2d 960 (Fla. 1987) ............................................................................... 474 State v. Hansen , 146 Ariz. 226 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1985) .................................................................. 519 State v. Rojas-Martinez , 125 P.3d 930 (Utah Nov. 22, 2005) ...................................................... 474 Tate v. State Bar of Texas , 920 S.W.2d 727 (Ct.App. Houston 1996) ........................................ 426 Vega-Gonzalez v. State , 191 Or. App. 587 (2004)... Docketed Cases American Baptist Churches v. Thornburgh , Civ. No. C-85-3255 RFP (N.D.Cal.) ....................... 98 Comas v. McDonough , No. Civ.A. 04-10691-PBS (D. Mass. Mar. 23, 2005) ............................ 114 Generi v. Ashcroft , No. 4:03-CV-15 (W.D.Mi. Feb. 19, 2004) ..................................................... 54 Jalloh v. Dept. of Homeland Security , No. Civ.A.04-11403-DPW (D.Mass. Mar. 11, 2005) ....... 86 Johnson v. INS , No. 3:03CV96(JBA) (D.Conn. Jan. 21,... , File No. A91-406-680 ........................................................................... 423 Mulholland v. Ashcroft , No. 04-CV-0701 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 25, 2004) ............................................ 54 Rivas v. INS , No. 02 Civ. 677(DLC) (S.D.N.Y.... § 1101(a)(13)(C)(iii) ....................................................................................................... 159 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(C)(v) ....................................................................................................... 123 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15)(S) ........................................................................................................... § 1158(b)(2)(A) ............................................................................................................... 97 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(A)(v) ................................................................................................... 97 , 125 8 U.S.C. §... § 1182(a)(9)(B)(i)(II) ....................................................................................................... 44 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(v) ........................................................................................................... 76 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(C)(i)(I) ........................................................................................................... U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(C)(iii) ............................................................... 159 INA § 101(a)(13)(C)(v), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(C)(v) ................................................................ 123 INA § 101(a)(15)(S), 8 U.S.C.... U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(A) .............................................................................. 97 INA § 208(b)(2)(A)(v), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(A)(v) ............................................................. 97 , 125 INA § 208(b)(2)(B)(i),... U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(i)(II) .............................................................. 44 INA § 212(a)(9)(B)(v), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(v) ...................................................................... 76 INA § 212(a)(9)(C)(i)(I), 8 U.S.C.... Federal Regulations 8 C.F.R. § 204.2(e)(2)(v) ................................................................................................................ 20 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(c)(2)(i)(A) (2002)... § 244.4 ........................................................................................................................... 106 8 C.F.R. § 245.1(d)(1)(v) ............................................................................................................... 92 8 C.F.R. § 245.2(a)(1) ....................................................................................................................... § 1212.7(d) .................................................................................................................... 120 8 C.F.R. § 1215(d)(1)(v) ................................................................................................................ 92 8 C.F.R. § 1216.1 .........................................................................................................................
Tooby's California Post-Conviction Relief for Immigrants: Authorities
Authorities Page(s) Federal Cases Aalund v. Marshall 461 F.2d 710 (5th Cir. 1972) .............................................................................................. 18 , 27 Abiodun v. Gonzalez 461 F.3d 1210 (10th Cir. Aug. 30, 2006) .................................................................................. 91 Abou-Haidar v. Gonzalez 437 F.3d 206 (1st Cir. Feb. 21, 2006) ...................................................................................... 94 Acosta v. Ashcroft 341 F.3d 218 (3d Cir. 2003) ........................................................................................... 525 , 526 Adams v. United States 317 U.S. 269 (1943) ............................................................................................................... 363 Adefemi v. Ashcroft 358 F.3d 828 (11th Cir. Jan. 29, 2004) ................................................................................... 277 Afeta v. Gonzales 467 F.3d 402 (4th Cir. Oct. 26, 2006) ...................................................................................... 92 Agan v. Singletary 12 F.3d 1012 (11th Cir. 1994) ................................................................................................ 314 Agtas v. Whitley 836 F.2d 1233 (9th Cir. 1988) ................................................................................................ 310 Aguilar-Ayala v. Ruiz 973 F.2d 411 (5th Cir. 1992) .................................................................................................. 156 Aguilar v. Lewis 98-99-662-A (E.D. Va. 1999) ................................................................................................ 600 Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS 516 F.2d 565 (5th Cir. 1975),... 46 L.Ed.2d 638 (1976) 190 Aguilera-Montero v. Mukasey 548 F.3d 1248 (9th Cir. Dec. 1, 2008) .................................................................................... 549 Aguiluz-Arellano v. Gonzales 446 F.3d 980 (9th Cir. May... Cir. June 24, 2009) ........................................................................... 530 Ake v. Oklahoma 470 U.S. 68 (1985) ................................................................................................................. 311 Alabama v. Smith 490 U.S. 794, 104 L.Ed.2d 865 (1989) ............................................................ 55 , 173, 455, 631 Ali v. Ashcroft 395 F.3d 722 (7th Cir. 2005) .................................................................................................. 510 Alim v. Gonzales 446 F.3d 1239 (11th Cir. 2006) .............................................................................................. 510 Allen v. Calderon 408 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................................................................ 388 Allen v. Lewis 255 F.3d 798 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................................................................. 222 Allen v. State of Oregon 153 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. 1998) ................................................................................................ 232 Alvernaz v. Ratelle 831 F.Supp. 790 (S.D.Cal. 1993) ................................................................................... 139, 345 Alvarado-Ochoa v. Reno 99-0470-IEG(AJB) (S.D. Cal. 1999) ...................................................................................... 600 Alwaday v. Beebe ,1999 WL 184028 (D. Ore. 1999) .................................................................................................... 600 Alwan v. Ashcroft 388 F.3d 507 (5th Cir. Oct. 18, 2004) ...................................................................................... 93 Amadou v. INS 226 F.3d 724 (6th Cir. 2000) .................................................................................................. 394 American Tobacco v. Patterson 456 U.S. 63 (1982) ................................................................................................................. 517 Andreiu v. Ashcroft 253 F.3d 477 (9th Cir.2001) ( en banc ) ..................................................................................... 66 Appel v. Horn 250 F.3d 203 (3d Cir. 2001) ................................................................................................... 305 Apprendi v. New Jersey 530 U.S. 466 (2000) ............................................................................................................... 457 Arizona v. Youngblood (1988) 488 U.S. 51 ............................................................................................................................ 285 Artuz v. Bennett 531 U.S 4, 121 S.Ct. 361 (2000) ............................................................................................ 220 Artway v. Attorney General of New Jersey 1995 WL 91540 (D.N.J. 1995) .............................................................................................. 227 Asemani v. Iran 266 F.Supp.2d 24 (D.D.C. Apr. 23, 2003) ............................................................................... 94 Avila v. Galaza 297 F.3d 911 (9th Cir. 2002) .................................................................................................. 314 Avila-Murrieta v. INS 762 F.2d 733 (9th Cir. 1985) .................................................................................................. 198 Baender v. Barnett 255 U.S. 224 (1921) ............................................................................................................... 405 Bains v. Cambra 204 F.3d 964 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................................................................. 461 Baldasar v. Illinois 446 U.S. 222 (1980) ............................................................................................................... 454 Balogun v. United States Attorney General 425 F.3d 1356 (11th Cir. 2005) .............................................................................................. 550 Ban v. Demore No. C99-4717 CRB, slip op. (N.D. Cal. Nov. 12, 1999) ........................................................ 602 Barber v. Page 390 U.S. 719 (1968) ............................................................................................................... 157 Barder v. Gonzales 347 U.S. 637, 74 S.Ct. 822, 98 L.Ed. 1009 (1954) ................................................................ 591 Batanic v. INS 12 F.3d 662 (7th Cir. 1993) ............................................................................................ 544 , 545 Becerra-Jimenez v. INS ¸ 829 F.2d 996 (10th Cir. 1987) .......................................................................................... 37 , 608 Bellamy v. Cogdell 974 F.2d 302 (2d Cir. 1992)( en banc ) .................................................................................... 301 Beltran-Leon v. INS 134 F.3d 1379 (9th Cir. 1998)... , 437 , 468 , 650 Benny v. U.S. Parole Commission 295 F.3d 977 (9th Cir. 2002) .................................................................................................. 227 Berger v. United States 295 U.S. 78 (1935) ................................................................................................................. 459 Billeke-Tolosa v. Ashcroft 385 F.3d. 708 (6th Cir. Sept. 30, 2004) .................................................................................... 19 Billy-Eko v. United States 113 S.Ct. 2989 (1993) ............................................................................................................ 357 Biwot v. Gonzales 403 F.3d 1094 (9th Cir. 2005) .................................................................................................. 33 Blackmer v. United States 284 U.S. 421 (1932) ............................................................................................................... 154 Blair v. McCarthy 881 F.2d 602 (9th Cir. 1989) .................................................................................................. 372 Bland v. Cal. Dept. of Corrections 20 F.3d 1469... 513 U.S. 947 (1994) ........................................... 300 Blankenship v. Johnson 118 F.3d 312 (5th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................. 353 Blazak v. Ricketts 1 F.3d 891 (9th Cir. 1993), cert. denied , 511 U.S. 1097 (1994) ............................................. 388 Boardman v. Estelle 957 F.2d 1523 (9th Cir. 1992) ................................................................................................ 461 Bong Youn Choy v. Barber 279 F.2d 642 (9th Cir. 1960) .................................................................................................. 102 Booth v. Maryland 482 U.S. 496 (1987) ............................................................................................................... 460 Bordenkircher v. Hayes 434 U.S. 357 (1978) ............................................................................................................... 384 Borges v. Gonzales 402 F.3d 398 (3d Cir. March 30, 2005) .................................................................................... 26 Boria v. Keane 99 F.3d 492 (2d Cir. 1996) ............................................................................................. 311 , 318 Bowen v. Maynard 799 F.2d 593 (10th Cir.), cert. denied , 479 U.S. 962 (1986) .................................................. 300 Bowen v. Roe 188 F.3d 1157 (9th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................................ 218 Boykin v. Alabama 395 U.S. 238 (1969) ............................................................... 331, 359, 360, 367, 368, 383, 571 Bradbury v. Wainwright 658 F.2d 1083 (5th Cir. 1981),... 373 U.S. 83 (1963) ............................................................................................................ passim Brady v. United States 397 U.S. 742 (1970) ............................................................................... 307, 318, 363, 383, 385 Bridges v. Wixon 326 U.S. 135, 65 S.Ct. 1443, 89 L.Ed. 2103 (1945) ................................................ 64, 192 , 607 Brissett v. Ashcroft 363 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2004) ..................................................................................................... 92 Brookhart v. Janis 384 U.S. 1, 86 S.Ct. 1245 (1966) ........................................................................................... 360 Brooks v. Kemp 762 F.2d 1383 (11th Cir. 1985) .............................................................................................. 461 Brown v. Ashcroft 360 F.3d 346 (2d Cir. 2004) ............................................................................................... 18 , 27 Brown v. Lynaugh 843 F.2d 849 (5th Cir. 1988) .................................................................................................. 259 Brue v. Gonzales 464 F.3d 1227 (10th Cir. Oct. 6, 2006) .................................................................................... 91 Bruno v. United States 336 F.Supp. 204 (W.D. Mo. 1971) ........................................................................................ 543 Bruton v. United States 391 U.S. 123 (1968) ................................................................................................................. 53 Bunney v. Mitchell 241 F.3d 1151 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................................................ passim Burns v. United States 501 U.S. 129 (1991) ............................................................................................................... 458 Bustamante-Barrera v. Gonzales 447 F.3d 388 (5th Cir. Apr. 20, 2006) ...................................................................................... 92 Buttrum v. Black 908 F.2d 695 (11th Cir. 1990) ................................................................................................ 311 Calderon v. U.S. Dist. Court (Beeler) 128 F.3d 1283... Cir. 1998) .. 222 , 223 California v. Brown 479 U.S. 538 (1987) ............................................................................................................... 150 California v. Trombetta (1984) 467 U.S. 479 .................................................................................................................. 156, 285 Campbell v. Marshall 769 F.2d 314 (6th Cir. 1985) .................................................................................................. 406 Cappetta v. Wainwright 406 F.2d 1238 (5th Cir. 1969) ................................................................................................ 233 Capps v. Sullivan 921 F.2d 260 (10th Cir. 1990) ................................................................................................ 318 Carafas v. LaVallee 391 U.S. 234 (1968) ....................................................................................................... 236 , 604 Cardenas-Uriarte v. INS 227 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 2000)... 509, 575, 638 , 642, 644 Cardozo-Tlaseca v. Gonzales 460 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. Aug.... , 190 , 268 , 275 Carey v. Saffold 536 U.S. 214, 122 S.Ct. 2134 (2002) ..................................................................................... 222 Carnley v. Cochran 369 U.S. 506, 8 L.Ed.2d 70, 82 S.Ct. 884 (1962) .................................................................. 360 Caro v. Calderon 165 F.3d 1223 (9th Cir. 1999) cert. denied sub nom. Woodford v. Caro , 527 U.S. 1049 (1999) 150 Caro v. Woodford 280 F.3d 1247 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................ 150 Carreon-Hernandez v. Levi 543 F.2d 637 (8th Cir. 1976) .............................................................................................. 94 , 95 Carriger v. Stewart 132 F.3d 463 (9th Cir. 1997)(... 118 S.Ct. 1827 (1998) ......................... 406 Carter v. McCarthy 806 F.2d 1373 (9th Cir. 1986), cert. denied , 484 U.S. 870 (1987) ......................................... 372 Castaneda-Delgado v. INS 525 F.2d 1295 (7th Cir. 1975) ................................................................................................ 312 Castillo-Perez v. INS 212 F.3d 518 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................................................. 312 , 543 , 544 Cerujo v. INS 570 F.2d 1323 (7th Cir. 1978) ................................................................................................ 539 Chacon v. Wood 36 F.3d 1459 (9th Cir. 1994) .......................................................................................... 236 , 397 Chapin v. United States 341 F.2d 900 (10th Cir. 1965) ................................................................................................ 376 Chapman v. California 386 U.S. 18 (1967) ................................................................................................................. 397 Chaves v. Reno 1999 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 21151 (D. Mass. 1999) ............................................................... 196 , 197 Chavez v. United States 656 F.2d 512 (9th Cir. 1981) .................................................................................................. 389 Chavez-Perez v. Ashcroft 386 F.3d 1284 (9th Cir. Oct. 27, 2004) .................................................................. 520 , 521 , 522 Chavez-Rivas v. Olsen 207 F. Supp.2d 326 (D.N.J. 2002) ......................................................................................... 217 Chevron U.S.A. , Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. 467 U.S. 837 (1984) ............................................................................................................... 511 Chizen v. Hunter 809 F.2d 560 (9th Cir. 1986) .......................................................................................... 315 , 316 Chong v. Quarantillo 264 F.3d 378 (3d Cir. 2001)... 226 , 236 , 604, 605 Coker v. Georgia 433 U.S. 584 (1977) ............................................................................................................... 454 Collins v. Youngblood 497 U.S. 37, 111 L.Ed.2d 30... 455, 643 Committee of Central American Refugees v. INS 795 F.2d 1434 (9th Cir. 1986) .................................................................................................. 21 Consola v. Karnuth 108 F.2d 178 (2d Cir. 1939) ................................................................................................... 556 Contreras v. Schiltgen 122 F.3d 30 (9th Cir. 1997)... , 230 , 231 , 232 Cool v. United States (1972) 409 U.S. 100 .................................................................................................................. 519, 591 Costello v. Immigration Service (1964) 376 U.S. 120 .................................................................................................................... 97, 325 Crandell v. Bunnell 144 F.3d 1213 (9th Cir. 1998) ................................................................................................ 300 Crandell v. Bunnell 25 F.3d 754 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 306 Crank v. Duckworth 905 F.2d 1090 (7th Cir. 1990), cert. denied , 111 S.Ct. 712 (1991) ........................................ 233 Crotts v. Smith 73 F.3d 861 (9th Cir. 1996) .................................................................................................... 310 Cruz v. United States 452 F.3d 240 (2006) .............................................................................................................. 191 Cruz-Garza v. Ashcroft 396 F.3d 1125 (10th Cir. Feb. 2, 2005) .......................................................................... 277 , 510 Cruz-Sanchez v. INS 438 F.2d 1087 (9th Cir. 1971) ........................................................................................ 190 , 608 Cuevas-Diaz v. Ashcroft 37 Fed.Appx. 935 (9th Cir. 2002) ........................................................................................... 236 Custis v. United States 511 U.S. 485 (1994) ............................................................................................................... 300 Cuyler v. Sullivan 446 U.S. 335, 100 S.Ct. 1708... 312 , 354 , 356 Dang Vang v. Vang Xiong X. Toyed 944 F.2d 476 (9th Cir. 1991) .......................................................................................... 143 , 145 Danh v. Demore 59 F. Supp. 2d 994 (N.D. Cal. 1999) ..................................................................................... 602 Daniels v. United States 532 U.S. 374 (2001) ............................................................................................................... 300 Danso v. Gonzales 489 F.3d 709 (5th Cir. June 15, 2007) .................................................................................... 514 Darden v. Wainwright 477 U.S. 168 (1986) ....................................................................................................... 338 , 462 Dashto v. INS 59 F.3d 697 (7th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................... 278 Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc . 509 U.S. 579 (1993) ............................................................................................................... 148 Defaria v. INS 13 F.3d 422 (1st Cir. 1993) .................................................................................... 187 , 434, 608 Delgado v. Lewis 223 F.3d 976 (9th Cir. 2000) .......................................................................................... 311 , 321 Delgado-Chavez v. INS 765 F.2d 868 (9th Cir. 1985) .................................................................................................. 537 Denko v. INS 351 F.3d 717 (6th Cir. Dec. 8, 2003) ........................................................................................ 34 DeRobles v. INS 58 F.3d 1355 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................. 548 Devose v. Norris 53 F.3d 201 (8th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................... 