Other

AGGRAVATED FELONY - DRUG TRAFFICKING - SIMPLE POSSESSION
There is an argument that regardless of any latent ambiguity in the phrase "any felony" in 924(c)(2), under Jerome v. U.S., 318 U.S. 101 (1943), 1101(a)(43)(B) covers only convictions, whether obtained under federal or state law, which would be felonies under 18 U.S.C. 924(c)(2). In Jerome v. U.S., the issue was the meaning of the phrase "any felony" in a federal criminal statute. As the Court held therein, 318 U.S. at 101-2 (internal citations omitted): Sec. 2 (a) of the Bank Robbery Act ... provides in part that "whoever shall enter or attempt to enter any bank, n1 or any building used in whole or in part as a bank, with intent to commit in such bank or building, or part thereof, so used, any felony or larceny, shall be fined not more than $ 5,000 or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both." Petitioner was indicted under that section for entering a national bank in Vermont with intent to utter a forged promissory note and thereby to defraud the bank. He was convicted after trial before a jury and was sentenced to imprisonment for one year and a day. The utterance of a forged promissory note is a felony under the laws of Vermont ... but not under any federal statute. The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction by a divided vote, holding that "felony" as used in 2(a) includes offenses which are felonies under state law. 130 F.2d 514. We granted the petition for a writ of certiorari because of the importance of the problem in the administration of justice and because of the diversity of views which have developed as respects the meaning of "felony" in 2(a). In concluding that the phrase "any felony" presumptively excluded crimes which were felonies under state, but not federal, law, the Court reasoned, id. at 104 (emphasis added): At times it has been inferred from the nature of the problem with which Congress was dealing that the application of a federal statute should be dependent on state law. Examples under federal revenue acts are common. Douglas v. Willcuts, 296 U.S. 1; Helvering v. Stuart, 317 U.S. 154, and cases cited. But we must generally assume, in the absence of a plain indication to the contrary, that Congress when it enacts a statute is not making the application of the federal act dependent on state law. That assumption is based on the fact that the application of federal legislation is nationwide (United States v. Pelzer, 312 U.S. 399, 402) and at times on the fact that the federal program would be impaired if state law were to control. See also, Miss. Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30, 43-44 (1989) (some internal citations omitted) (emphasis added): [T]he general assumption [is] that "in the absence of a plain indication to the contrary, ... Congress when it enacts a statute is not making the application of the federal act dependent on state law." Jerome v. United States, 318 U.S. 101, 104 (1943)... One reason for this rule of construction is that federal statutes are generally intended to have uniform nationwide application. ... Accordingly, the cases in which we have found that Congress intended a state-law definition of a statutory term have often been those where uniformity clearly was not intended... A second reason for the presumption against the application of state law is the danger that "the federal program would be impaired if state law were to control." ... For this reason, "we look to the purpose of the statute to ascertain what is intended." The term "aggravated felony" includes state crimes as a result of the overarching language of 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(43), not from 18 U.S.C. 924(c)(2). The meaning of 924(c)(2) is thus unaffected by the fact that 1101(a)(43) covers both federal and state crimes. Thanks to Lisa S. Brodyaga