406 Diaz v. Reno 40 F.Supp. 2d 984 (N.D. Ill.1999) ............................................................................................ 90 Dickerson v. New Banner Inst., Inc . 460 U.S.... 74 L.Ed.2d 845 (1983) ............................................................ 512 Dickerson v. Vaughn 90 F.3d 87 (3d Cir. 1996) ....................................................................................................... 315 Dillingham v. INS 267 F.3d 996 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................................................. 514 , 556 , 557 Doe v. INS 120 F.3d 200 (9th Cir. 1997) .......................................................................................... 193 , 194 Dominguez v. Ashcroft 336 F.3d 678 (8th Cir. 2003) .................................................................................................... 34 Douglas v. California 372 U.S. 353 (1963) ............................................................................................................... 301 Dragenice v. Gonzales 470 F.3d 183 (4th Cir. Dec. 4, 2006) ........................................................................................ 95 Drope v. Missouri 420 U.S. 162 (1975) ............................................................................................................... 389 Duncan v Walker 121 S.Ct. 2120 (2001) ............................................................................................................ 220 Dunn-Martin v. District Director 426 F.2d 894 (9th Cir. 1970) .................................................................................................. 432 Edwards v. INS 393 F.3d 299 (2d Cir. Dec. 17, 2004) ............................................................................ 544 , 545 Elkins v. Comfort 392 F.3d 1159 (10th Cir. 2004) .............................................................................................. 522 Escobar v. INS 935 F.2d 650 (4th Cir. 1991) ............................................................................................ 37 , 608 Esponda v. U.S. Att’y Gen . 453 F.3d 1319 (11th Cir. Jun. 28, 2006) ................................................................................... 33 Estes v. Potter 183 F.2d 865 (5th Cir. 1950) .................................................................................................. 102 Estrada v. Holder 560 F.3d 1039 (9th Cir. Mar. 26, 2009) ................................................................................. 515 Estrada-Rosales v. INS 645 F.2d 819 (9th Cir. 1981)... , 606 , 607 , 608 Evangelista v. Ashcroft 359 F.3d 145 (2d Cir. 2004) ................................................................................................... 278 Evans v. Lewis 855 F.2d 631 (9th Cir. 1988)... , 312 , 313 , 340 Evans v. Meyer 742 F.2d 371 (7th Cir. 1984) .................................................................................................. 317 Evitts v. Lucey 469 U.S. 387 (1985) ............................................................................................... 236... 100 U.S. 371 (1880) ............................................................................................................... 405 Ezeagwuna v. Ashcroft 325 F.3d 396 (3d Cir. 2003) ..................................................................................................... 32 Fair v. Zant 715 F.2d 1519 (11th Cir. 1983) .............................................................................................. 315 Falcon Carriche v. Ashcroft 350 F.3d 845 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................................................................................... 34 Faretta v. California 422 U.S. 806 (1975) ............................................................................................... 301 , 302 , 462 Feldman v. Perrill 902 F.2d 1445 (9th Cir. 1990) ................................................................................................ 232 Fernandez-Bernal v. Attorney General 257 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2001) .............................................................................................. 516 Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales 466 F.3d 1121 (9th Cir. Oct.... Cir. Nov. 15, 2006) ........................... 433 Fierro v. INS 66 F.Supp.2d 229 (D. Mass. 1999) .................................................................................... 86 , 90 Fisher v. Roe 263 F.3d 906 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................................................................. 300 Fitzpatrick v. McCormick 869 F.2d 1247 (9th Cir. 1989), cert. denied , 493 U.S. 872 (1990) ......................................... 356 Fleming v. Nestor 363 U.S. 603 (1960) ............................................................................................................... 546 Fong Haw Tan v. Phelan 333 U.S. 6 (1947) ........................................................................................................... 234 , 591 Ford v. Parratt 638 F.2d 1115 (8th Cir. 1981) ................................................................................................ 310 Forgy v. Norris 64 F.3d 399 (8th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................... 316 Frank v. United States 914 F.2d 828 (7th Cir. 1990) .................................................................................................. 405 Fruchtman v. Kenton 531 F.2d 946 (9th Cir. 1976) .................................................................................................. 335 Frye v. Hickman 273 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................................................................ 222 , 223 Galvan v. Press 347 U.S. 522 (1954) ............................................................................................................... 546 Garberding v. INS 30 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 1994) .............................................................................................. passim Garcia‑Gonzales v. INS 344 F.2d 804 (9th Cir. 1965) .................................................................................. 591 , 623 , 624 Garcia-Lopez v. Ashcroft 334 F.3d 840 (9th Cir. June... , 476 , 478 , 500 Gardiner v. United States 114 F.3d 734 (8th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................. 636 Gardner v. Florida 430 U.S. 349, 97 S.Ct. 1197 (1977) ............................................................................... 457 , 458 Garlotte v. Fordice 115 S.Ct. 1948 (1995) .................................................................................................... 231 , 232 Geders v. United States 425 U.S. 80 (1976) ................................................................................................................. 312 George v. United States 633 F.2d 1299 (9th Cir.... , 450 U.S. 933 .................................................... 318 Giambanco v. INS 531 F.2d 141 (3d Cir. 1976) ........................................................................................... 536 , 537 Gideon v. Wainwright 372 U.S. 335 (1963) ............................................................................................................... 299 Gill v. Ashcroft 335 F.3d 574 (7th Cir. 2003) .................................................................................................. 526 Gillars v. United States 182 F.2d 962 (D.C. Cir. 1950) ............................................................................................... 155 Giraido-Rincon v. Dugizer 707 F. Supp. 504 (M.D. Fla. 1989) ........................................................................................ 398 Glasser v. United States 315 U.S. 61 (1942) ................................................................................................................... 53 Glover v. United States 531 U.S. 198 (2001) ............................................................................................................... 323 Glover v. United States 530 U.S. 1261 (2000) ............................................................................................................. 463 Godinez v. Moran 509 U.S. 389, 125 L.Ed.2d 321,... ........................................ 388 , 389 , 390 Godwin v. United States 687 F.2d 585 (2d Cir. 1982) ........................................................................................... 369 , 375 Gonzalez v. United States 33 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................. 397 Gorbach v. Reno 219 F.3d 1087 (9th Cir. 2000) ( en banc ) .................................................................................. 97 Gradiz v. Gonzales 490 F.3d 1206 (10th Cir. Jun. 20, 2007) ................................................................................. 522 Grant v. Zemski 99-2620 (E.D. Pa. 1999) ........................................................................................................ 600 Gray v. Klauser 282 F.3d 633 (9th Cir. 2002) .................................................................................................. 548 Green v. Bock Laundry Machine Co. 490 U.S. 504, 104 L.Ed.2d 557 .............................................................................................. 199 Gregg v. Georgia 428 U.S. 153 (1976) ............................................................................................................... 460 Griffiths v. INS 243 F.3d 45 (1st Cir. 2001) ............................................................................................ 501, 526 Guadalupe-Cruz v. INS 240 F.3d 1209, 250 F.3d 1271 (9th Cir. 2001) ....................................................................... 544 Gubbels v. Hoy 261 F.2d 952 (9th Cir. 1958) .................................................................................................. 537 Guerra v. Johnson 90 F.3d 1075 (5th Cir. 1996) .................................................................................................. 406 Guyadin v. Gonzales 449 F.3d 465 (2d Cir. May 30, 2006) ....................................................................................... 34 Haghi v. Russell 744 F.Supp. 249 (D. Colo. 1990) ..................................................................................... 37 , 608 Haller v. Esperdy 397 F.2d 211 (2d Cir. 1968) ................................................................................................... 539 Haring v. Prosise 462 U.S. 306 (1983) ............................................................................................................... 405 Harman v. Mohn 683 F.2d 834 (4th Cir. 1982 ) .................................................................................................. 384 Hart v. Gomez 174 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................................ 313 Hasan v. Galaza 254 F.3d 1150 (9thCir. 2001) ................................................................................................. 219 Hassan v. Gonzalez 403 F.3d 429 (6th Cir. 2005) .................................................................................................... 31 Hayes v. Kincheloe 784 F.2d 1434 (9th Cir. 1986) ................................................................................................ 372 Henderson v. Morgan 426 U.S. 637 (1976) ....................................................................................... 317 , 372 , 374 , 375 Hendricks v. Calderon 64 F.3d 1340 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................. 463 Hendricks v. Vasquez 974 F.2d 1099 (9th Cir. 1992) .......................................................................................... 57 , 312 Hendricks v. Zenon 993 F.2d 664 (9th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................................. 305 Henry v. Lundgren 164 F.3d 1240 (9th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................................ 227 Hensley v. Municipal Court 411 U.S. 345 (1973) ............................................................................................................... 227 Hernandez v. Ylst 930 F.2d 714 (9th Cir. 1990) .................................................................................................. 396 Hernandez-Almanza v. INS 547 F.2d 100 (9th Cir. 1976) .......................................................................................... 187 , 190 Hernandez-Garza v. INS 882 F.2d 945 (5th Cir. 1989) .................................................................................................. 277 Hernandez-Robledo v. INS 777 F.2d 536 (9th Cir. 1985) .................................................................................................. 277 Hernandez‑Valensuela v. Rosenberg 304 F.2d 639 (9th Cir. 1962) .............................................................................................. passim Herrera v. Collins 506 U.S. 390 (1993) ............................................................................................................... 405 Herrera-Inirio v. INS 208 F.3d 299 (1st Cir. 2000) .................................................................................. 510 , 525 , 526 Herring v. Estelle , supra 491 F.2d 125 (5th Cir. 1974) .................................................................................................. 310 Hicks v. Oklahoma 447 U.S. 343 (1980) ....................................................................................................... 396 , 458 Higgason v. Clark 984 F.2d 203 (7th Cir.), cert. denied , 113 S. Ct. 2974 (1993) ................................................ 370 Hill v. Lockhart 28 F.3d 832 (8th Cir. 1994), cert. denied , 513 U.S. 1102 (1995) ........................................... 314 Hill v. Lockhart 474 U.S. 52 (1985) ......................................................................... 210, 310 , 312 , 317 , 347 , 376 Hirabayashi v. United States 828 F.2d 591 (9th Cir. 1987) ............................................................................................ 60, 223 Hoang v. Comfort 282 F.3d 1247 (10th Cir. 2002) .............................................................................................. 598 Holloway v. Arkansas 435 U.S. 475, 98 S.Ct. 1173 (1978) ............................................................................... 355 , 356 Holt v. Pitts 619 F.2d 558 (6th Cir. 1980) .................................................................................................. 616 Holtan v. Parratt 683 F.2d 1163 (8th Cir. 1982), cert. denied , 459 U.S. 1225 (1983) ....................................... 318 Holzapfel v. Wyrsch 259 F.2d 890 (3d Cir. 1958) ................................................................................................... 432 Horton v. Mayle 408 F.3d 570 (9th Cir. 2005) .................................................................................................. 406 Horton v. Zant 941 F.2d 1449 (11th Cir. 1991) ...................................................................................... 313 , 463 Hosein v. Gonzales 452 F.3d 401 (5th Cir. Jun. 12, 2006) ....................................................................................... 92 Houston v. Lack 487 U.S. 266 (1988) ............................................................................................................... 207 Houvardas v. Wixon 169 F.2d 980 (9th Cir. 1949) .................................................................................................. 550 Huerta v. Gonzales 443 F.3d 753 (10th Cir. Apr. 11, 2006) .................................................................................... 33 Huerta-Guevara v. Ashcroft 321 F.3d 883 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................................................................................. 278 Hughes v. Ashcroft 255 F.3d 752 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................................................................... 94 Hurel-Guerrero v. United States 186 F.3d 275 (2d Cir. 1999) ................................................................................................... 301 Iaea v. Sunn 800 F.2d 861 (9th Cir. 1986)... , 561 , 591 , 592 Innab v. Reno 204 F.3d 1318 (11th Cir. 2000) .............................................................................................. 201 INS v. Pangilinan 486 U.S. 875, 100 L. Ed. 2d 882, 108 S. Ct. 2210 (1988) ..................................................... 544 INS v. Rios-Pineda 471 U.S. 444 (1985) ................................................................................................................. 36 INS v. St. Cyr 533 U.S. 299, 121 S.Ct. 2271 (2001) ..................................................................... 325 , 427 , 469 Iowa v. Tovar 541 U.S. 77 (March 8, 2004) .......................................................................................... 303 , 377 Ittah v. United States 761 F.Supp. 157 (D.Me. 1989) .............................................................................................. 540 Jackson v. Calderon 211 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................................................................................ 314 , 463 Jackson v. Herring 42 F. 3d 1350 (11th Cir.... , 515 U.S. 1189 .................................................. 314 Janvier v. United States 793 F.2d 449 (2d Cir.... 462, 532 , 540 , 541 Jennings v. Woodford 290 F.3d 1006 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................ 314 Jew Ten v. INS 307 F.2d 832 (9th Cir. 1962) .................................................................................................. 535 Johns v. Coughlin 750 F.Supp. 76 (E.D.N.Y. 1990) ............................................................................................ 355 Johnson v. United States 529 U.S. 694, 120 S.Ct. 1795 (2000) ..................................................................................... 645 Johnson v. Wilson 371 F.2d 911 (9th Cir. 1967) .................................................................................................. 384 Johnson v. Zerbst 304 U.S. 458 (1938) ............................................................................................... 363 , 366 , 369 Jones v. Barnes 463 U.S. 745, 103 S.Ct. 3308, 77 L.Ed 987 (1983) ............................................................... 321 Jones v. Cunningham 317 U.S. 236 (1963) ....................................................................................................... 225, 235 Jordan v. DeGeorge 341 U.S. 223 (1951) ............................................................................................................... 234 Kajtazi v. INS Case No. Civ.A. 02-124 (D.N.J. Oct. 14, 2005) ....................................................................... 92 Kamagate v. Ashcroft 385 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. 2004) ................................................................................................... 236 Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes 504 U.S. 1, 112 S.Ct. 1715, 118 L.Ed.2d 318 (1992) ............................................................ 216 Kim v. Gonzales 468 F.3d 58 (1st Cir. Nov. 16, 2006) ....................................................................................... 35 Kim v. Shiltgen No. C99-2257 SI, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12511 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 10, 1999) ......................... 602 Kim v. Ziglar 276 F.3d 523 (9th Cir. 2002) .................................................................................................. 598 Klonis v. Davis 13 F.2d 630 (2d Cir. 1926) ............................................................................................. 234 , 540 Koon Hao Ng v. Demore No. 01-20095 RMW .............................................................................................................. 602 Kovac v. INS 407 F.2d 102 (9th Cir. 1969) .................................................................................... 64, 192 , 607 Kuhali v. Reno 266 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2001) ..................................................................................................... 547 Kwan Fai Mak v. Blodgett 754 F. Supp. 1490 (W.D. Wash.... 507 U.S. 951 (1992) ............................................................................................................................................... 151 Kyles v. Whitley 514 U.S. 419 (1995) ............................................................................................................... 407 Lackawanna County District Attorney v. Coss 531 U.S. 923 (2001) ............................................................................................................... 300 LaFarga v. INS, 170 F.3d 1213 (9th Cir. 1999)... , 482 , 484 , 500 Lafferty v. Cook 949 F.2d 1546 (10th Cir. 1991), cert. denied , 504 U.S. 911 (1992) ....................................... 388 Lane v. Brown 372 U.S. 477 (1963) ............................................................................................................... 593 Lane v. Williams 455 U.S. 624 (1982) ............................................................................................................... 376 Larche v. Simons 53 F.3d 1068 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................. 236 Larrison v. United States 24 F.3d 82 (7th Cir. 1928) ...................................................................................................... 405 Lee v. Ashcroft 216 F. Supp. 2d 51 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) ........................................................................................ 94 Lee v. Illinois 476 U.S. 530, 106 S.Ct. 2056 (1986) ....................................................................................... 53 Lehmann v. Carson 353 U.S. 685 (1957) ............................................................................................................... 554 Lewis v. Gonzales 481 F.3d 125 (2d Cir. March 23, 2007) .................................................................................... 91 Lewis v. Lane 832 F.2d 1446 (7th Cir. 1987) ................................................................................................ 464 Liles v. Saffle 945 F.2d 333 (10th Cir. 1991),... 1066 (1992) ....................................... 311 Liu’s Enterprises Corp. v. Li 419 S.E.2d 511 (Ga. App. 1992) .................................................................................... 140 , 141 Lockhart v. Terhune 243 F.3d 1130 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................................ 353 Lofton v. Procunier 487 F.2d 434 (9th Cir. 1973) .................................................................................................. 306 Logan v. Davis 233 U.S. 613 (1914) ............................................................................................................... 518 Lok v. INS 548 F.2d 37 (2d Cir. 1977) ....................................................................................................... 11 Lopez v. Gonzales 549 U.S. 47, 127 S.Ct. 625 (Dec. 5, 2006) ............................................................ 473, 525 , 527 Lopez v. Scully 58 F.3d 38 (2d Cir. 1995) ....................................................................................... 129, 130, 354 Lopez v. United States 615 A.2d 1140 (D.C. Cir. 1992) ..................................................................................... 147, 400 Lord v. Wood 184 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................................ 313 Lowery v. Young 887 F.2d 1309 (7th Cir. 1989) ........................................................................................ 232 , 233 Lujan-Armendariz v. INS 222 F.3d 728 (9th Cir. 2000)... , 642 , 643 , 644 Lyons v. Crawford 232 F.3d 666 (2000) .............................................................................................................. 216 Mabry v. Johnson 467 U.S. 504 (1984) ............................................................................................................... 378 Machibroda v. United States 368 U.S. 487 (1962) ............................................................................................................... 383 Macias v. Greene 28 F.Supp.2d 635 (D. Colo. 1998) ......................................................................................... 234 Mack v. United States 635 F.2d 20 (1st Cir. 1980) ............................................................................................ 369 , 375 Madriz-Alvarado v. Ashcroft 383 F.3d 321 (5th Cir. Aug. 27, 2004) .................................................................................... 526 Magallanes-Damian v. INS 783 F.2d 931 (9th Cir. 1986) .................................................................................................. 612 Maharaj v. Ashcroft 295 F.3d 963 (9th Cir. 2002) .................................................................................................... 66 Mak v. Blodgett 754 F.Supp. 1490 (W.D. Wash. 1991),... 1490 (9th Cir. 1992) ................................................................................................ 143 Mak v. Blodgett 970 F.2d 614 (9th Cir. 1992) .................................................................................................. 149 Maleng v. Cook 490 U.S. 488 (1989) ....................................................................................................... 225 , 232 Mannhalt v. Reed 847 F.2d 576 (9th Cir.), cert.... 109 S. Ct. 260 (1988) 354 Marin v. INS 438 F.2d 932 (9th Cir.), cert.... 29 L.Ed.2d 702 (1971) . 540 Marmolejo v. Gonzales 173 Fed.Appx. 573 ( 9th Cir. March 10, 2006 ) ........................................................................ 276 Marquez-Almanzar v. INS 418 F.3d 210 (2d Cir. Aug. 8, 2005) ........................................................................................ 93 Marquez-Marquez v. Gonzales 455 F.3d 548 (5th Cir. Jul. 6, 2006) .......................................................................................... 91 Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California 528 U.S. 152 (2000) ............................................................................................................... 301 Marvel v. United States 380 U.S. 262 (1965) ............................................................................................................... 376 Mateo v. United States 276 F.Supp.2d 186 (D. Mass. Aug. 12, 2003) ........................................................................ 476 Mathis v. Hood 937 F.2d 790 (2d Cir. 1991) ................................................................................... 129, 353 , 356 Matsuk v. INS 247 F.3d 999 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................................................................. 413 Matthew v. Johnson 201 F.3d 353 (5th Cir. 2000)... 2003), reversed on other grounds in Pickering v. Gonzales , 465 F.3d 263 (6th Cir.... Dec. 610 (BIA 1996) ............................................................................................... 18 Matus-Leva v. United States 287 F.3d 758 (9th Cir. 2002) .................................................................................................. 242 Mayock v. INS N.D. Cal. , No. C‑85‑5169 (July 6, 1988) ............................................................................... 114 McCarthy v. United States 394 U.S. 459 (1960) ............................................................................................... 317 , 370 , 372 McCleskey v. Kemp 481 U.S. 279 (1987) ............................................................................................................... 461 McConico v. Alabama 919 F.2d 1543 (11th Cir. 1990) .............................................................................................. 356 McMann v. Richardson 397 U.S. 759 (1970) ............................................................................................................... 310 Medina v. California 505 U.S. 437 (1992) ............................................................................................................... 388 Meghani v. INS 236 F.3d 843 (7th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................................... 34 Melendez v. Gonzales 503 F.3d 1019 (9th Cir. Sept. 19, 2007) ......................................................................... 642 , 645 Mempa v. Rhay 389 U.S. 128 (1967) ............................................................................................................... 462 Mendez v. INS 563 F.2d 956 (9th Cir. 1977)... , 606 , 607 , 608 Mercer v. Lence 96 F.2d 122 (10th Cir.), cert. denied , 305 U.S. 611 (1938) ............................................ 537 , 556 Mickens v. Taylor 535 U.S. 162 (2002) ............................................................................................................... 356 Miles v. Prunty 187 F.3d 1104 (9th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................................ 223 Miles v. Stainer 108 F.3d 1109 (9th Cir. 1997) ........................................................................................ 388 , 390 Miller v. Angliker 848 F.2d 1312 (2d Cir. 1988) ................................................................................................. 406 Mills v. Jordan 979 F.2d 1273 (7th Cir. 1992) ................................................................................................ 232 Miranda v. Castro 292 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................ 222 Miranda v. Reno 238 F.3d 1156 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................................ 226 Mireles v. Gonzales 433 F.3d 965 (7th Cir. Jan. 10, 2006) ....................................................................................... 88 Mitchell v. United States 526 U.S. 314, 119 S.Ct. 1307 (1999) ..................................................................................... 460 Molina v. INS 981 F.2d 14 (1st Cir. 1992) .................................................................................................... 197 Moore v. Calderon 108 F.3d 261 (9th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................. 309 Moosa v. INS 171 F.3d 994 (5th Cir.1999) ................................................................................................... 526 Moran v. Godinez 40 F.3d 1567 (9th Cir. 1994) .......................................................................................... 389 , 390 Moran-Enriquez v. INS 884 F.2d 420 (9th Cir. 1989) .................................................................................................. 611 Morgan v. Att’y Gen. 432 F.3d 226 (3d Cir. Dec. 21, 2005) ...................................................................................... 92 Morris v. California 966 F.2d 448 (9th Cir.), cert. denied , 113 S. Ct. 96 (1992) .................................................... 309 Mullaney v. Wilbur (1975) 421 U.S. 684 .................................................................................................................. 519, 591 Mullen-Cofee v. INS 976 F.2d 1375 (11th Cir. 1992),... 1364 (11th Cir. 1993) 556, 557 Murillo-Espinoza v. INS 261 F.3d 771 (9th Cir. 2001)... 440, 510 , 511 , 526 Murphy v. INS 54 F.3d 605 (9th Cir. 1995) ................................................................................................ 26 , 32 Nath v. Gonzales 467 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir. Nov. 3, 2006) ................................................................... 186 , 191 , 268 Nehme v. INS 252 F.3d 415 (5th Cir. 2001) ............................................................................................ 93 , 534 Ng Fung Ho v. White 259 U.S. 276 (1922) ......................................................................................................... 86, 234 Nguyen v. Chertoff 501 F.3d 107 (2d Cir. Sept. 13, 2007) ............................................................................ 469, 534 Nichols v. United States 511 U.S. 738 (1994) ............................................................................................................... 454 Nicks v. United States 955 F.2d 161 (2d Cir. 1992) ................................................................................................... 388 Nino v. Galaza 183 F.3d 1003 (9th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................................ 220 Nijhawan v. Holder 557 U.S. ___ 129 S.Ct. 2294... 28 , 29 , 30 North Carolina v. Alford 400 U.S. 25 (1970) ................................................................................................................. 652 North Carolina v. Pearce 395 U.S. 711 (1969) ....................................................................................... 173 , 174 , 455, 631 O’Rourke v. U.S. Department of Justice 684 F. Supp. 716 (D.D.C. 1988) ............................................................................................ 114 O'Sullivan v. Boerkel 526 U.S. 838, 119 S. Ct. 1728 (1999) ............................................................................ 213 , 216 O’Tuel v. Osborne 706 F.2d 498 (4th Cir. 1983) .......................................................................................... 312 , 347 Ocon-Perez v. INS 550 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1977) ................................................................................................ 198 Odle v. Woodford 238 F.3d 1084 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................................ 390 Ohio v. Roberts 448 U.S. 56 (1980) ................................................................................................................. 157 Okafor v. Gonzales 456 F.3d 531 (5th Cir. Jul. 18, 2006) ........................................................................................ 91 Oliver v. INS 517 F.2d 426 (2d Cir. 1975) ............................................................................................... 94 , 95 Omolo v. Gonzales 452 F.3d 404 (5th Cir. Jun.... 1276 (8th Cir. 1978) ................................................................................................ 460 Ortiz v. INS 179 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. 1999) ........................................................................................ 544, 612 Osagiede v. Untied States 543 F.3d 399 (7th Cir. 2008) .................................................................................................. 392 Osband v. Woodford 290 F.3d 1036 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................ 238 Osborn v. Shillinger 861 F.2d 612 (10th Cir. 1988) ................................................................................................ 318 Oviawe v. INS 853 F.2d 1428 (7th Cir. 1988) ................................................................................................ 537 Palermo v. Smith 17 F.2d 534 (2d Cir. 1927) ..................................................................................................... 556 Parra v. Perryman 172 F.3d 954 (7th Cir.1999) ................................................................................................... 602 Pasquarille v. United States 130 F.3d 1220 (6th Cir. 1997) ................................................................................................ 636 Pate v. Robinson 383 U.S. 375 (1966) ....................................................................................................... 388 , 390 Patel v. Zemski 275 F.3d 299 (3rd Cir. 2001) ................................................................................................. 598 Patton v. United States 281 U.S. 276 (1930) ............................................................................................... 361 , 362 , 389 Payne v. Tennessee 501 U.S. 808 (1991) ............................................................................................................... 460 Penson v. Ohio 488 U.S. 75, 109 S.Ct. 346, 102 L.Ed.2d 300 (1988) ............................................................ 356 Perdomo-Padilla v. Ashcroft 333 F.3d 964 (9th Cir. June 23, 2003) ...................................................................................... 94 Perez v. Greiner 296 F.3d 123 (2d Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................... 606 Perez v. United States No. 1:05-CV-1294(LEK) (D.N.Y. 2006) ................................................................................. 88 Peyton v. Rowe 391 U.S. 54 (1968) ................................................................................................................. 233 Pickering v. Gonzales 465 F.3d 263 (6th Cir. Oct. 4, 2006) ........................................................................ 27, 200 , 510 Pineda v. Craven 424 F.2d 369 (9th Cir. 1970) .................................................................................................. 313 Pinho v. Gonzales 432 F.3d 193 (3d Cir. December 20, 2005) .................................................................... 279 , 510 Pitts v. United States 763 F.2d 197 (6th Cir. 1985) .................................................................................................. 368 Powell v. Alabama 287 U.S. 45 (1932) ................................................................................................................. 309 Price v. Johnson 334 U.S. 266 (1948) ............................................................................................................... 616 Probert v. INS 954 F.2d 1253 (6th Cir. 1992) ................................................................................ 469, 533 , 534 Puello v. BCIS 511 F.3d 324 (2d Cir. 2007) ................................................................................................... 203 Purdy v. United States 208 F.3d 41 (2d Cir. 2000) ..................................................................................................... 318 Purveegiin v. Gonzales 448 F.3d 684 (3d Cir. Jun. 1, 2006) .......................................................................................... 34 Quezada-Bucio v. Ridge 317 F. Supp. 2d 1221 (D. Wash. 2004) .................................................................................... 24 Ramirez-Castro v. INS 287 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir. April 24, 2002) ......................................................... 509, 510, 641 , 642 Ramos v. Gonzales 414 F.3d 800 (7th Cir. 2005) .......................................................................................... 510 , 526 Rashtabadi v. INS 23 F.3d 1562 (9th Cir. 1994) .......................................................................................... 276 , 536 Rasmussen v. Robinson 163 F.2d 732 (3d Cir. 1947) ........................................................................................... 536 , 550 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul 505 U.S.... L.Ed.2d 305 (1992) ................................................ 434, 548 Reese v. Baldwin 282 F.3d 1184 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................ 217 Renteria-Gonzalez v. INS 322 F.3d 804 (5th Cir. Feb.... rehearing) ..... 475 , 526, 538 Resendiz v. Kovensky 416 F.3d 952 (2005) .............................................................................................................. 228 Resendiz-Alcaraz v. Ashcroft 383 F.3d 1262 (11th Cir. 2004) ...................................................................................... 510 , 526 Reyes-Alcaraz v. Ashcroft 363 F.3d 937 (9th Cir. 2004) .............................................................................................. 93 , 94 Riggs v. Fairman 399 F.3d 1179 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................................................................................ 301 Riggs v. Government Employees Fin. Corp. 623 F.2d 68 (1980) ................................................................................................................ 518 Riggins v. Rees 74 F.3d 732 (6th Cir. 1996) 0 .................................................................................................. 406 Rivera v. Demore No. C99-3042 TEH, 1999 WL 521177,... 13, 1999) 600 , 602 Roberts v. Helm 123 F.R.D. 614 (N.D. Cal. 1988) ........................................................................................... 135 Robinson v. Ignacio 360 F.3d 1044 (9th Cir. 2004) ................................................................................................ 462 Robinson v. Norris 60 F.3d 457 (8th Cir. 1995), cert. denied , 517 U.S. 1115 (1996) ................................... 129, 353 Robinson v. Wyrick 635 F.2d 757 (9th Cir. 1980) .................................................................................................. 355 Roccaforte v. Mulcahey 169 F.Supp. 360 (D. Mass. 1958), aff’d , 262 F.2d 957 (1st Cir. 1959) .................................. 556 Roe v. Flores-Ortega 528 U.S. 470, 145 L.Ed.2d 985,... , 209 , 320 , 327 Rojas-Garcia v. Ashcroft 339 F.3d 814 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................................................................................... 32 Roman v. INS 233 F.3d 1027 (7th Cir. 2000) ................................................................................................ 544 Rompilla v. Beard 545 U.S. 374 (2005) ............................................................................................................... 314 Rose v. Lundy 455 U.S. 509 (1982) ............................................................................................................... 213 Royal Ins. Co. of Am. v. Quinn-L Capital Corp . 960 F.2d 1286 (5th Cir. 1992) ................................................................................................ 476 Ruiz-Vidal v. Gonzalez (9th Cir. 2007) 473 F.3d 1072 ........................................................................................................................ 272 Ruiz-Wilfredo v. Schiltgen No. 00-CV-8063-NM, slip op. (C.D. Cal. Dec. 26, 2000) ..................................................... 602 Rumierz v. Gonzales 456 F.3d 31 (1st Cir. August 3, 2006) ..................................................................................... 277 Rummel v. Estelle 445 U.S. 263 (1980) ............................................................................................................... 454 Saffle v. Parks 494 U.S. 484 (1990) ............................................................................................................... 317 Safford v. Newland 224 F.3d 1087 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................................................................ 221 Saleh v. Gonzales 495 F.3d 17 (2d Cir. July 17, 2007) ........................................................................................ 510 Salviejo-Fernandez v. Gonzales 455 F.3d 1063 (9th Cir. Jul. 31, 2006) ................................................................................ 18 , 27 Sammons v. Rodgers 785 F.2d 1343 (5th Cir. 1986) ................................................................................................ 233 Sanchez v. United States 50 F.3d 1448 (9th Cir. 1995) .......................................................................................... 383 , 406 Sanders v. Ratelle 21 F.3d 1446 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................. 313 , 340 , 356 Sandoval v. INS 240 F.3d 577 (7th Cir. 2001)... , 199 , 279 , 435 Santobello v. New York 404 U.S. 257 (1971) .......................................................................................................... passim Santos v. Kolb 880 F.2d 941 (7th Cir. 1989),... 333 , 335 , 536 Sanusi v. Gonzales 474 F.3d 341 (6th Cir. 2007) .................................................................................................. 510 Saucedo-Tellez v. Perryman 99-C-1396 (N.D. Ill. 1999) .................................................................................................... 600 Sawkow v. INS 314 F.2d 34 (3d Cir. 1963)... 187 , 190 , 434, 650 Scales v. INS 232 F.3d 1159 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................................................. 89 , 541 , 543 Schick v. Reed 419 U.S. 256 (1974) ............................................................................................................... 554 Scott v. Wainwright 698 F.2d 427 (11th Cir. 1983) ................................................................................................ 310 Sebastian-Soler v. U.S. Att’y Gen. 409 F.3d 1280 (11th Cir. May 19, 2005) .................................................................................. 94 Selsor v. Kaiser 81 F.3d 1492 (10th Cir. 1996) ................................................................................................ 353 Sibron v. New York 392 U.S. 40 (1968) ................................................................................................. 226 , 235 , 603 Sibs v. Lively 970 F.2d 1575 (6th Cir. 1992) ................................................................................................ 313 Sierra-Reyes v. INS 585 F.2d 762 (5th Cir. 1978) .................................................................................................... 19 Simpson v. T.D. Williamson, Inc. 414 F.3d 1203 (10th Cir. 2005) ................................................................................................ 92 Sinclair v. Blackburn 599 F.2d 673 (5th Cir. 1979) .................................................................................................. 233 Singh v. U.S. Atty. Gen. 561 F.3d 1275 (11th Cir. 2009) .............................................................................................. 415 Smith v. Black 904 F.2d 950 (5th Cir. 1990) .................................................................................................. 311 Smith v. Duncan 297 F.3d 809 (9th Cir. 2002) .................................................................................................. 221 Smith v. Gonzales 468 F.3d 272 (5th Cir. Oct. 24, 2006) .................................................................................... 513 Smith v. McCormick 914 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1990) ................................................................................................ 311 Smith v. Secretary Dept. of Corrections 50 F.3d 801 (10th Cir.1995) ................................................................................................... 407 Smith v. Stewart 189 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................................ 463 Smith v. United States 508 U.S. 223 (1993) ............................................................................................................... 518 Snook v. Wood 89 F.3d 605 (9th Cir. 1996) .................................................................................... 303 , 305 , 317 Sober v. Crist 644 F.2d 807 (9th Cir. 1981) .......................................................................................... 317 , 372 Solina v. United States 709 F.2d 160 (2d Cir. 1983) ................................................................................................... 301 Spencer v. Kemna 118 S. Ct. 978 (1998) ..................................................................................................... 235 , 604 Spivey v. Zant 683 F.2d 881 (5th Cir. 1982) .................................................................................................. 135 St. Cyr v. INS 229 F.3d 406 (2d Cir. 2000) ................................................................................................... 427 Stack v. Boyle (1951) 342 U.S. 1 .............................................................................................................. 519, 520, 591 Standing Bear v. United States 68 F.3d 271 (8th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................... 405 Starr v. Lockhart 23 F.3d 1280 ( 9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................. 311 Steinsvik v. Vinzant 640 F.2d 949 (9th Cir. 1981) .................................................................................................. 335 Stephens v. Kemp 846 F.2d 642 (11th Cir. 1988) ................................................................................................ 463 Stoia v. United States 22 F.3d 766 (7th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 356 Strader v. Garrison 611 F.2d 61 (4th Cir. 1979) ............................................................................................ 312 , 347 Strickland v. Francis 738 F.2d 1542 (11th Cir. 1984) .............................................................................................. 389 Strickland v. Washington 466 U.S. 668 (1984) ......................................................................................... 57 , 462 , 463 , 542 Strickler v. Greene 527 U.S. 263 (1999) ............................................................................................................... 407 Swaby v. Ashcorft 357 F.3d 156 (2d Cir. 2004) ................................................................................................... 236 Sunal v. Large 332 U.S. 174 (1947) ............................................................................................................... 405 Szeto v. Reno No. C00-531 CRB, 2000 WL 630869 (N.D. Cal. May 5, 2000) ............................................ 602 Tamalini v. Stewart 249 F.3d 895 (9th Cir. 2001) .................................................................................................. 301 Tapia-Garcia v. INS 237 F.3d 1216 (10th Cir. 2000) .............................................................................................. 606 Taran v. United States 266 F.2d 561 (8th Cir. 1959) .......................................................................................... 550 , 553 Tate v. Wood 963 F.2d 20 (2d Cir. 1992) ..................................................................................................... 406 Taylor v. Alabama 335 U.S. 252, 68 S.Ct. 1415 (1947) ............................................................................... 239 , 445 Taylor v. United States 231 F.2d 856 (5th Cir. 1956) .................................................................................................. 553 Teague v. Lane 489 U.S. 288 (1989) ............................................................................................................... 317 Telink, Inc. v. United States 24 F.3d 42 (9th Cir. 1994) ................................................................................................ 60, 223 Theriot v. Whitley 18 F.3d 311 (5th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 391 Thomas v. Goldsmith 979 F.2d 746 (9th Cir. 1992) .................................................................................................. 407 Tillema v. Long 253 F.3d 494 (9th Cir. 2001) .......................................................................................... 220 , 223 Tokatly v. Ashcroft 371 F.3d 613 (9th Cir. 2004) .................................................................................................... 19 Toro-Romero v. Ashcroft 382 F.3d 930 (9th Cir. Aug. 30, 2004) .................................................................................... 277 Torres-Ruiz v. United States District Court 120 F.3d 933 (9th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................. 156 Tovar-Alvarez v. U.S. Att’y Gen. 427 F.3d 1350 (11th Cir. Oct. 13, 2005) ............................................................................ 91 , 94 Townsend v. Burke 334 U.S. 736 (1948) ....................................................................................................... 458 , 464 Trench v. INS 783 F.2d 181 (10th Cir. 1986) ................................................................................................ 540 Trop v. Dulles 356 U.S. 86 (1957) ................................................................................................................... 86 Truax v. Raich 239 U.S. 33 (1915) ................................................................................................................. 583 Turner v. Duncan 158 F.2d 449 (9th Cir. 1998) .................................................................................................. 322 Turner v. Tennessee 858 F.2d 1201 (6th Cir. 1988),... ........ 342 United States ex rel. Abbenante v. Butterfield 112 F. Supp. 324 (E.D. Mich.... ............ 432 United States ex rel. Caruso v. Zelinsky 689 F.2d 435 (3d Cir. 1982) ................................................................................................... 343 United States ex rel. Meadows v. New York 426 F.2d 1176 (2d Cir.... 233 U nited States ex rel. Negron v. New York 434 F.2d 386 (2d Cir.... , 401 United States ex rel. Piperkoff v. Esperdy 267 F.2d 72 (2d Cir. 1959)... , 543 United States ex rel. Urbano v. Yeager 323 F. Supp. 774 (D.N.J. 1971) ............................................................................................. 233 United States ex rel. Wojtycha v. Hopkins 517 F.2d 420 (3d Cir. 1975) ................................................................................................... 604 United States ex rel. Zegarski v. Moyer 1992 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11575 ( N.D. Ill 1992) ......................................................................... 233 United States v. Abarca 985 F.2d 1012 (9th Cir. 1993) ................................................................................................ 210 United States v. Acklen 47 F.3d 739 (5th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................... 464 United States v. Agurs 427 U.S. 97 (1976) ......................................................................................................... 405 , 407 United States v. Ahumada-Aguilar 295 F.3d 943 (9th Cir. 2002) .......................................................................................... 612 , 613 United States v. Akins 243 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................................ 304 United States v. Alferahin 433 F.3d 1148 (9th Cir. Jan. 11, 2006) ..................................................................................... 96 United States v. Allie 978 F.2d 1401 (5th Cir. 1992) ................................................................................................ 157 United States v. Alvarado-Delgado 98 F.3d 493 (9th Cir. 1996), cert. denied , 117 S.Ct. 1096 (1997) .......................................... 611 United States v. Alvarez-Tautimez 160 F.3d 573 (9th Cir. 1998) .................................................................................................. 319 United States v. Anderson 970 F.2d 602 (1992), amended ,... 378 , 379 , 456 United States v. Ant 882 F.2d 1389 (9th Cir. 1989) ........................................................................................ 304 , 306 United States v. Aponte 591 F.2d 1247 (9th Cir. 1978) ........................................................................................ 304 , 305 United States v. Arce-Hernandez 163 F.3d 559 (9th Cir. 1998) .................................................................................................. 612 United States v. Arlt 41 F.3d 516 ( 9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 302 United States v. Arrellano-Torres 303 F.3d 1173 (9th Cir. 2002)) ............................................................................................... 474 United States v. Avery 15 F.3d 816 (9th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................................... 370 United States v. Avila-Ramirez 170 F.3d 277 (2d Cir. March 11, 1999) .................................................................................. 610 United States v. Awadallah 349 F.3d 42 (2d Cir. 2003) ..................................................................................................... 156 United States v. Ayala 35 F.3d 423 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 610 United States v. Bagley 473 U.S. 667 (1985) ............................................................................................................... 407 United States v. Bailon-Santana 429 F.3d 1258 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................................................................................ 402 United States v. Balough 820 F.2d 1485 (9th Cir. 1987)... 303 , 304 , 305 United States v. Banda 1 F.3d 354 (5th Cir. 1993) ...................................................................................................... 333 United States v. Barron 127 F.3d 890 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................................................................................ 55 , 636 United States v. Barton 995 F.2d 931 (9th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................................. 407 United States v. Bass 404 U.S. 336 (1971) ............................................................................................................... 374 United States v. Batchelder 442 U.S. 114 (1979) ............................................................................................................... 455 United States v. Baty 980 F.2d 977 (5th Cir. 1992) .................................................................................................. 209 United States v. Benchimol 471 U.S. 453 (1985) ............................................................................................................... 456 United States v. Bennett 848 F.2d 1134 (11th Cir. 1988) .............................................................................................. 401 United States v. Big Crow 898 F.2d 1326 (8th Cir. 1990) ................................................................................................ 151 United States v. Bird 621 F.2d 989 (9th Cir. 1980) .................................................................................................. 305 United States v. Birtle 792 F.2d 846 (9th Cir. 1986) .................................................................................................. 357 United States v. Blaylock 20 F.3d 1458 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................. 342 United States v. Bodre 948 F.2d 28 (1st Cir. 1991),... (1992) 546 , 547 United States v. Bolinger 940 F.2d 478 (9th Cir. 1991) .................................................................................................. 209 United States v. Booker 543 U.S. 220 (2005) ............................................................................................................... 151 United States v. Breckenridge 93 F.3d 132 (4th Cir. 1996) .................................................................................................... 463 United States v. Bridgeforth 441 F.3d 864 (9th Cir. Mar. 29, 2006) ................................................................................... 480 United States v. Broderson 67 F.3d 452 (2d Cir. 1995) ............................................................................................. 545 , 546 United States v. Brooks 296 U.S.App.D.C. 219, 966 F.2d 1500 (1992) ...................................................................... 407 United States v. Bruce 976 F.2d 552 (9th Cir. 1992) .......................................................................................... 210, 373 United States v. Buckland 259 F.3d 1157 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................................ 457 United States v. Buner 134 F.3d 1000 (10th Cir. 1998) .............................................................................................. 636 United States v. Burrows 872 F.2d 915 (9th Cir. 1989) .................................................................................... 57 , 312, 340 United States v. Bushert 997 F.2d 1343 (11th Cir. 1993) .............................................................................................. 209 United States v. Butcher 926 F.2d 811 (9th Cir. 1991) .................................................................................................. 368 United States v. Caballero 277 F.3d 1235 (10th Cir. 2002) .............................................................................................. 157 United States v. Campbell 778 F.2d 764 (11th Cir. 1985) ................................................................................................ 333 United States v. Campbell 167 F.3d 94 (2d Cir. 1999)... 197 , 525 , 526 United States v. Caro 997 F.3d 657 (9th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................... 53 , 382, 384 United States v. Carrasco 786 F.2d 1452 (9th Cir. 1986) ........................................................................................ 315 , 316 United States v. Castello 724 F.2d 813 (9th Cir. 1984) .................................................................................................. 384 United States v. Castro 26 F.3d 557 (5th Cir. 1994)... 336 , 464, 536, 540 United States v. Christensen 18 F.3d 822 (9th Cir. 1994)... 388 , 389 , 390 United States v. Cirrinaone 780 F.2d 620 (7th Cir. 1980) .................................................................................................. 397 United States v. Cisneros 112 F.3d 1272 (5th Cir. 1997) ........................................................................................ 510 , 527 United States v. Cochran 770 F.2d 850 (9th Cir. 1985) .................................................................................................. 389 United States v. Cole 813 F.2d 43 (3d Cir. 1987) ..................................................................................................... 390 United States v. Colvin 204 F.3d 1221 (9th Cir. 2000) ........................................................................................ 218 , 219 United States v. Comm'r of Immigration at Port of New York 5 F.2d 162 (2d Cir. 1924) .................................................................................................. passim United States v. Corsentino 685 F.2d 48 (2d Cir. 1982) ..................................................................................................... 378 United States v. Cortez 973 F.2d 764 (9th Cir. 1992) .......................................................................................... 315 , 316 United States v. Cotton 535 U.S. 625, 122 S.Ct. 1781, 152 L.Ed.2d 860 (2002) ........................................................ 405 United States v. Cousins 455 F.3d 1116 (10th Cir. 2006),... Ct. 162 (2006) ..................................... 185 United States v. Couto 311 F.3d 179 (2d Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................... 324 United States v. Cronic 466 U.S. 648 (1984) ............................................................................................... 312 , 344 , 393 United States v. Cuch 79 F.3d 987 (10th Cir. 1996) .................................................................................................. 405 United States v. Curnew 788 F.2d 1335 (8th Cir. 1986) .................................................................................................. 96 United States v. Curran 926 F.2d 59 (1st Cir. 1991) .................................................................................................... 458 United States v. Damon 191 F.3d 561 (4th Cir. 1999) .................................................................................................. 390 United States v. Davis 938 F.2d 1058 (9th Cir. 1991) ................................................................................................ 209 United States v. Davis 112 F.3d 118 (3d Cir. 1997) ................................................................................................... 636 United States v. Dawson 193 F.2d 1107 (9th Cir. 1999) ........................................................................................ 369 , 370 United States v. Day 285 F.3d 1167 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................ 317 United States v. Day 969 F.2d 39 (3d Cir. 1992) ............................................................................................. 342 , 343 United States v. De la Fuente 8 F.3d 1333 (9th Cir. 1993) ............................................................................................ 456, 378 United States v. Decora 177 F.3d 676 (8th Cir. 1999) .......................................................................................... 149 , 151 United States v. Del Muro 87 F.3d 1078 (9th Cir. 1996) .................................................................................................. 357 United States v. Del Rosario 902 F.2d 55 (D.C.Cir. 1990),... (1990) 333 , 335 United States v. Delgado 635 F.2d 889 (7th Cir. 1981) .................................................................................................. 363 United States v. Delgado 994 F. Supp. 143 (E.D.N.Y. 1998) ................................................................................. 150 , 151 United States v. DeParias 631 F.Supp. 1530 (S.D.N.Y. 1986) ........................................................................................ 537 United States v. Dragoul 1 F.3d 1546 (11th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................................. 157 United States v. Dring 930 F.2d 687 (9th Cir. 1991) .................................................................................................. 157 United States v. Drummond 240 F.3d 1333 (11th Cir. 2001) .............................................................................................. 413 United States v. Duarte-Higareda 113 F.3d 1000 (9th Cir. 1997) ........................................................................................ 363 , 364 United States v. Dujanovic 486 F.2d 182 (9th Cir. 1983) .................................................................................................. 304 United States v. Dupas 14 M.J. 28 (1982) ................................................................................................................... 131 United States v. Edmonson 792 F.2d 1492 (9th Cir. 1986) .................................................................................. 55 , 173, 631 United States v. Ellison 798 F.2d 1102 (7th Cir. 1986), cert. denied , 479 U.S. 1038 .................................................. 356 United States v. Ensign 491 F.3d 1109 (9th Cir. 2007) ................................................................................................ 300 United States v. Espinoza 866 F.2d 1067 (9th Cir. 1989) ................................................................................................ 315 United States v. Estrada-Torres 179 F.3d 776 (9th Cir. 1999) .................................................................................................. 611 United States v. Faulkner 952 F.2d 1066 (9th Cir. 1991) ................................................................................................ 548 United States v. ex rel. Freislinger on Behalf of Kappel v. Smith 41 F.2d 707 (7th Cir. 1930)... 434 , 436 , 650 United States v. Febus 218 F.3d 784 (7th Cir. 2000) .................................................................................................. 397 United States v. Fernandez 2000 WL 1716436 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) .............................................................................. 312 , 544 United States v. Ferreira-Alameda 815 F.2d 1251 (9th Cir. 1986) ................................................................................................ 365 United States v. Forrester 495 U.S. 1041 (2007) ............................................................................................................. 305 United States v. Fry 322 F.3d 1198 (9th Cir. Mar 18, 2003) .......................................................................... 333 , 335 United States v. Frye 738 F.2d 196 (7th Cir. 1984) .......................................................................................... 369 , 374 United States v. Fuller 941 F.2d 993 (9th Cir. 1991)... 305 , 306 , 308 United States v. Fung 780 F.Supp. 115 (E.D.N.Y. 1992) ............................................................................................ 83 United States v. Garcia-Sanchez 217 F.3d 806 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................................................................. 611 United States v. Garguilo 324 F.2d 795 (2d Cir. 1963) ................................................................................................... 241 United States v. Gastelum-Almeida 298 F.3d 1167 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................ 157 United States v. Gastetum 16 F.3d 996 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 369 United States v. George 534 F.Supp. 570 (S.D.N.Y. 1982) .......................................................................................... 535 United States v. Gillings 568 F.2d 1307 (9th Cir. 1978)... 305 , 306 , 308 United States v. Giorgi 840 F.2d 1022 (1st Cir. 1988) ................................................................................................ 456 United States v. Gomez-Leon 545 F.3d 777 (9th Cir. 2008) .................................................................................................. 415 United States v. Gonzalez 16 F.3d 985 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 209 United States v. Gonzalez 58 F.3d 459 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................................................ 333 , 334 United States v. Gonzalez 202 F.3d 20 (1st Cir. 2000) .................................................................................................... 333 United States v. Gonzalez-Castillo 562 F.3d 80 (1st Cir. 2009) .................................................................................................... 458 United States v. Gonzalez-Roque 301 F.3d 39 (2d Cir. 2002) ..................................................................................................... 236 United States v. Gordils 117 F.3d 99 (2d Cir. 1997) ..................................................................................................... 636 United States v. Graham 315 F.3d 777 (7th Cir. 2003) .................................................................................. 415, 510 , 527 United States v. Graibe 946 F.2d 1428 (9th Cir. 1991) ........................................................................................ 368 , 382 United States v. Guerrier 428 F.3d 76 (1st Cir. Nov. 8, 2005) ......................................................................................... 92 United States v. Guzman 236 F.3d 830 (7th Cir. 2001) .................................................................................................. 149 United States v. Guzman-Bera 216 F.3d 1019 (11th Cir. 2000) .............................................................................................. 413 United States v. Handa 61 F.3d 1453 (9th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................. 636 United States v. Hanna 49 F.3d 572 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 459 United States v. Harris 683 F.2d 322 (9th Cir. 1982)... 302 , 304 , 305 United States v. Harrison 113 F.3d 135 (8th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................. 636 United States v. Hayes 946 F.2d 230 (3d Cir. 1991) ................................................................................................... 456 United States v. Hayes 231 F.3d 663 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................................................................. 305 United States v. Hearst 638 F.2d 1190 (9th Cir. 1980),... (1981) ................................. 355 , 356 United States v. Henderson 203 F.3d 614 (9th Cir. 2000) .......................................................................................... 305 , 309 United States v. Hernandez 203 F.3d 614 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................................................................. 462 United States v. Herron 45 F.3d 340 (9th Cir. 1995)... 549 , 552 , 553 United States v. Higareda-Ramírez 107 F.Supp.2d 1248 (D. Hawaii 2000) ................................................................................... 394 United States v. Hillary 106 F.3d 1170 (4th Cir. 1997) ................................................................................................ 636 United States v. Hovsepian 422 F.3d 883 (9th Cir. Sept.... 91 , 469, 475, 535 United States v. Huckins 53 F.3d 276 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................... 459 United States v. Huddleston 194 F.3d 214 (1st Cir. 1999) .................................................................................................. 405 United States v. Hunter 101 F3d 82 (1996) ................................................................................................................. 518 United States v. Iribe-Perez 129 F.3d 1167 (10th Cir. 1997) .............................................................................................. 157 United States v. Jaramillo-Suarez 857 F.2d 1368 (9th Cir. 1988) ................................................................................................ 369 United States v. Jimenez 258 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................................ 414 United States v. Johnpoll 739 F.2d 702 (2d Cir. 1984) ................................................................................................... 158 United States v. Johnson 67 F.3d 200 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................... 316 United States v. Johnson 248 F.3d 655 (7th Cir. 2001) .................................................................................................. 401 United States v. Johnstone 251 F.3d 281 (1st Cir. 2001) .................................................................................................. 612 United States v. Jones 900 F.2d 512 (2d Cir. 1990),... L.Ed.2d 99 (1990) 356 United States v. Jose 425 F.3d 1237 (9th Cir. 2005) ................................................................................................ 636 United States v. Kamer 781 F.2d 1380 (9th Cir.), cert.... (1986) .......................................... 370 , 373 United States v. Karaouni 379 F.3d 1139 (9th Cir. Aug. 24, 2004) .............................................................................. 94 , 95 United States v. Keen 96 F.3d 425 (9th Cir. 1996) ............................................................................................ 303 , 305 United States v. Keller 902 F.2d 1391 (9th Cir. 1990) ................................................................................................ 310 United States v. Kennell 15 F.3d 134 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 381 United States v. Kimmel 672 F.2d 720 (9th Cir. 1982) .......................................................................................... 304, 305 United States v. Ko 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19369 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) ............................................................. 438 , 442 United States v. Koziel 954 F.2d 831 (2d Cir. 1992) ........................................................................................... 533 , 546 United States v. Krasny 607 F.2d 840 (9th Cir. 1979) .................................................................................................. 405 United States v. Kumpf 438 F.3d 785 (7th Cir. Feb. 23, 2006) ...................................................................................... 97 United States v. Kwan 407 F.3d 1005 (9th Cir. 2005) ............................................................................................ passim United States v. Landry 463 F.2d 253 (9th Cir. 1972) .................................................................................................. 370 United States v. Leung 783 F.Supp. 357 (N.D. Ill. 1991) .................................................................................... 147 , 400 United States v. Lewis 991 F.2d 524 (9th Cir.), cert.... L.Ed.2d 172 (1993) ...................... 389 United States v. Lillie 989 F.2d 1054 (9th Cir. 1993), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Garrett , 179 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. 1999) ( en banc ) ............................................................................................................... 300 United States v. Lipman 133 F.3d 726 (9th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................. 151 United States v. Littlefield 105 F.3d 527 (9th Cir.)(1997) ................................................................................................ 211 United States v. Lombera-Camorlinga 206 F.3d 882 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................................................................. 391 United States v. Longoria 113 F.3d 975 (9th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................. 210 United States v. Lopez-Cervantes 918 F.2d 111 (10th Cir. 1990) ................................................................................................ 157 United States v. Lujan-Castro 602 F.2d 877 (9th Cir 1979) ................................................................................................... 157 United States v. Lyons 898 F.2d 210 (1st Cir.), cert.... (1990) ............................................ 363 , 369 United States v. Ma 290 F.3d 1002 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................ 359 United States v. Maldonado-Ramirez 216 F.3d 940 (11th Cir.2000) ................................................................................................. 413 United States v. Martinez-Cruz 186 F.3d 1102 (8th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................................ 402 United States v. Martinez-Molina 64 F.3d 719 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................................................ 384 , 385 United States v. Martinez-Perez 916 F.2d 1020 (5th Cir. 1990) ................................................................................................ 157 United States v. Maria-Martinez 143 F.2d 914 (5th Cir. 1998) .................................................................................................. 301 United States v. Madrigal-Valadez 561 F.3d 370 (4th Cir. 2009) .................................................................................................. 236 United States v. Marin 961 F.2d 493 (4th Cir. 1992) .................................................................................................. 209 United States v. Martin 704 F.2d 267 (6th Cir. 1983) .................................................................................................. 363 United States v. Martinez 616 F.2d 185 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied , 450 U.S. 994 (1981) ........................................... 399 United States v. Martinez-Cruz 186 F.3d 1102 (8th Cir. 1999) ................................................................................................ 402 United States v. Martinez-Molina 64 F.3d 719 (9th Cir. 1995) ...................................................................................... 53, 384 , 385 United States v. Maruno 40 F.3d 1212 (11th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................. 97 United States v. Mayans 17 F.3d 1174 (9th Cir.1994) ........................................................................................... 398 , 399 United States v. Mendoza-Lopez 481 U.S. 828 (1987) ............................................................................................................... 611 United States v. Meraz 998 F.2d 182 (3d Cir. 1993) ........................................................................................... 510 , 527 United States v. Mercer 691 F.2d 343 (7th Cir. 1982) .......................................................................................... 369 , 374 United States v. Messer 785 F.2d 832 (9th Cir. 1986) .................................................................................................. 459 United States v. Michlin 34 F.3d 896 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 209 United States v. Midgley 142 F.3d 174 (3d Cir. 1998) ................................................................................................... 635 United States v. Miller 434 F.3d 820 (6th Cir. 2006) .......................................................................................... 510 , 527 United States v. Miskinis 966 F.2d 1263 (9th Cir. 1992)... 354 , 355 , 356 United States v. Mohawk 20 F.3d 1480 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................. 305 United States v. Moldonado 215 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................................................................ 456 United States v. Moreno-Cisneros 319 F.3d 456 (9th Cir. 2003) .................................................................................................. 415 United States v. Morin 80 F.3d 124 (4th Cir. 1996) ...................................................................................................... 94 United States v. Morris 116 F.3d 501 (D.C. Cir. 1997) ............................................................................................... 636 United States v. Moses 94 F.3d 182 (5th Cir. 1996) ...................................................................................................... 97 United States v. Mulloy 3 F.3d 1337 (9th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................................... 368 United States v. Murphey 731 F.2d 606 (9th Cir. 1991) .................................................................................................. 545 United States v. Murray 492 F.2d 178 (9th Cir. 1973) .................................................................................................. 158 United States v. Musa 220 F.3d 1096 (9th Cir. 2000) ................................................................................................ 358 United States v. Myers 32 F.3d 411 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 377 United States v. Natal Rivera 879 F.2d 391 (8th Cir. 1989) .................................................................................................. 151 United States v. Navarro-Botello 912 F.2d 318 (9th Cir. 1990) .................................................................................................. 209 United States v. Neely 38 F.3d 458 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 316 United States v. Nguyen 235 F.3d 1179 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................................ 358 United States v. Norbury 492 F.3d 1012 (9th Cir. 2007) ................................................................................................ 512 United States v. Nuckols 606 F.2d 566 (5th Cir. 1979) .................................................................................................. 384 United States v. Nunez 223 F.3d 956(9th Cir. 2000) ................................................................................................... 210 United States v. One Star 9 F.3d 60 (8th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................................. 92 , 151 United States v. Onwuemene 933 F.2d 650 (8th Cir. 1991) .................................................................................................. 459 United States v. Packwood 848 F.2d 1009 (9th Cir. 1988) ................................................................................................ 378 United States v. Parra-Ibanez 936 F.2d 588 (1st Cir. 1991) .................................................................................................. 390 United States v. Parrino 212 F.2d 919 (2d Cir.), cert. denied , 348 U.S. 840 (1954) .................................................... 545 United States v. Partida-Parra 859 F.2d 629 (9th Cir. 1988) .......................................................................................... 378 , 379 United States v. Partin 601 F.2d 1000 (9th Cir. 1979) ................................................................................................ 352 United States v. Pasillas-Gaytan 192 F.3d 864 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 97 United States v. Patterson 739 F.2d 191 (5th Cir. 1984) .......................................................................................... 369 , 374 United States v. Payne 63 F.3d 1200 (2d Cir.1995) .................................................................................................... 407 United States v. Pellerito 918 F.2d 999 (1st Cir.1990) ................................................................................................... 458 United States v. Pena-Gutierrez 222 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir.), cert. denied , 531 U.S. 1057 (2000) ................................................ 155 United States v. Perez 918 F.2d 488 (5th Cir. 1990), cert. denied , 500 U.S. 933 (1991) ........................................... 400 United States v. Perez 213 F.Supp.2d 229 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) ...................................................................................... 613 United States v. Perez-Sosa 164 F.3d 1082 (9th Cir. 1998) ................................................................................................ 157 United States v. Perri 513 F.2d 572 (9th Cir. 1975) .................................................................................................. 458 United States v. Petty 982 F.2d 1365 (9th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 114 S.Ct. 683 (1994) ........................................ 459 United States v. Pierre 120 F.3d 1153 (11th Cir. 1997) ...................................................................................... 315 , 316 United States v. Pfingst 477 F.3d 177 (2d Cir. 1973) ................................................................................................... 456 United States v. Pinto 48 F.3d 383 (9th Cir.), cert.... S.Ct. 125 (1995) ........................ 459 United States v. Podde 105 F.3d 813 (2d Cir. 1997) ................................................................................................... 635 United States v. Ponce 51 F.3d 820 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................... 459 United States v. Portillo-Cano 192 F.3d 1246 (9th Cir. 1999)... 209 , 210 , 211 United States v. Prestemon 929 F.2d 1275 (8th Cir.), cert denied , 112 S.Ct. 220 (1991) .................................................. 151 United States v. Puerta 982 F.2d 1297 (9th Cir. 1992) .................................................................................................. 97 United States v. Quintana 914 F.2d 1409 (10th Cir. 1990) .............................................................................................. 535 United States v. Read 778 F.2d 1437 (9th Cir. 1985),... (1986) ................................. 378 , 456 United States v. Reguer 901 F.Supp. 525 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) .......................................................................................... 635 United States v. Reyna-Tapia 294 F.3d 1192 (9th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................ 611 United States v. Richardson 588 F.2d 1235 (9th Cir. 1978) ................................................................................................ 158 United States v. Rivera 859 F.2d 1204 (4th Cir. 1988) ................................................................................................ 157 United States v. Rivera-Ramirez 715 F.2d 453 (9th Cir. 1983),... (1984) ................................. 370 , 381 United States v. Roberts 5 F.3d 365 (9th Cir. 1993) ...................................................................................................... 376 United States v. Robin 545 F.2d 775 (2d Cir. 1976) ................................................................................................... 458 United States v. Robinson 967 F.2d 287 (9th Cir. 1992) .................................................................................................. 480 United States v. Rodriguez 112 F.3d 26 (1st Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................... 636 United States v. Rodriguez 197 F.3d 156 (5th Cir. 1999) .................................................................................................. 388 United States v. Rogers 908 F.Supp. 219 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ............................................................................................ 97 United States v. Romero-Vilca 850 F.2d 177 (3d Cir. 1988)... 235 , 236 , 604 United States v. Rosner 485 F.2d 1213 (2d Cir. 1973), cert. denied , 417 U.S. 950 (1974) ......................................... 458 United States v. Ross 511 F.3d 1233 (9th Cir. 2008) ................................................................................................ 363 United States v. Ruelas-Altamirano 463 F.2d1197 (9th Cir. 1972) ................................................................................................. 143 United States v. Ruiz 536 U.S. 622 (2002) ............................................................................................................... 408 United States v. Rummery 698 F.2d 764 (5th Cir. 1983) .................................................................................................. 310 U nited States v. Rylander 714 F.2d 996 (9th Cir. 1983),... (1984) ................................. 302 , 305 United States v. Saadya 750 F.2d 1419 (9th Cir. 1985) ........................................................................................ 361 , 365 United States v. Safirstein 827 F.2d 1380 (9th Cir. 1987) ................................................................................................ 464 United States v. Sambro 454 F.2d 918 (D.C. Cir. 1971) ............................................................................................... 545 United States v. Sanchez-Barreto 93 F.3d 17 (1st Cir. 1996) .............................................................................................. 130, 354 United States v. Sanchez-Guzman 744 F.Supp. 997 (E.D. Wash. 1990)... 335 , 536 , 539 United States v. Sanchez-Lima 161 F.3d 545 (9th Cir. 1998) .......................................................................................... 157 , 158 United States v. Sandoval-Lopez 122 F.3d 797 (9th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................. 636 United States v. Santelises 509 F.2d 703 (2d Cir. 1975) ................................................................................................... 333 United States v. Schuman 127 F.3d 815 (9th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................. 211 United States v. Scott 625 F.2d 623 (5th Cir. 1980) .......................................................................................... 369 , 375 United States v. Seesing 234 F.3d 456 (9th Cir. 2000) .................................................................................................. 374 United States v. Sensi 879 F.2d 888 (D.C. Cir. 1989)... (7th Cir. 1984) .................................................................................................. 460 United States v. Shaibu 957 F.2d 662 (9th Cir. 1992) .................................................................................................. 546 United States v. Sherman 474 F.2d 303 (9th Cir. 1973) .................................................................................................. 318 United States v. Sines 761 F.2d 1434 (9th Cir. 1985) ................................................................................................ 157 United States v. Singh 94 F.Supp.2d 540 (W.D. Pa. 1999) .......................................................................................... 97 United States v. Smith 41 F.2d 707 (7th Cir. 1930) .................................................................................................... 608 United States v. Smith 60 F.3d 595 (9th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................... 210 United States v. Smith 171 F.3d 617 (8th Cir. 1999) .................................................................................................. 304 United States v. Smith 824 F. Supp. 420 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) ......................................................................................... 343 United States v. Smith 103 F.3d 531 (7th Cir. 1996),... Ct. 1861 (1997) ....................................... 636 United States v. Soldevila-Lopez 17 F.3d 480 (1st Cir. 1994) ............................................................................................ 129, 353 United States v. Somerstein 20 F. Supp. 2d 454 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) ...................................................................................... 151 United States v. Sotelo 109 F.3d 1446 (9th Cir. 1997) ............................................................................................ 94 , 95 United States v. Span 75 F.3d 1383 (9th Cir. 1996) .................................................................................................. 318 United States v. Sun Myung Moon 93 F.R.D. 558 (S.D.N.Y. 1982) ............................................................................................. 158 United States v. Szehinskyj 277 F.3d 331 (3d Cir. 2002) ..................................................................................................... 97 United States v. Tablie 166 F.3d 505 (2d Cir. 1999) ................................................................................................... 200 United States v. Tallmadge 829 F.2d 767 (9th Cir. 1987) .................................................................................................. 496 United States v. Tarango-Pena 173 F.Supp.2d 588 (E.D. Tex. 2001) ........................................................................................ 97 United States v. Tatum 943 F.2d 370 (4th Cir. 1991) .................................................................................................. 355 United States v. Teiada 886 F.2d 483 (1st Cir. 1989) .................................................................................................. 398 United States v. Terrazas-Montano 747 F.2d 467 (8th Cir. 1984) .................................................................................................. 157 United States v. Theresius Filippi 918 F.2d 244 (1st Cir. 1990) .......................................................................................... 155 , 156 United States v. Tittjung 235 F.3d 330 (7th Cir. 2000) .................................................................................................... 97 United States v. Tomono 143 F.3d 1401 (11th Cir. 1998) .............................................................................................. 149 United States v. Toothman 137 F.3d 1393 (9th Cir. 1998) ........................................................................................ 315 , 316 United States v. Torres 999 F.2d 376 (9th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................................. 209 United States v. Torres 128 F.3d 38 (2d Cir. 1997) ..................................................................................................... 405 United States v. Tracing 996 F.2d 1414 (2d Cir. 1993) ................................................................................................. 313 United States v. Tucker 404 U.S. 443 (1972) ....................................................................................................... 458 , 464 United States v. Tursi 576 F.2d 396 (1st Cir. 1978) .................................................................................................. 384 United States v. Usher 703 F.2d 956 (6th Cir. 1983) .................................................................................................. 384 United States v. Van Krieken 39 F.3d 277 (9th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................................... 303 United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal 458 U.S. 858 (1982) ............................................................................................................... 156 United States v. Vences 169 F.3d 611 (9th Cir. 1999) .................................................................................................. 210 United States v. Verdin 243 F.3d 1174 (9th Cir. 2001) ........................................................................................ 235 , 603 United States v. Vidal 504 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir. 2007) ................................................................................................ 652 United States v. Vonn 535 U.S. 55 (2002) ................................................................................................................. 359 United States v. Vorrero-Isaza 887 F.2d 1349 (9th Cir. 1989) ................................................................................................ 459 United States v. Vroman 975 F.2d 669 (9th Cir. 1992),... 172 (1993) 434, 548 United States v. Vue 865 F. Supp. 1353 (D. Neb. 1994) ................................................................................. 145 , 151 United States v. Wadsworth 830 F.2d 1500 (9th Cir. 1987) ................................................................................................ 305 United States v. Walgren 885 F.2d 1417 (9th Cir. 1989) ................................................................................................ 236 United States v. Wasylyk 162 F. Supp. 2d 86 (N.D.N.Y. 2001) ....................................................................................... 97 United States v. Watts 117 S.Ct. 633 (1997) .............................................................................................................. 460 United States v. Weber 721 F.2d 266 (9th Cir. 1983) .......................................................................................... 334 , 335 United States v. Weise 28 F.3d 672 (8th Cir. 1997) .................................................................................................... 151 United States v. Wenger 58 F.3d 280 (7th Cir. 1995) .................................................................................................... 210 United States v. Weston 448 F.2d 626 (9th Cir. 1971) .................................................................................................. 464 United States v. Wheat 813 F.2d 1399 (9th Cir. 1987) ................................................................................................ 352 United States v. White Buffalo 10 F.3d 575 (3th Cir. 1993) .................................................................................................... 151 United States v. Wiltberger 18 U.S. [5 Wheat.] 76 (1820) ................................................................................................. 374 United States v. Wilson 601 F.2d 95 (3d Cir. 1979) ..................................................................................................... 158 United States v. Wong Kim Bo 466 F.2d 1298, 472 F.2d 720 (5th Cir. 1972) ......................................................................... 611 United States v. Yacoubian 24 F.3d 1 (9th Cir. 1994)... 533 , 546 , 547 United States v. Yearwood 863 F.2d 6 (4th Cir. 1988) ...................................................................................................... 333 United States v. Yu 954 F.2d 951 (3d Cir. 1992) ................................................................................................... 149 United States v. Yunis 859 F.2d (D.C. Cir. 1988) ........................................................................................................ 83 United States v. Zajanckauskas 441 F.3d 32 (1st Cir. 2006) ................................................................................................ 96 , 97 United States v. Zamudio 314 F.3d 517 (10th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................................ 526 United States v. Zarate-Martinez 133 F.3d 1194 (9th Cir. 1988), cert. denied , 525 U.S. 849 (1998) ........................................... 33 United States v. Zuber 528 F.2d 981 (9th Cir. 1976) .................................................................................................. 370 Urbina-Mauricio v. INS 989 F.2d 1085 (9th Cir. 1993) ................................................................................................ 198 Valencia v. United States 923 F.2d 917 (1st Cir. 1991) .................................................................................................. 147 Valladares v. United States 871 F.2d 1564 (11th Cir. 1989) .............................................................................................. 398 Varela v. Kaiser 976 F.2d 1357 (10th Cir. 1992),... 1869, 123 L.Ed.2d 489 (1993) 333 Vela v. Estelle 708 F.2d 954 (5th Cir. 1983) .................................................................................................. 311 Velasquez v. Reno 1999 WL 194198 (D.N.J. 1999) ............................................................................................ 600 Velasquez-Gabriel v. Crocetti 263 F.3d 102 (4th Cir.2001) (4th Cir. 2001) ........................................................................... 168 Velez-Lozano v. INS 463 F.2d 1305 (D.C. Cir. 1972) ............................................................................................. 540 Ven v. Ashcroft 386 F.3d 357 (1st Cir. 2004) .................................................................................................... 35 Vermiglio v. Butterfield 223 F.2d 804 (6th Cir. 1955) .................................................................................................. 550 Vidal y Planas v. Landon 104 F.Supp. 384 (S. D.Cal. 1952) .......................................................................................... 556 Von Moltke v. Gillies 332 U.S. 708 (1948) ............................................................................................................... 318 Wade v. Calderon 29 F.3d 1312 (9th Cir. 1994) .......................................................................................... 311 , 463 Wallace v. Gonzales 463 F.3d 135 (2d Cir. 2006) ..................................................................................................... 19 Wallace v. Kemp 757 F.2d 1102 (11th Cir. 1985) .............................................................................................. 389 Wallace v. Turner 695 F.2d 545 (11th Cir. 1983) ................................................................................................ 370 Wardius v. Oregon 412 U.S. 470 .................................................................................................. 156, 199 , 237 , 548 Washington v. Texas 388 U.S. 14 (1967) ................................................................................................................. 199 Weaver v. Graham 450 U. S. 24 (1981) ................................................................................................................ 455 Weedin v. Hempel 28 F.2d 603 (9th Cir. 1928) ............................................................................................ 556 , 557 Weems v. United States 217 U.S. 349 (1910) ............................................................................................................... 454 Weil v. Investment Indicators, Research & Management 647 F.2d 18 (9th Cir. 1981) .................................................................................................... 130 Weil v. Markowitz 829 F.2d 166 (D.C. Cir. 1987) ............................................................................................... 545 Welch v. Reno 101 F.Supp.2d 347 (D. Md. 2000) ......................................................................................... 190 Wharton v. Calderon 127 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir.1997) ................................................................................................. 238 Wiedersperg v. INS 896 F.2d 1179 (9th Cir. 1990)... , 606 , 607 , 612 Wiggins v. Smith 539 U.S. 510 (2003) ............................................................................................................... 149 Wilcox v. McGee 241 F.3d 1242 (9th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................................ 317 Williams (Terry) v. Taylor 529 U.S. 360 (2000) ............................................................................................... 150, 314 , 463 Williamson v. Gregoire 151 F.3d 1180 (9th Cir. 1998) ................................................................................................ 227 Withrow v. Williams 597 U.S. 680 (1993) ............................................................................................................... 316 Woodby v. INS 385 U.S. 276, 87 S.Ct. 483,... 27, 277 , 278 , 280 Xi v. I.N.S . 298 F.3d 832 (9th Cir. 2002) .................................................................................................. 598 Yick Wo v. Hopkins 118 U.S. 356 (1886) ............................................................................................................... 583 Young v. Lynaugh 821 F.2d 1133 (5th Cir.), cert. denied , 108 S.Ct. 503 (1987) ................................................. 233 Zadvydas v. Davis 533 U.S. 678, 121 S.Ct. 2491 ........................................................................................ 598 , 601 Zaitona v. INS 9 F.3d 432 (6th Cir. 1993) ...................................................................................................... 540 Zalawadia v. Ashcroft 371 F.3d 292 (5th Cir. 2004) .................................................................................................. 236 Zapata v. Estelle 558 F.2d 1017 (5th Cir. 1979) ................................................................................................ 391 Zargo v. Reno 99-1938 (D. N.J. 1999) .......................................................................................................... 600 Zgodda v. Holland 184 F.Supp. 847 (E.D. Pa. 1960) ................................................................................... 556 , 557 Zinnanti v. INS 651 F.2d 420 (5th Cir. 1981) .................................................................................................. 190 California Cases Alhusainy v. Superior Court 143 Cal.App.4th 385, 48 Cal.Rptr.3d 914 (2006) ................................................................... 203 Barner v. Lees (2000) 24 Cal.4th 676 ........................................................................................................................ 137 Benge v. Superior Court 131 Cal.App.3d 336 (1982) .................................................................................................... 131 Blair v. Pitchess (1971) 5 Cal.3d 258, 96 Cal.Rptr. 42 ................................................................................................. 366 Board of Sup. v. LAFC (1992) 3 Cal.4th 903 .......................................................................................................................... 346 Brown v. Municipal Court (1978) 86 Cal.App.3d 357, 150 Cal.Rptr. 216 ................................................................................... 285 Bunnell v. Superior Court (1975) 13 Cal.3d 592, 119 Cal.Rptr. 302 ........................................................................................... 376 Burris v. Superior Court (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1012, 22 Cal.Rptr. 876 .................................................................................. 293 , 294 Call v. State Bar (1955) 45 Cal. 2d 104 ........................................................................................................................ 136 Carlson, Collins, Gordon & Bold v. Banducci 257 Cal.App.2d 212 (1967) .............................................................................................. 89 , 130 Casey v. Superior Court (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 837, 255 Cal.Rptr. 81 ................................................................................... 284 Castro v. Superior Court (1974) 40 Cal.App.3d 614, 115 Cal.Rptr. 312 ........................................................................... 207 , 208 Centeno v. Superior Court (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 30 ................................................................................................................ 391 Charlton v. Superior Court (1979) 93 Cal.App.3d 858, 156 Cal.Rptr. 107 ................................................................................... 593 Correa v. Superior Court (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 444 ....................................................................................................................... 403 Coscia v. McKenna & Cuneo (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1194 ...................................................................................................................... 137 Davis v. Municipal Court (1988) 46 Cal.App.3d 64, 249... 640 Del Mar Light & Power Co v. Eshleman (1914) 167 Cal. 666 ........................................................................................................................... 346 Dix v. Superior Court (1991) 53 Cal.3d 442, 279... Cal.Rptr. 425 ................................................................................... 591 , 592 Esteybar v. Municipal Court (1971) 5 Cal.3d 119, 95 Cal.Rptr. 524 ............................................................................................... 492 Fick v. Board of Medical Examiners (1973) 31 Cal.App.3d 247, 107 Cal.Rptr. 260 ................................................................................... 295 Finch v. State Bar 28 Cal.3d 659, 170 Cal.Rptr (1981) ................................................................................... passim Harvey v. Superior Court (1974) 43 Cal.App.3d 66, 117 Cal.Rptr. 383 ..................................................................................... 646 Hooper v. Deukmejian (1981) 122 Cal.App.3d 987 ............................................................................................................... 576... (1974) 10 Cal.3d 857 ......................................................................................................................... 376 Izazaga v. Superior Court (1991) 54 Cal.3d 356 ......................................................................................................................... 406 Kallen v. Delug 157 Cal.App.3d 940, 203 Cal.Rptr. 879 (1984) ...................................................................... 133 Keeler v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 619, 87... 453 , 569 Los Angeles Chemical Co. v. Superior Court (1990) 226 Cal.App.3d 703 ............................................................................................................... 237 Lynch v. Warwick (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 267, 115 C... 838, 126 Cal.Rptr. 633 ........................................................................................... 137 McCartney v. Com’n on Judicial Qualifications ( 1974) 12 Cal.3d 512 ......................................................................................................................... 259 Mendez v. Superior Court (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 791 ........................................................................................................ 225 , 242 Merritt v. Reserve Ins. Co . 34 Cal.App.3d 858 (1973) .............................................................................................. 259 , 260 Meyer v. Superior Court (1966) 247 Cal.App.2d 133 ............................................................................................................... 494 Mills v. Municipal Court (1973) 10 Cal.3d 288 ................................................................................................................. 258 , 571 Murguia v. Municipal Court (1975) 15 Cal.3d 286, 124... Norman I. Krug Real Estate Investments, Inc. v. Praszker (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 1814 .............................................................................................................. 212 Olney v. Municipal Court (1982) 133 Cal.App.3d 455 ............................................................................................................... 258 People v. Abdullah (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1728, 9 Cal.Rptr.2d 131 .................................................................................. 447 People v. Acosta (1969) 71 Cal. 2d 683, 78 Cal.Rptr. 864 .................................................................................... 207 , 208 People v. Acuna (2000) 77 Cal.App.4th 1056 .............................................................................................................. 644 People v. Adamson (1949) 34 Cal.2d 320 ................................................................................................................. 244 , 247 People v. Aguilar (1980) 35 Cal.3d 785, 200 Cal.Rptr. 908 ........................................................................... 397 , 401 , 402 People v. Aguilar (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 111, 4 Cal.Rptr.3d ....................................................................................... 206 People v. Akhile (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 558, 84 Cal.Rptr.3d 236 ...................................................................... 252 , 253 People v. Allen (1975) 46 Cal.App.3d 583, 120 Cal.Rptr. 127 ................................................................... 449 , 450 , 568 People v. Alvarez (1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 679 ................................................................................................ 149, 271 , 291 People v. Alvarez (2002) 100 Cal.App.4th 1170, 122 Cal.Rptr.2d 859 .......................................................................... 457 People v. Andrade (1978) 86 Cal.App.3d 963, 150 Cal.Rptr. 662 ................................................................... 274 , 285 , 287 People v. Arbuckle (1978) 22 Cal.3d 749 ......................................................................................................................... 464 People v. Arciga (1986) 182 Cal.App.3d 991, 227 Cal.Rptr. 611 ................................................................................. 583 People v. Arnold (1980) 105 Cal.App.3d 456, 164 Cal.Rptr.... , 282 , 284 , 287 People v. Ary (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 1016 ............................................................................................................ 388 People v. Bailey (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 1252, 12 Cal.Rptr.2d 339 ................................................................................ 358 People v. Banks (1959) 53 Cal. 2d 370 ........................................................................................................ 244 , 251 , 495 People v. Barella (1999) 20 Cal.4th 248 ........................................................................................................................ 377 People v. Barillas (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 1233 .............................................................................................................. 302 People v. Barocio (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 99 ......................................................... 139,... , 342 , 348 , 540 People v. Barraza (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 114, 35 Cal.Rptr.2d 377 ........................................................................ 211 , 212 People v. Barro (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 62 .................................................................................................................. 271 People v. Barton (1978) 21 Cal.3d 513, 146 Cal.Rptr. 727, 579 P.2d 1043 .......................................................... 322 , 593 People v. Batt (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1044 .............................................................................................................. 204 People v. Bautista (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 229, 8 Cal.Rptr. 3d 862 ............................................................... 323 , 337 , 348 People v. Beasley (1970) 5 Cal.App.3d 617, 85 Cal.Rptr. 501 ............................................................................... 287 , 294 People v. Beebe (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 927, 265 Cal.Rptr. 242 ......................................................................... 488 , 490 People v. Benevides (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 738 [ 75 Cal.Rptr.2d 388] .............................................................................. 288 People v. Bennett (1976) 60 Cal.App.3d 112, 131 Cal.Rptr. 305 ................................................................................... 592 People v. Benson (1976) 64 Cal.App.3d Supp. 10, 134 Cal.Rptr. 766 ........................................................................... 290 People v. Bishop (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 1245, 66 Cal.Rptr.2d 347 .............................................................................. 282 People v. Bonnetta (April 27, 2009) 46 Cal.4th 143,... , 292 , 293 , 294 People v. Borja (1980) 110 Cal.App.3d 378, 167 Cal.Rptr. 813 ................................................................................. 563 People v. Borja 178 Cal. Rptr. 287 (1981) ....................................................................................................... 543 People v. Borja (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 481, 115 Cal.Rptr.2d 728 .............................................................. 439 , 444 , 450 People v. Borousk (1972) 24 Cal.App.3d 147, 100 Cal.Rptr.... , 287 , 293 , 294 People v. Bracey (1994) 21 Cal.App.4th 1532, 26 Cal.Rptr. 730 .......................................................................... 285 , 292 People v. Brown (1987) 193 Cal.App.3d 957, 238 Cal.Rptr. 697 ................................................................................. 447 People v. Brown (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 537 ............................................................................................................... 342 People v. Brunner (1973) 32 Cal.App.3d 908, 108 Cal.Rptr. 501 ........................................................................... 292 , 293 People v. Burnick 14 Cal.3d 306, 121 Cal.Rptr. 488, 535 P.2d 352 .................................................................... 592 People v. Butler (1980) 105 Cal.App.3d 585, 164 Cal.Rptr. 475 ......................................................................... 560 , 561 People v. Butler (1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 455, 42 Cal.Rptr.2d 279 ................................................................................ 225 People v. Caban (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 706 ............................................................................................................... 376 People v. Calderon (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 930 ............................................................................................................... 373 People v. Calhoun (1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 494, 140 Cal.Rptr. 225 ................................................................................... 447 People v. Camarillo (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 1386 .............................................................................................................. 496 People v. Campos (1935) 3 Cal.2d 15 ............................................................................................................................. 244 People v. Carmen (1951) 36 Cal.2d 768, 228 P.2d 281 .................................................................................................. 592 People v. Cardoza (1984) 161 Cal.App.3d 40 ................................................................................................................. 383 People v. Caruso (1959) 174 Cal. App.2d 624 .............................................................................................................. 244 People v. Castaneda (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 1612 .............................................................................................. 244 , 246 , 261 People v. Castelan (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1185 .............................................................................................. 204 , 206 , 244 People v. Castellanos (1999) 21 Cal.4th 785 ........................................................................................................................ 644 People v. Castrillon (1991) 227 Cal.App. 3d 718, 278 Cal.Rptr. 121 ................................................................................ 211 People v. Castro-Vasquez (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 1240, 56 Cal.Rptr.3d 406 ........................................................................ passim People v. Ceja (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 1071, 131 Cal.Rptr.2d 601 .......................................................................... 267 People v. Chacon (2007) 40 Cal.4th 558, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 876 ........................................................................................ 284 People v. Chagolla (1983) 144 Cal.App.3d 422, 193 Cal.Rptr. 711 ................................................................................. 447 People v. Chaklader (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 407, 29 Cal.Rptr.2d 344 ................................................................................ 447 People v. Chandlee (1979) 90 Cal.App.3d .................................................................................................................... 6 , 564 People v. Chandler (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 782, 250 Cal.Rptr. 730 ........................................................................ 495 , 561 People v. Chapman (1971) 5 Cal.3d 225, 95 Cal.Rptr. 533 ............................................................................................... 208 People v. Charles (1985) 171 Cal.App.3d 552, 217 Cal.Rptr. 402 ................................................................................. 211 People v. Chavez 177 Cal. Rptr. 306 (Ct. App. 1981) ........................................................................................ 399 People v. Chlad (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1719, 8 Cal.Rptr.2d 610 .......................................................................... 448 , 449 People v. Cina (1974) 41 Cal.App.3d 136 ......................................................................................................... 282 , 645 People v. Coddington (2000) 23 Cal.4th 529 ........................................................................................................................ 406 People v. Coffey 67 Cal.2d 204 (1967) ..................................................................................................... 121 , 572 People v. Collins (1986) 42 Cal.3d 378, 228 Cal.Rptr. 899 ................................................................................... 495 , 498 People v. Collins (2001) 26 Cal.4th 297 .................................................................................................................... passim People v. Conley (1953) 115 Cal. App. 2d 749 ............................................................................................................. 246 People v. Corona (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 1426 .............................................................................................................. 392 People v. Correa 485 N.E.2d 307 ( Ill. 1985) ...................................................................................................... 189 People v. Corvino (1980) 100 Cal.app.3d 660, 161 Cal.Rptr. 155 .................................................................................. 583 People v. Cotton (1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 1072, 284 Cal.Rptr. 757 ............................................................................... 376 People v. Covington (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1263 .............................................................................................................. 561 People v. Crandell (1988) 46 Cal.3d 833 ......................................................................................................................... 359 People v. Curtiss (1970) 4 Cal.App.3d 123, 84 Cal.Rptr.... , 284 , 286 , 292 People v. Davis (1971) 20 Cal.App.3d 890, 98 Cal.Rptr. 71 ....................................................................................... 285 People v. Davis (1973) 31 Cal.App.3d 106, 106 Cal.Rptr. 897 ................................................................................... 249 People v. Davis (1981) 29 Cal.App.3d 814 ................................................................................................................. 561 People v. Dennis 177 Cal.App.3d 863 (1986) .................................................................................................... 131 People v. Dewberry (1974) 40 Cal.App.3d 175, 114 Cal.Rptr. 815 ........................................................................... 293 , 294 People v. Disperati (1909) 11 Cal.App. 469 ..................................................................................................................... 284 People v. Drieslein (1985) 170 Cal.App.3d 591, 216 Cal.Rptr. 244 ................................................................................. 360 People v. Dubon (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 944 ........................................................................................................ 255 , 259 People v. Eckley (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 1072, 20 Cal.Rptr.3d ........................................................................... 459 , 464 People v. Edmonson (1976) 62 Cal.App.3d 677, 133 Cal.Rptr. 297 ................................................................................... 498 People v. Ellis (1928) 204 Cal. 39, 266 P. 518 .......................................................................................................... 290 People v. Ernst (1994) 8 Cal.4th 441 .......................................................................................................... 361 , 362 , 365 People v. Estany (1962) 210 Cal. App. 2d 609 ............................................................................................................. 400 People v. Estrada (1986) 176 Cal.App.3d 410, 221 Cal.Rptr. 922 ................................................................................. 397 People v. Farley (1979) 90 Cal.App.3d 851, 153 Cal.Rptr. 695 ................................................................................... 310 People v. Fauber 2 Cal.4th 792, 9 Cal.Rptr.2d 24 (1992) ................................................................................... 156 People v. Feggans (1967) 67 Cal.2d 444, 62 Cal.Rptr. 419, 432 P.2d 21 ........................................................................ 322 People v. Flores (1978) 90 Cal.App.3d Supp. 1, 152 Cal.Rptr. 896 ............................................................................. 287 People v. Fosselman (1983) 33 Cal.3d 572, 189 Cal.Rptr.... , 310 , 344 , 444 People v. Fretwell (1970) 3 Cal.App.3d Supp. 37, 87... , 281 , 288 , 293 People v. Gallardo (1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 971 ............................................................................................................ passim People v. Galosco (1978) 85 Cal.App.3d 456, 149 Cal.Rptr. 407 ................................................................................... 294 People v. Garcia (1979) 98 Cal.App.3d Supp. 14, 159 Cal.Rptr. ................................................................................. 360 People v. Garcia (1992) 17 Cal.App.4th 1169 .............................................................................................................. 407 People v. Gilbert (1944) 25 Cal.2d 422, 154 P.2d 657 .................................................................................................. 447 People v. Goodner (1991) 226 Cal.App.3d 609, 276 Cal.Rptr. 542 ................................................................................. 497 People v. Goodrum (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 397, 279 Cal.Rptr. 120 ................................................................................. 447 People v. Gontiz (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 1309 ...................................................................................................... 246 , 252 People v. Gray (1982) 135 Cal.App.3d 859, 185 Cal.Rptr. 772 ................................................................................. 360 Pe ople v. Grayson (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 168, 10 Cal.Rptr.2d 392 .................................................................................. 308 People v. Grimble (1981) 116 Cal.App.3d 678, 172 Cal.Rptr. 362 ................................................................................. 447 People v. Guerra (1984) 37 Cal.3d 385, 208 Cal.Rptr. 162, 690 P.2d 635 .................................................................... 317 People v. Guerrero 47 Cal.App.3d 441 (1975) .............................................................................................. 133 , 138 People v. Gutierrez (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 169 ...................................................................................................... 253 , 254 People v. Guzman (1981) 116 Cal.App.3d 186, 172 Cal.Rptr. 34 ................................................................................... 252 People v. Hale (1988) 44 Cal.3d 531 , 244 Cal.Rptr. 114 ................................................................................... 390 , 391 People v. Hardin (1962) 207 Cal.App.2d 336, 24 Cal.Rptr. 563 ........................................................................... 307 , 308 People v. Harris (1977) 65 Cal.App.3d 978 ................................................................................................................. 365 People v. Harris (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 709 ................................................................................................................ 321 People v. Harris (1976) 62 Cal.App.3d 859, 133 Cal.Rptr. 352 ................................................................................... 285 People v. Hatch (2000) 22 Cal.4th 260, 92 Cal.Rptr.2d 80 .......................................................................................... 281 People v. Hawley (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 247, 278 Cal.Rptr. 389 ................................................................. 560 , 561 , 568 People v. Haynes (1969) 270 Cal.App.2d 318, 75 Cal.Rptr. 800 ................................................................................... 242 People v. Haynes (1980) 104 Cal.App.3d 118 ............................................................................................................... 226 People v. Henderson (1963) 60 Cal.2d 482 ......................................................................................................................... 455 People v. Henderson (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 922, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 655 ........................................................................ 174, 287 People v. Holmes (1960) 54 Cal.2d 442 ................................................................................................................. 361 , 365 People v. Holmes (2002) 32 Cal.4th 432 ........................................................................................................................ 371 People v. Howard (1987) 190 Cal.App.3d 41, 235 Cal.Rptr. 223 ................................................................................... 344 People v. Howard (1992) 1 Cal.4th 1132 ........................................................................................................ 359 , 571 , 572 People v. Hunt (1977) 19 Cal.3d 888, 140 Cal.Rptr. 651 ........................................................................................... 284 People v. Huricks (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1201, 38 Cal.Rptr.2d 592 .............................................................................. 203 People v. Huynh (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 1067, 281 Cal.Rptr. 785 ....................................................................... 360 , 361 People v. Ibarra (1980) 114 Cal.App.3d 60 ................................................................................................................. 266 People v. Ingram (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d 1161, 220 Cal.Rptr. 346 ............................................................................... 291 People v. Iniguez (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 75 .................................................................................................................. 174 People v. Isaia (1989) 206 Cal.App.3d 1558, 254 Cal.Rptr. 500 ....................................................................... 489 , 490 People v. Jackson 187 Cal.App.3d 499, 231 Cal.Rptr. 889 (1986) .............................................................. 133 , 138 People v. Jasso (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 591, 30 Cal.Rptr.2d 572 ................................................................................ 449 People v. Jenkins 190 Cal.App.3d 200, 235 Cal.Rptr. 268 (1987) ...................................................................... 156 People v. Johnson (1976) 62 Cal.App.3d Supp. 1, 133 Cal.Rptr. 123 ............................................................................. 283 People v. Johnson (1979) 95 Cal.App.3d 352, 157 Cal.Rptr. 150 ................................................................................... 650 People v. Johnson (1988) 205 Cal.App.3d 755, 252 Cal.Rptr. 302 ................................................................................. 583 People v. Johnson (1989) 47 Cal.3d 1194, 255 Cal.Rptr. 569 ......................................................................................... 285 People v. Jones (1985) 176 Cal.App.3d 120, 221 Cal.Rptr. 382 ................................................................................. 563 People v. Jones (1988) 46 Cal.3d 585, 758 P.2d 1165 ................................................................................................ 272 People v. Jordan (1978) 86 Cal.App.3d 529 ......................................................................................................... 281 , 289 People v. Karaman (1992) 4 Cal.4th 335, 14 Cal.Rptr.2d 801 .......................................................................................... 448 People v. Karis (1988) 46 Cal.3d 612, 250 Cal.Rptr. 659 ........................................................................................... 344 People v. Kelly (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 533, 27 Cal.Rptr.2d 383 ................................................................................ 211 People v. Kessel (1976) 61 Cal.App.3d 322, 132 Cal.Rptr. 126 ........................................................................... 274 , 287 People v. Kim (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1078, 90 Cal.Rptr.3d... 331, 445 , 446 , 447 People v. Knauer (1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 1124, 253 Cal.Rptr.910 ................................................................................ 207 People v. Konow (2004) 32 Cal.4th 995 [88 P.3d 36 ] .................................................................................. 288 , 289 , 290 People v. Koontz (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1041 ...................................................................................................................... 303 People v. Kraus (1975) 47 Cal.App.3d 568, 121 Cal.Rptr.11 ...................................................................... 204 , 206 , 244 People v. Kriss (1979) 96 Cal.App.3d 913 ................................................................................................................. 258 People v. Lampasona (1977) 71 Cal. App.3d 884, 139 Cal.Rptr. 682 .......................................................................... 453 , 569 People v. Lang (1974) 11 Cal.3d 134, 113 Cal.Rptr. 9 ............................................................................................... 322 People v. Lassiter (1988) 202 Cal.App.3d 352, 248 Cal.Rptr. 320 ................................................................................. 497 People v. Laue (1982) 130 Cal.App.3d 1055, 182 Cal.Rptr. 99 ................................................................................. 448 People v. Lawley (2002) 27 Cal.4th 102 ........................................................................................................................ 303 People v. Lazard (1964) 229 Cal.App.2d 347, 40 Cal.Rptr. 358 ................................................................................... 592 People v. Ledema 43 Cal.3d 171, 233 Cal.Rptr. 404 (1987) ............................................................................... 132 People v. Leigh (1985) 168 Cal.App.3d 217 [214 Cal.Rptr. 61] .................................................................................. 288 People v. Leon (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 812 ................................................................................................................ 402 People v. Lewis (1958) 166 Cal.App.2d 602, 333 P.2d 428 ........................................................................................ 241 People v. Limones (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 338, 284 Cal.Rptr. 418 ................................................................................. 344 People v. Little (1997) 59 Cal. App.4th 426 ............................................................................................................... 407 People v. Lloyd (1998) 17 Cal.App.4th 658, 72 Cal.Rptr.2d 224 ................................................................................ 442 People v. Lookadoo (1967) 66 Cal.2d 307, 57 Cal.Rptr. 608 ............................................................................................. 362 People v. Lopez (1977) 71 Cal. App. 3d 568 ............................................................................................................... 307 People v. Lopez 198 Cal.App.3d 135, 243 Cal.Rptr. 590 (1988) ...................................................................... 156 People v. Macaffee (1980) 109 Cal.App.3d 808, 167 Cal.Rptr. 495 ................................................................................. 646 People v. Mack (1975) 52 Cal.App.3d 680, 125 Cal.Rptr. 188 ................................................................................... 287 People v. MacKenzie (1983) 34 Cal.3d 616 ......................................................................................................................... 303 People v. Mancheno (1982) 32 Cal.3d 855 ......................................................................................................................... 379 People v. Manriquez (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1614 [1 Cal.Rptr.2d 600] .............................................................................. 288 People v. Marghzar (1987) 192 Cal.App.3d 1129, 239 Cal.Rptr. 130 ............................................................................... 583 People v. Marks (1988) 45 Cal.3d 1335 ....................................................................................................................... 391 People v. Marsh (1984) 36 Cal.3d 134, 202 Cal.Rptr. 92 ............................................................................................. 291 People v. Marshall (1991) 227 Cal.App.3d 502, 277 Cal.Rptr. 846 ................................................................................. 497 People v. Marshall (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1 ............................................................................................................................ 309 People v. Martinsen (1987) 193 Cal.App.3d 843, 238 Cal.Rptr. 530 ................................................................................. 646 People v. Matlock (1959) 51 Cal.2d 682 , 336 P.2d 505 .................................................................................................. 386 People v. Mauch (June 3, 2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 669, 77 Cal.Rptr.3d 751 .............................................................................. 490 People v. McAlonan (1972) 22 Cal.App.3d 982, 99 Cal.Rptr.... , 285 , 286 , 293 People v. McGhee 193 Cal.App.3d 1333 (1987) .................................................................................................. 260 People v. McGuire (1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 687 ................................................................................................................ 266 People v. McMillion (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 1363 ................................................................................................................ 376... 279 Cal.Rptr. 11 (1991) ........................................................................ 157 People v. Medina (1990) 51 Cal.3d 870, 274 Cal.Rptr.... 129 Cal.Rptr. 192 (1976) ........................................................................ 156 People v. Menchaca (1983) 146 Cal. App.3d 1019 ............................................................................................................ 400 People v. Mendes (1950) 35 Cal.2d 537, 219 P.2d 1 ...................................................................................................... 397 People v. Mendez (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 1773, 286 Cal.Rptr. 216 ....................................................................... 488 , 490 People v. Mendoza (2007) 42 Cal.4th 686, 171 P.3d 2 ..................................................................................................... 393 People v. Mendoza (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1142, 90 Cal.Rptr.3d 315 ............................................................................ 439 People v. Mesa (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d 58 ................................................................................................................. 204 People v. Michaels (2002) 28 Cal.4th 486 ........................................................................................................................ 359 People v. Miller (1972) 7 Cal.3d 562 ................................................................................................................... 364 , 365 People v. Miranda (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 1124, 20 Cal.Rptr.3d 610 .................................................................... 202 , 258 People v. Monk (1961) 56 Cal.2d 288 ......................................................................................................................... 365 People v. Mora (1984) 153 Cal.App.3d 18, 199 Cal.Rptr. 904 ................................................................................... 397 People v. Mora (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 397 ................................................................................................................ 458 People v. Morris 20 Cal.App.3d 659 (1971) ...................................................................................................... 131 People v. Mroczko (1983) 35 Cal.3d 86, 197 Cal.Rptr. 52 ............................................................................................... 360 People v. Nance (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 1453, 2 Cal.Rptr.2d 670 .................................................................................. 204 People v. Ngo (1996) 14 Cal.4th 30 .......................................................................................................................... 302 People v. Noriega (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 311 ................................................................................................................ 303 People v. Norton (1978) 80 Cal.App.3d Supp. 14 ......................................................................................................... 495 People v. Oliver (1975) 46 Cal.App.3d 747 [120 Cal.Rptr. 368] .................................................................................. 249 People v. Orabuena (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 84 ........................................................................................ 202 , 272 , 282 , 290 People v. Orabuena , supra 83 Cal. App.4th ...................................................................................................................... 288 People v. Orin (1975) 13 Cal.3d 937, 120 Cal.Rptr. 65 ............................................................................. 272, 649 , 650 People v. Ortiz (1990) 51 Cal.3d 975 ......................................................................................................................... 300 People v. Panizzon (1996) 13 Cal.4th 68 , 51 Cal.Rptr.2d 851 ......................................................................................... 211 People v. Paredes 72 Cal.Rptr.3d 867 (2008) ...................................................................... 379 , 469, 534 , 551 , 552 People v. Parks (1964) 230 Cal.App.2d 805, 41 Cal.Rptr. 329 ................................................................................... 273 People v. Peinado (1976) 67 Cal.App.3d Supp. 1, 136 Cal.Rptr. 845 ............................................................. 274 , 285 , 293 People v. Pennington (1967) 66 Cal.2d 508 ......................................................................................................................... 391 People v. Perez (1978) 83 Cal.App.3d 718 ................................................................................................................. 310 People v. Phillips (1910) 12 Cal.App. 760, 108 P. 731 .................................................................................................. 397 People v. Polk (1964) 61 Cal.2d 217, 37 Cal.Rptr. 753 ..................................................................................... 281 , 650 People v. Pope 23 Cal.3d 412 (1979) ..................................................................................... 131 , 309 , 310 , 344 People v. Pritchett (1993) 20 Cal.App.4th 190, 24 Cal.Rptr.2d 391 ........................................................................ 206 , 448 People v. Ralph (1944) 24 Cal.2d 575, 150 P.2d 401 .................................................................................................. 592 People v. Ramirez (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 519 ........................................................................................................ 246, 258 People v. Ramos II (1984) 37 Cal.3d 136, 207 Cal.Rptr. 800 ................................................................................... 591 , 592 People v. Rawlings (1974) 42 Cal.App.3d 952, 117 Cal.Rptr. 651 ................................................................................... 284 People v. Reeg (1957) 153 Cal.App.2d 97, 314 P.2d 52 ............................................................................................ 243 People v. Reid (1924) 195 Cal. 249 ........................................................................................................................... 244 People v. Rhoden 6 Cal.3d 519 (1972) ....................................................................................................... 135 , 322 People v. Ribero (1971) 4 Cal.3d 55 ............................................................................................................................. 208 People v. Riley (1977) 73 Cal.App.3d Supp. 1 ........................................................................................................... 208 People v. Ritchie (1971) 17 Cal.App.3d 1098, 95 Cal.Rptr. 462 ................................................................... 286 , 288 , 290 People v. Roberts (1984) 162 Cal.App.3d 350, 208 Cal.Rptr. 461 ................................................................................. 397 People v. Robles (1970) 2 Cal.3d 205 ........................................................................................................................... 365 People v. Rodriguez (1969) 274 Cal.App.2d 487, 79 Cal.Rptr. 187 ................................................................................... 592 People v. Rodriquez (1984) 205 Cal. Rptr. 556 .................................................................................................................. 401 People v. Rodriguez (1986) 42 Cal.3d 1005, 232 Cal.Rptr. 132 ................................................................................. 394 , 397 People v. Roe (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 112, 195 Cal.Rptr. 802 ................................................................................. 448 People v. Rogers (1961) 56 Cal.2d 301, 14 Cal.Rptr. 660 ............................................................................................. 360 People v. Romero (1936) 13 Cal.App.2d 667 ................................................................................................................. 284 People v. Romero (1984) 153 Cal.App.3d 757, 200 Cal.Rptr. 404 ................................................................................. 401 People v. Romero (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1423 ............................................................................................. 451 , 495, 568 People v. Rossi (1976) 18 Cal.3d 295, 134 Cal.Rptr. 64 ............................................................................................. 167 People v. Ryser (1974) 40 Cal.App.3d 1, 114 Cal.Rptr. 668 ....................................................................................... 575 People v. Sage (1980) 26 Cal.3d 498, 165 Cal.Rptr. 280 ........................................................................................... 583 People v. Sainz (1967) 253 Cal.App.2d 496 [61 Cal.Rptr. 196] .................................................................................. 249 People v. Sanchez (1987) 190 Cal.App.3d 224, 235 Cal.Rptr. 264 ................................................................................. 583 People v. Sandoval (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 404, 86 Cal.Rptr.2d 431 ........................................................................ 349 , 352 People v. Sandoval (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 411 (June 7, 2006) ............................................................................... 203 , 464 People v. Santos (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 169 ................................................................................................................ 407 People v. Scott 9 Cal.4th 331 (1995) ............................................................................................................... 459 People v. Sedeno (1974) 10 Cal.3d 703, 112 Cal.Rptr. 1 ............................................................................................... 592 People v. Segura (2008) 44 Cal.4th 921, 80 Cal.Rptr.3d 715 ........................................................................ 439 , 440 , 450 People v. Serrato (1973) 9 Cal.3d 753 ..................................................................................................... 55 , 173, 447, 631 People v. Shaffer (1960) 182 Cal.App.2d 39, 5 Cal.Rptr. 844 ....................................................................................... 290 People v. Shaw (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 492, 74 Cal.Rptr.2d 915 ........................................................................ 252 , 288 People v. Shelley 156 Cal.App.3d 521, 202 Cal.Rptr. 874 (1984) .............................................................. 132 , 137 People v. Shipman (1965) 62 Cal.2d 226 ......................................................................................................... 242 , 243 , 593 People v. Shorts (1948) 32 Cal.2d 502, 197 P.2d 330 .................................................................................. 239 , 243 , 445 People v. Silva (1965) 236 Cal.App.2d 453, 46 Cal.Rptr. 87 ..................................................................................... 650 People v. Smink (1930) 105 Cal. App. 784 .................................................................................................................. 244 People v. Smith (1975) 53 Cal.App.3d 655, 126 Cal.Rptr. 195 ........................................................................... 287 , 290 People v. Smith (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 138, 120 Cal.Rptr.2d 831 .............................................................................. 457 People v. Solis (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 62 .................................................................................................................. 364 People v. Soriano (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 1470, 240 Cal.Rptr.... , 467 , 541 , 565 People v. Statum (2002) 28 Cal.4th 682 ........................................................................................................................ 489 People v. Stripe (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 1487, 50 Cal.Rptr.2d 203 .............................................................................. 570 People v. Sumner (1968) 262 Cal.App.2d 409 ............................................................................................................... 243 People v. Sumstine 36 Cal.3d 909 (1984) ............................................................................................. 121 , 571 , 572 People v. Suon 76 Cal.App.4th 1 (1999) ................................................................................................. 246 , 264 People v. Superior Court (Alvarez) (1977) 14 Cal.4th 968, 60 Cal.Rptr.2d 93 .......................................................................... 491 , 492 , 495 People v. Superior Court (Brodie) (1975) 48 Cal.App.3d 195, 121 Cal.Rptr. 732 ................................................................................... 295 People v. Superior Court (Cornelius) (1995) 31 Cal.App.4th 343 ................................................................................................................ 448 People v. Superior Court (Du) 7 Cal. Rptr.2d 177 (Cal. Ct. App. 1992) ................................................................................. 149 People v. Superior Court (Feinstein) (2002) 29 Cal.App.4th 323 ........................................................................................................ 489 , 490 People v. Superior Court ( Flores ) (1989) 214 Cal.App.3d 127, 262 Cal.Rptr. 576 ............................................................................. passim People v. Superior Court (Gelardi) (1978) 84 Cal.App.3d 692, 149 Cal.Rptr. 30 ..................................................................................... 294 People v. Superior Court (Giron) (1974) 11 Cal.3d 793, 114 Cal.Rptr. 596 ................................................................................... 202 , 255 People v. Superior Cour (Howard) (1968) 69 Cal.2d 491, 72 Cal.Rptr. 330, 446 P.2d 138 ................................................................. passim People v. Superior Court (King) (1967) 249 Cal.App.2d 714, 57 Cal.Rptr. 892 ........................................................................... 288 , 295 People v. Superior Court (Long) (1976) 56 Cal.App.3d 374,... , 285 , 287 , 288 People v. Superior Court (Maloy) (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 391 ................................................................................................................ 635 People v. Superior Court (Montano) (1972) 26 Cal.App.3d 668, 102 Cal.Rptr. 925 ............................................................................... passim People v. Superior Court (Mowry) (1971) 20 Cal.App.3d 684 ......................................................................................................... 281 , 295 People v. Superior Court (On Tai Ho) (1974) 11 Cal.3d 59, 113 Cal.Rptr. 21 ....................................................................................... 273 , 645 People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497, 53 Cal.Rptr.2d 789 ........................................................................ 267 , 273 , 288 People v. Superior Court (Schomer) (1970) 13 Cal.App.3d 672, 91 Cal.Rptr. 651 ................................................................................. passim People v. Superior Court (Zamudio) (2000) 23 Cal. 4th 183 ................................................................................................................... passim People v. Tanner (1979) 24 Cal.3d 514, 156 Cal.Rptr. 450, 596 P.2d 328 .................................................................... 266 People v. Tenorio (1970) 3 Cal.3d 89, 89 Cal.Rptr. 249 ................................................................................. 273 , 289 , 291 People v. Thomas (1959) 52 Cal. 2d 521 ................................................................................................................ 245 , 251 People v. Thomas (2005) 35 Cal.4th 635, 27 Cal.Rptr.3d 2 ............................................................................................ 267 People v. Thorbourn (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 1083, 18 Cal.Rptr.3d... , 275 , 281 , 286 People v. Thornton (1971) 14 Cal.App.3d 324 ................................................................................................................. 174 People v. Toscano (1977) 69 Cal.App.3d 140, 137 Cal.Rptr. 893 ................................................................................... 289 People v. Totari (2002) 28 Cal.4th 876 .................................................................................................................... passim People v. Totari (6th Dist. September 9, 2003, as... .............................................................. 261 , 262 , 263 People v. Turner (2002) 118 Cal.Rptr.2d 99, 96 Cal.App.4th 1409 ...................................................................... 203 , 205 People v. Valdez (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 1633, 39 Cal.Rptr.2d 818 .............................................................................. 204 People v. Valencia 218 Cal.App.3d 808, 267 Cal.Rptr. 257 (1990) ...................................................................... 156 People v. Valenciano (1985) 165 Cal.App.3d 604, 211 Cal.Rptr. 651 ................................................................................. 253 People v. Valenti (1957) 49 Cal.2d 199 ................................................................................................................. 284 , 650 People v. Vallejo 1 Cal.App.4th 760 (1991) ............................................................................................... 120 , 571 People v. Vargas (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 506 ................................................................................................................ 378 People v. Vasilyn (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 43, 94 Cal.Rptr.3d 260 ........................................................................ 245 , 246 People v. Vasquez (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1225 ...................................................................................................................... 183 People v. Vickers (1972) 8 Cal.3d 451 ........................................................................................................................... 360 People v. Villa (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1063 .................................................................................................. 8, 228 , 229 , 230 People v. Villegas (2006) 2006 WL 122449 ................................................................................................................... 290 People v. Wadkins (1965) 63 Cal.2d.110 ................................................................................................................. 243 , 447 People v. Weaver 118 Cal.App.4th 131 (2004.) .................................................................................................. 388 People v. Welch (1964) 61 Cal.2d 786, 40 Cal.Rptr. 238 ............................................................................................. 242 People v. West (1970) 3 Cal.3d 595 ........................................................................................................... 373 , 383 , 652 People v. Wheeler (1970) 5 Cal.App.3d 534, 85 Cal.Rptr. 242 ............................................................................... 241 , 246 People v. Wiedersperg (1975) 44 Cal.App.3d 550 ............................................................................................................. passim People v. Wilkerson (1992) 6 Cal.App.3d 1571, 8 Cal.Rptr.2d 392 ................................................................................... 371 People v. Willard (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 1329, 65 Cal.Rptr.3d 488 ............................................................ 371 , 372 , 376 People v. Williams (1973) 30 Cal.App.3d 502 ......................................................................................................... 250 , 264 People v. Williams (1975) 53 Cal.App.3d 720, 125 Cal.Rptr. 901 ........................................................................... 452 , 568 People v. Williams (1981) 30 Cal.3d 470, 179 Cal.Rptr. 443 ........................................................................................... 291 People v. Williams (1988) 45 Cal.3d 1268 ....................................................................................................................... 379 People v. Williams (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 649 ................................................................................................................ 455 People v. Williams (2005) 35 Cal.4th 817, 28 Cal.Rptr.3d 29 .......................................................................................... 495 People v. Williamson (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 419, 187 Cal.Rptr. 107 ................................................................................. 645 People v. Wilson (1967) 66 Cal.2d 749, 59 Cal.Rptr. 156 ............................................................................................. 592 People v. Winters (1959) 171 Cal.App.2d Supp. 876, 342 P.2d 538 .............................................................................. 292 People v. Woodard (1986) 184 Cal.App.3d 944, 229 Cal.Rptr 350 .................................................................................. 322 People v. Wright (1987) 43 Cal.3d 487, 233 Cal.Rptr. 69 ..................................................................................... 344 , 361 People v. Yniquez (1974) 42 Cal.App.3d Supp. 13, 116 Cal.Rptr. 626 ........................................................................... 287 People v. Zaidi (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 1470, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 566 ............................................................................ 376 People v. Zavala (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 429, 195 Cal.Rptr. 527 ................................................................................. 571 Portillo v. Superior Court (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 1829, 13 Cal.Rptr.2d 709 .............................................................................. 448 Rhaburn v. Superior Court (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 1566 ............................................................................................................ 300 Rose v. Superior Court (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 564 ........................................................................................................ 238 , 315 Santa Ana v. Garden Grove (1979) 100 Cal.App. 3d 521, 160 Cal.Rptr. 907 ........................................................................ 452 , 568 Smith v. Lewis 13 Cal.3d 349, 118 Cal.Rptr. 621... 133 , 137 , 316 Van Velzer v. Superior Court (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 742, 199 Cal.Rptr. 695 ................................................................................. 449 Weiss v. Marcus 51 Cal.App.3d 590 (1975) ...................................................................................................... 135 Other State Cases Battierra v. State 586 S.W.2d 553 (Tex. 1979) .................................................................................. 398 , 399 , 402 Commonwealth v. Abreu 463 N.E.2d 1184 ( Mass. Sup. Ct. 1984) ................................................................................ 147 Commonwealth v. Brito 402 Mass. 761 (1988) ............................................................................................................ 400 Commonwealth v. Garcia 399 N.E.2d 460 (Mass.1980) ................................................................................................. 399 Commonwealth v. Pana 469 Pa. 43 3 , 64 A.2d 895 (1976) ................................................................................... 398 , 399 Daily v. State (1985) 61 Md.App. 486, 487 A.2d 320 ............................................................................................. 325 Henry v. State 462 S.E.2d 737 ( Ga. 1995) ..................................................................................................... 595 Hernandez v. State 862 S.W.2d 193 (Tex. Ct. App.... A.2d 76 (N.J. 1979) ........................................................................................................ 595 Liu v. State 628 A.2d 1376 (Del. 1993) ....................................................................................................... 83 Lyons v. Pearce (1985) 298 Or. 554, 694 P.2d 969 ..................................................................................................... 325 Lyons v. Pearce (Lyons I) 694 P.2d 969 (Or. 1985) ........................................................................................................ 541 Lyons v. Pearce ( Lyons II) 694 P.2d 978 (Or. 1985) ........................................................................................................ 541 Mesidor v. State 521 So.2d 333 (Fl a . App. 4 Dis. 1988) ................................................................................... 400 Monte v. State 443 So.2d 339 (Fla. Dist.Ct. App. 1983) ................................................................................ 400 Parra v. Page 430 P.2d 834 (Okla. Crim. App. 1967) ........................................................................... 398 , 400 People v. Chen No. 87-7774 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. C. Dec. 2, 1988) ........................................................................ 149 People v. Correa 485 N.E.2d 307 ( Ill. 1985) ...................................................................................................... 435 People v. Huante ( Ill. 1991) 571 N.E. 2d 736 ..................................................................................................................... 325 People v. Jimenez 863 P.2d 981 (Colo. 1993) ....................................................................................................... 83 People v. Kadadu (1988) 169 Mich.App. 278, 425 N.W.2d 784 .................................................................................... 325 People v. Luna 570 N.E.2d 404 (Ill.App.Ct. 1991) ................................................................................. 189, 435 People v. Pozo ( Colo. 1987) 746 P.2d 523 .................................................................................................................. 325 , 540 Peterson v. State 562 P.2d 1350 ( Alaska 1977) ................................................................................................... 83 Scroggins v. State 859 S.W.2d 704 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993) .................................................................................... 406 State v. Carter 243 Conn. 392 (1997) ............................................................................................................ 369 State v. Curbello-Rodriguez 351 N.W.2d 758 ( Wis. 1984) ................................................................................................. 145 State v. Fettis 664 P.2d 208 (1983) .............................................................................................................. 461 State v. Ginebra ( Fla. 1987) 511 So.2d 960 ........................................................................................................................ 325 State v. Hansen 146 Ariz. 226 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1985) ........................................................................................ 400 State v. Kounelis 609 A.2d 1310 (N.J. Super.) .................................................................................................. 399 State v. Masato Karumail 101 Utah 592, 126 P.2d 1047 (1942) ..................................................................................... 398 State v. Neave 117 Wis.2d 359 (1984) ........................................................................................................... 402 State v. Sturgeon 231 N.W.2d 487 (Wis.Ct.App. 1999) .................................................................................... 406 State v. Zaehringer 325 N.W.2d 754 ( Iowa 1982) ................................................................................................ 155 Villareal v. State ..... 853 S.W.2d 170 (Tex. Ct.... U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii) ...................................................................... 31 INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(v), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(v) ................................................................ passim INA § 237(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C.... § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) ......................................................................................................... 278 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(v) ................................................................................................. 535 , 548 8 U.S.C. §... § 24 ............................................................................................ 592 California Constitution, Article VI, § 13 .......................................................................................... 361 California Rules of
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